英國文學(xué)史筆記總結(jié)部分

1、學(xué)習(xí)資料收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供參考English Literature英國文學(xué)史筆記The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:1. Early and Medieval English literature;2. The English Renaissance;3. The 17th C. -The Period of Revolution and Restoration;4. The 18th Century -

2、The Age of Enlightenment5. Romanticism in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;6. The Victorian Age;7. The 20th Century Literature -Modernism and PostModernismChapteM Literature of Old and Medieval Period(4491485)1) Anglo-Saxon Period /Old English Period (449-1066)The main literary contributi

3、on of this p eriod is the Epic, and its master piece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic 條頓)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem in the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.2

4、) The Anglo-Norman Period /Middle English Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman Conquest (1066). After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knigh

5、tly code, the romantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance 傳(奇，騎士文學(xué)).The most famous Romance wasSir Gawain and the Green Knigh. tH Definitions of Literary Terms 1 Couplet 對句):a couplet is two consec

6、utive lines of poetry that rhyme.2. lambic pentameter: each line has five feet of iambs; in each foot, there is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.3. Heroic Couplet(英雄偶句/雙韻體):two consecutive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. (an iambic pentameter couplet). The form was

7、 introduced into English by Geoffrey Chaucer and was widely used subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in the works of Alexander Pope.4. Blank Verse 無韻體，素體詩):unrhymed iambic pentameter.5. Epic(史詩):A long narrative poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.6. Frame story: a narrative t

8、hat provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told. (The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories in a frame story)7. Romance: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knightsT.he content of Romance was usually about

9、love, chivalry and religion. Geoffrey Chaucer (about13401400)杰弗里？喬叟 The Founder (Father) of English poetry"A Londoner of bourgeois origin, the most important and influential poet in medieval England, established English as a courtly language. Geoffreys* Chaucer s works are often categorized in

10、three chronological periods (the French period, the Italian period and the English period).I -Chaucer's Contributions He introduced from French the“heroic coup let " to English po etry. .He is the first important poet to write in the current English language. .Chaucer did much in making the

11、 dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.n .Geoffrey Chaucers famous work 汀he Canterbury Tales (13871400)坎特 伯雷集an unfinished series of stories told by a group of pilgrims(about 29), who came from all layers of society(a knight, a prioress, a plowman, a merchant, a clerk, the wif

12、e from Bath, etc.), journeying from London to the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury. “ The General Prologue ” told us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. But Chaucer had actually completed only 23 stories. Scholars a

13、re uncertain about the order of the tales, anTdhe Canterbury Taleshas been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts.The French period (to 1372): Book of Duchess (1369)公爵夫人之書The Italian period (13721385): House of Fame (13791384)聲譽(yù)之宮The Parliament of Fowls (13771382)百鳥會議The Legend of Good Women

14、賢婦傳說Troilus and Criseyde (13821385)特洛伊羅斯與 克麗西達(dá)The English period (13871400): The Canterbury Tales (13871400) Chapter 2 Literature川.Other works:1)2)3)of English Renaissanc(e 14851616)The Renaissance as a cultural movement embraced all Western Europe roughly th th from the 14也 century to the 17也 centu

15、ry. It first sprang in Florence of Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe (to Germany and Spain and England).“Renaissanc” e,French for “rebirth” , refers to the revival of interest in ancient Roman and Greek culture.During this period, the classicalarts and learning were discovered again and wi

16、dely studied , so the term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek) arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution.In the Renaissance period, scholars and educatorscalled themselves humanists and

17、began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture, in contrast to the medieval empbasis on God and contempt for the things of this world. So humanism became the keynote of the English Renaissance. And the greatest humanist is Thomas More, the author ofUtopia.

18、The representatives in literature are Shakespeare and Bacon. The former has the greatest contribution in drama and sonnets while the latter 'essays are condensed and witty.代表人物：1) Thomas More ( 14781535)托馬斯？莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦2) Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯？懷亞特 He introduced sonnet into English literature 引入十四行詩的

19、第一 人sonnet(十四行詩 )：form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻 )in 14 lines iambic pentameter3) Edmund Spenser ( 1522 1599 )埃德蒙？斯賓塞 “the poet's poet (詩”人 中的詩人) English poet whose long allegorical poem(寓言性浪漫史詩)The Faerie Queene仙后is oneof the greatest in the English language. It was written in what came

20、 to be called the Spenserian stanza.Spenserian stanza : A nineJine stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The last line is written in iambic hexameter4) Christopher Marlowe ( 1564 1593 )克里斯托弗？馬洛 “the most giftedwriter of the Univers

21、ity Wits" “the forerunner of English drama ” “TheFather of English Tragedy ” (one-man tragedy)The greatest pioneer ofEnglish drama who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama, blank verse(無韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚(yáng)格)是十六世紀(jì)英國戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形 式。5) Francis Bacon (1561 1626)弗蘭西斯？培根the first English

22、essayist the father of the English essayAn English p hilos op her, essayist and statesman, is a rep resentative of the English Renaissance. As a literary figure, he played a central role in the development of English essay; while as the father of Empiricism, he laid the foundation for modern science

23、 in England.Bacon s main works includdie Advancement of Learning 學(xué)術(shù)的推進(jìn)(1605),New Instrument新工具(1620), New Atlantic新大西島(1627) and Essays論說文集(1597).6) SirPhilip Sidney(155X 1586)菲利普？西德尼 An outstanding lyrical and epic poet7) John Lyly Great popularity was won by his noveEuphues(尤弗伊斯)which gave rise to

24、 an affected style of court speech called尤弗伊 uphuism (體/綺麗體)8) William Shakespeare(15641616)威廉？莎士比亞Shakespeare is not of an age, but for all time. Ben Johnson One of the most remarkable playwrigh恰 and poe恰 the world has ever known. He contributed 154 sonnets, 37 (38?) plays, and 2 long narrative poe

25、ms to the literary legacy of the world.William Shakespeares works:Four great comedies 四大喜劇):A Midsummer Night s Dream仲夏夜之夢；The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人；Twelfth Night第十二夜；As you like it皆大歡喜Four great tragedies (四大悲劇)：Hamlet ( 1601)哈姆雷特；Othello ( 1604)奧賽羅King Lear ( 1605)李爾王；Macbeth ( 1605)麥克白Sonnet: A

26、 fourteen- line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.1. It originated from Italy .Thomas Wyatt introduced it to English in the 16th century .2. Sonnet has two types:(1) The Italian sonnet ( Petrarchan sonnet ( Petrarch is an Italian poet in the 14th century.)(2) The English or Sha

27、kespearean sonnet莎士比亞十四行詩 (The Shakespearean sonnet)的節(jié)律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格。全詩 包 括三個四行組 和一個兩行組，韻腳按 abab cdcd efef gg 排列，稱為莎士比亞式”，伊麗莎白式”或英國式”。意式(彼特拉克式)十四行詩 仃he Petrarchan sonnet的格式，即包括一個八行節(jié)(octave)和一個六行節(jié)(sestet,韻腳按 abba abba cdecde Chapters Literature of the 17th centuryThe 17th century was one of the most ternpe

28、stuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted

29、in a revolutionary outburst.The 17th-century literature was greatly influenced by the bourgeoisie revolution against monarchy. The politically ternpestuous period made the literature one of confusion in the Puritan Age, The greatest representatives of this period are the“Three Johns ” : John Milton,

30、 John Donne, the representative of the Metaphysical School and John Bunyan, a great prose writer.John Donne 約翰 鄧恩(15721631)John Donne is the most outstanding of the English Metaphysical Poe 英國玄學(xué) 派詩人)today and very influential upon modern writers； at his time, Donne was a preacherfamous for his magni

31、ficent sermons.1. Early works ( written before 1600, 55 love poems)Songs and Sonnets: The Flea跳蚤Song歌Woman s Constancy八女 人的忠貞A Valediction : of Weeping別離辭：談哭泣A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning別離辭莫悲傷2. Religious poems and sermonsMetaphysical Poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-centu

32、rypoets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit (巧 智)'ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Conceit (奇喻):A kind of meta phor that makes a com parison between two startlingl

33、y different things.Forbidding Mourning別離辭莫悲傷The sp eaker usesthe conceit to com pare their inse parable relationshi p to the com passes whose two legs are separated on the two-dimensional surface, yet are combined together in the third dimension.The imagery of com passes demonstrates that p erfect l

34、ove is a union of the body and the soul, or to love the beloved both physically and spiritually.Ernest Hemingway: The American writer who won the 1954 Nobel Prize in literature by The Old Man and The Sea. Both the title and the inspiration of his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls are derived from a serm

35、on by Donne： ' No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent.EachAnd therefore, never sendman's death diminishes me, for I am involved in mankind to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee.T. S. Eliot: One of the most distinguished literary figures of t

36、he 20th century, who won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature. His Donne-worship is reflected in his work The Metaphysical P oetsJohn Bunyan (16281688)約翰 班揚(yáng)John Bunyan is an English Christian writer and preacher, famous for writing The Pilgrim's Progress.Pilgrim ' Progress was written as a boo

37、k of religious instructions in the form of allegory and dream. Bunyan wrote Pilgrim's Progress in two parts, the first of which was published in London in 1678 and the second in 1684. the earliest edition in which the two parts combined in one volume came in 1728.約翰班揚(yáng) 英國著名作家、布道家。出生于英格蘭東部區(qū)域貝德福德郡的

38、貝德福德。青年時期曾被征 入革命的議會軍，后在故鄉(xiāng)從事傳教活動。1660年斯圖亞特王朝復(fù)辟，當(dāng)局借口未經(jīng)許可而傳教，把他逮捕入獄兩次，分別監(jiān)禁十 二年、六個月。獄中寫 就天路歷程(The Pilgrims Progress),內(nèi)容講 述基督徒及其妻子先后尋找天國的經(jīng)歷，語言簡 潔平易，被譽(yù)為“英國文學(xué)中最著名的寓言” 0Allegory： A narrative in which the characters and the setting stand for abstract qualities and ideas. The writer of an allegory is not prim

39、arily trying to make the characters and their actions realistic, but to make them representative of ideas or truths.John Milton 約翰 彌爾頓(1608-1674)John Milton was an English poet, a polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wr

40、ote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost.Milton's literary career can be generally divided into three periods: 1 The early period of poetic works;2. The middle period of prose pamphlets;3. The last period of great prose彌爾頓是清教徒文學(xué)的代表

41、，他的一生都在為資產(chǎn)階級民主運(yùn)動而奮斗，代表作失樂園是和荷馬史詩、神曲并稱為西方三大詩歌。Works: Paradise lost 失樂園 Paradise regained 復(fù)樂園 Samson Agonistes 力 士參孫Chapter4 Literature of the 18th Century (1688 1798)After the ternpestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development. With the advent of

42、 the 18th century, England as well as other European countries sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment, which, on the whole, was an expressionof the struggle of the then pregressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism, the purpose of which was to enlighten the whole world wi

43、th the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideals.With the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement into England, a revival of interest in the old classical works was in full swing. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism. According to the Neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be

44、modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc.) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.The 18也 century English literature can be roughly div

45、ided into three stages:(1) The English Neo-classicalmovement or the Neo-classicism.Neo-classicism flourished in England from late the 17也 century to 1730s. Pope, Addison, and Steele were therepresentativesof this school. The Neo-classicistsmodeled themselves after the ancient Greek and Latin writers

46、.(2) The second stage lasted from 1740sto 1750s, which saw the rise of modern English novel. Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding and George Smollett were among the Pioneers(3) The third stage, also known as the Age of Johnson, is from the 1750s to 1798, with the appearance of Sentimentalism and Pre-ro

47、manticism as protests against the social injustice of the day. Most of the Sentimentalism writerswere in the field of poetry, such as Edward Young and Thomas Gray. Pre-romanticism manifested itself chiefly in the poetry of William Blake and Robert Burns.1. Alexander Pope (168仃 44)亞歷山大 蒲柏18世紀(jì)最偉大的詩人；杰

48、出的啟蒙主義者Pope made the Heroic Couplet perfect by the closed couplet.蒲柏深受法國古典主義文學(xué)理論家 布瓦落(NicolasBoileau-DespraUx, 1636-1711)的影響，在批評論一詩中提出只有自然才是值 得研究和描寫的對象，詩人不能離開自然，并認(rèn)為古希臘、羅馬的詩歌是最優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)典范。蒲柏 遵循著這種古典主義的原則進(jìn)行文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。1713年起，他著手翻譯荷馬的史詩伊利亞特和奧德賽，他并沒有準(zhǔn)確地 進(jìn)行翻譯，而是根 據(jù)當(dāng)時英國時代精神進(jìn)行再創(chuàng)作，他自己說如果荷馬生活在18世紀(jì)的英國，也一定會這樣寫作這兩部史詩。但是這兩

49、種譯本在英國大受歡迎，第一部英語詞典 的編纂者約翰遜博士稱贊為“世界前所未見的高貴的詩譯作"。依靠這兩部書的收入，足以使他的 生活不必依靠贊助，并使他穩(wěn)居英國桂冠詩人的寶座.蒲柏的代表作：Pastorals田園詩集(1709) An Essay on Criticism批評論(1711)諷刺長詩鬆發(fā)遇劫記 (The Rape of the Lock 1 714),詩人稱之為“英雄滑稽詩 ” (An Heroi-Comical Poem)。這部作 品對英國上流社會的無聊生活提出了溫和的 批評。蒲柏的其他詩作還有諷刺長詩愚人志(The Dunciad, 1742)、哲理詩道德論(Mora

50、l Essays 仃 31-1735)> 人論(An Essay on Man, 1734)和 與阿布斯諾博士書(EpistletoDr. Arbuthnot, 1735)等。另外，蒲柏還編纂了莎士 比亞的戲劇集。2. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)喬納森斯威夫特英國-愛爾蘭作家諷刺文學(xué)大師Major Works:The Battle of the Books書的戰(zhàn)爭(the first notable work)AnT ale of a Tub一個木桶的故事Gulliver * sTrav格列佛游記The Drapier' s Letters 商的書信A

51、Modest ProposaI 一個溫和的建議Gulliver's Travels, written in 1726 is the immortal work of Jonathan Swift. Though it's been labeled a children's book, iVs also a great satire of the times that is pretty much beyond most children. It shows Jonathan's desire to encourage people toread dee per

52、and not take things for granted: readers who paid attention could match all of Gulliver's tall tales with current events and long-term social problems.1. The voyage in Lilli put2. The voyage in Brobdingnag3. The voyage in the flying island of Laputa4. The voyage in Houyhnhnms3. Daniel Defoe (166

53、0仃 31)丹尼爾笛福 One of the forerunners of the modern novel英國作家，新聞記者。英國啟蒙時期現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說的奠基人，被譽(yù)為小說之父” 代表作魯濱遜漂流記4. Henry Fielding (仃 07-1754)亨利 菲爾丁 “ comic epic in prose”18世紀(jì)最杰出的英國小說家，戲劇家。其代表作品湯姆 瓊斯對后世影響極大。5. Oliver Goldsmith (仃30-1774)奧利弗 哥德史密斯A Novel -The Vicar of WakefieldComedies She Stoops to Conquer The Go

54、od-natured ManShe Stoopsto Conquer and Richard Taylor Sheridan ' The School for Scandal (the summit of comedy of manners) and Rivals are the three plays of the 18th c. that are still active on the modern stage.A series of essay The Citizen of the WorldTwo fine poems:The Traveller旅行者The Deserted

55、Villager荒村The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism was Laurence Sterne. His Tristram Shandy (商弟傳)and Sentimental Journey (傷感旅行)reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator.6. Thomas Gray 托馬斯 格雷(1716-仃 71)英國18世紀(jì)重要詩人，也是英國新古典主義后期的重要詩人。格雷一生作詩不多，僅十余首傳世， 其中以墓園挽歌Elegy

56、 Written in a Country Churchyard (1750)最為著名。此詩創(chuàng)作長達(dá)8 年之久，最初是為了哀悼他在伊頓公學(xué)讀書時的好友里查徳韋斯特，至少詩末所附的墓志銘”是為他 而作。Sentimentalism The middle of the 18th century in England sees the inception of a new literary current entimentalism, which came into being as a bitter discontent in social reality on the part of certa

57、in enlighteners who found the power of reason to be insufficient in dealing with social injustices, and therefore, appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and justice.The Graveyard School 墓園派）:A group of 18th-century poets, and among them are Thomas Gray, Robert Blair, Thomas Parnell

58、, and Edward Young, who wrote on funeral subjects. Elegy： A poem of mourning , usually over the death of an individual.Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardTheme: By mourning over the dead, the poet is sentimentalizing about the vicissitudes of human life and inconstancy of human fortune.7. William Blake 威廉 布萊克（仃 571827）英國第一位重要的浪漫主義詩人，是一位復(fù)雜的多重人物。除了詩人，他同時還是畫家、雕刻家。Blake' s StyleBlake's poems seem easy but difficult to understand for his mysterious images and symbols, unless versed in （ skilled at） religious knowledge. Blake