[中國(guó)模板網(wǎng)]英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教學(xué)課件

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教學(xué)課件Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics1. language1.1 What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal sy

2、mbols used for human communication. system-elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They cannot be arranged at will. Arbitrary-there is no intrinsic(logic) connection between a sign and its meaning. Symbols-words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, ideas by conventi

3、on. Vocal-the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Human-specific-human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Language Acquisition Device”(LAD) 1.2 design features of language 語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)特征 a. arbitrariness-the form of ling

4、uistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention. E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese) Mansion (French) 房子(Chinese) conventionality-It means that in any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Thos

5、e words are customarily used by all speakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way. b. duality-language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.b Primary level-words

6、 which are meaningfulSecondary level-sounds which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words.This is the most economical feature of language. creativity-language is resourceful. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. displacement-human la

7、nguages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. cultural transmission-genetic transmission Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct.1.3 functions of language

8、.課間休息 2. Linguistic 2.1 What is linguistics?Linguistics is a scientific study of language .It is a major branch of social science.Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general.2.2 Main branches (scope) of linguisticsphonetics 語(yǔ)音學(xué)

9、-the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.phonology 音系學(xué)（音位學(xué)）morphology 詞法學(xué)syntax 句法學(xué)semantics 語(yǔ)義學(xué)pragmatics 語(yǔ)用學(xué)2.3 Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive vs. prescriptive “描寫式”和 “規(guī)定式” They represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe

10、 and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Synchronic vs. diac

11、hronic “共時(shí)”和 “歷時(shí)” The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.lang

12、ue & parole “語(yǔ)言” 和 “言語(yǔ)” The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. As a social product,language can be thou

13、ght of as the generalized rules of the language.Parole,on the other hand,is the concrete use or application of the rules.Competence and performance 語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用 The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication1971 Hymes communicative competence1980 Canal & Swain linguistic competenceCompetence sociolinguistic competence discourse competence strategi