自動化專業(yè)英語ppt課件

1、自動化專業(yè)英語.課程性質(zhì)和目的初步掌握自動化專業(yè)的專業(yè)詞匯和常用表達(dá)方法；可以借助專業(yè)詞典閱讀和翻譯專業(yè)資料、專業(yè)教材、與自動化技術(shù)有關(guān)的闡明書、手冊或者其它技術(shù)資料；可以初步撰寫專業(yè)論文摘要和常用運(yùn)用文。.文獻(xiàn)范圍電路Theory of Circuit模擬電子技術(shù)Analog Electronics Technology數(shù)字電子技術(shù)Digital Electronics Technology電機(jī)學(xué)Theory of Electric Electric Motors自動控制實際Automatic Control Theory現(xiàn)代控制實際Modern Control Theory微機(jī)原理Prin

2、ciple of Microcomputer計算機(jī)控制技術(shù)Computer Control Techniques過程控制系統(tǒng)Process Control System.專業(yè)詞匯電氣工程自動控制計算機(jī).考試考試內(nèi)容全部來自教材內(nèi)閱讀：50%翻譯：35%寫作：15%不能帶詞典.要求生詞記熟每篇課文至少讀三遍課前1遍課內(nèi)1遍課后1遍 .課前預(yù)習(xí)通讀課文1遍生詞查出在頁邊按1、5、10標(biāo)上頁內(nèi)行標(biāo)。頁內(nèi)行標(biāo)的標(biāo)注方法：大標(biāo)題、圖形、圖題、表格不算一行，公式、小標(biāo)題算一行。 .閱讀方法Skimming：閱讀或者略讀。只需求了解文章內(nèi)容的大約50%，快速地獲取中心意思和重點(diǎn)。Scanning：閱讀或者查

3、閱。查閱只需求從文章中有目的地迅速查找某一詳細(xì)現(xiàn)實或者特定信息。Fast reading：快速閱讀。速度為200350 WPM。要求根本上了解文章內(nèi)容。精讀：在閱讀的同時對文章從各方面進(jìn)展分析。 .New wordspower electronics technology: 電力電子技術(shù) resultant a. 作為結(jié)果而產(chǎn)生的、結(jié)局的、最后的be proportional to： 與成比例summation n. 相加、累加、求和 proportionality constant 比例常數(shù)、比例系數(shù).voltage source 電壓源 current source 電流源magnitud

4、e 幅值 equivalent electrical circuit 等效電路Kirchhoff Law 基爾霍夫定律inductor voltage 電感電壓.定律 law：各種景象之間恒定關(guān)系的簡約陳說。Ohms Law, Faradays law, Kerchhoffs first law, the law of gravity.定義 definition：表達(dá)根本特征的闡明定理 theorem: 在已明晰的假設(shè)根底上已被證明或?qū)⒈蛔C明的命題.New wordsPower factor ：功率因數(shù)phasor ：相圖、相量vector ：向量，矢量.the distribution of

5、 three-phase power requires only three-fourths as much line copper as does the single-phase distribution of the same amount of power. 用三相傳輸法所耗費(fèi)的銅只相當(dāng)于單相傳輸法所傳輸同等電量所用銅的四分之三。 .New wordsGain 增益on the order of 在數(shù)量級KVL Kirchhoff Voltage Law.One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generaliz

6、ed amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system.對于普通的放大器。一個問題是其增益AU 或者AI取決于兩端口系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部特性。 .Operational amplifiers are differential devices運(yùn)算放大器為差動安裝.通讀“Transistors一至兩遍。并回答以下問題：What is semiconductor material?Normally how many leads does a transistor get?

7、What are the three polarities of a transistor?2、Please translate the second paragraph of “The Operational Amplifier into Chinese. .英語閱讀時要留意的幾個問題 留意轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)詞 以意群為單位進(jìn)展閱讀 留意文章的類型 留意整體把握 .UNIT 5 A：One of the DC-to-DC Switch-mode Converters-buck Converter.New words buck converter 降壓變換器boost converter 升壓變換器 ste

8、ady state 穩(wěn)態(tài) filter n. 濾波器 impedance n. 阻抗 duration n. 繼續(xù)時間saw-tooth 鋸齒波 kilohertz n. 千赫芝 dissipate vt. 耗費(fèi)low-pass 低通 instantaneous ad. 瞬間的fluctuate v. 動搖、起伏force commutated 強(qiáng)迫換流 duty ratio 占空比 .The control voltage signal generally is obtained by amplifying the error, or the difference between the a

9、ctual output voltage and its desired value. 控制信號通常是由將實踐的輸出電壓與期望的電壓之差放大后得到。 .B：Switch-mode DC-to AC InvertersRectifying:整流, 將交流電能變成直流電能Inverting:逆變, 而將直流電能轉(zhuǎn)變成交流電能，相應(yīng)的安裝就稱為逆變器Inverter。 .New words sinusoidal a. 正弦的 kinetic energy 動能power flow 功率流regenerative braking 再生制動cancellation n. 補(bǔ)償utility grid 公

10、用電網(wǎng)block diagram 方框圖lag v 滯后quadrant n. 象限 .To slow down the ac motor in Fig 1-5B-1, the kinetic energy associated with the inertia of the motor and its load is recovered and the ac motor acts as a generator. 為了制動圖1-5B-1,中的交流電動機(jī)，電動機(jī)和電動機(jī)負(fù)載的動能被轉(zhuǎn)化為電能；此時電動機(jī)成為一個發(fā)電機(jī)。 .The energy recovered during the braki

11、ng of the ac motor can be dissipated in a resistor, which can be switched in parallel with the dc-bus capacitor for this purpose in Fig 1-5B-1.交流電動機(jī)制動過程所轉(zhuǎn)換的電能可以耗費(fèi)在一個電阻上。該電阻在制動過程中被接入，并且與直流母線上的電容相并聯(lián)。 .UNIT 6The Utility Interface with Power Electronic System .New words Uninterruptible power supplies (U

12、PS) 不延續(xù)電源utility grid 公用電網(wǎng)malfunction n. 缺點(diǎn)line frequency 工頻 substantial a. 根本的、本質(zhì)的cosine n. 余弦distortion n. 畸形、畸變resonance n. 諧振utility relay 繼電維護(hù)notch n. 缺口proliferation n. 擴(kuò)展、分散electromagnetic interference 電磁干擾 unipolar a. 單極性的 unidirectional a. 一方向的 .However, all power electronic converters (inc

13、luding those used to protect critical loads) can add to the inherent power line disturbances by distorting the utility waveform due to harmonic currents injected into the utility grid and by producing electromagnetic interference. 然而， 一切的電力電子變換安裝包括那些維護(hù)關(guān)鍵負(fù)載的都會由于諧波電流注入公共電網(wǎng)而產(chǎn)生波形失真或者電磁干擾而產(chǎn)生對電力線的干擾。 .The

14、 importance of the high power factor has been recognized by residential and office equipment manufacturers for their own benefit to maximize the power available from a wall outlet. 居民和辦公設(shè)備制造商都曾經(jīng)認(rèn)識到提高功率因數(shù)的重要性。他們都可以經(jīng)過提高功率因數(shù)而獲得最大的電能并從中獲益。 .Mal- : 壞, 錯誤malfunction 缺點(diǎn)malnutrition 營養(yǎng)不良malformation 畸形malad

15、ministration 管理不善.tort 詞根 =twist 扭Distort 失真， 畸變Torticollis 斜頸contortion 曲解、扭曲 .作業(yè)Please translate the second paragraphs of The Utility Interface with Power Electronic System into Chinese. .PART 2 Control TheoryUnit 1A：The World of Control.New Wordstedious a. 令人膩煩的、冗長乏味的 proponent n. 支持者、辯護(hù)者detracto

16、r n. 反對者、貶低者 .In a modern aircraft, for example, the power boost controls amplify the force applied by the pilot to move the control surface against large aerodynamic forces.例如在現(xiàn)代飛行器中，動力助推控制系統(tǒng)將飛行員的力放大以推進(jìn)遭到很大的氣流作用的機(jī)翼外表。 .Lumped parameter systems are those for which physical characteristics are assume

17、d to be concentrated in one or more lumps and thus independent of any spatial distribution. 集中參數(shù)系統(tǒng)是指這樣一些系統(tǒng)，其物理特性都集中在一個或者多個集中體上，因此與空間分布無關(guān)。 .In effect, bodies are assumed rigid and treated as point massed; sprigs are massless and electrical leads resistanceless, suitable corrections are made to the sy

18、stem mass or resistance; temperature are uniform; etc. 在效果上，物體被假設(shè)為是剛體并且質(zhì)量都集中在一點(diǎn)上，彈簧的質(zhì)量可以忽略；導(dǎo)線的電阻為零；或者是可以得到適宜的關(guān)系式使得系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量、電阻和溫度的分布是均勻的。 .B：The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation .New Words transfer function 傳送函數(shù) Laplace transformation 拉普拉斯變換order n. 階次 stationary n. 穩(wěn)定 initial condition

19、初始條件polynomial n. 多項式complex Laplace variable 復(fù)拉普拉斯變量denominator n. 分母 numerator n. 分子 characteristic function 特征函數(shù)operational mathematics 運(yùn)算數(shù)學(xué)ordinary differential equation 常微分方程homogeneous solution 通解 particular solution 特解 superposition n. 迭加initial value 初值final value 終值shifting theorem 平移定理piec

20、ewise a. 分段的 .For physical systems N(s) will be of lower order than D(s) since nature integrates rather than differentiates. 對于實踐的系統(tǒng)，由于其積分特性要強(qiáng)于微分特性，所以N(s)的階次要低于D(s)的階次。 .This combination or reduction process is termed block diagram algebra. 這一合并和化簡過程稱為方框圖代數(shù)。The Laplace transform is an evolution from

21、 the unilateral Fourier integral拉氏變換是由單邊富立葉變換的演化而來的.Since the definite integral of Eq. 2-1B-4 is improper, not all functions are Laplace transformable由于方程2-1B-4是奇特的，所以并非一切的函數(shù)的拉氏變換都存在。 .New Words discrete a. 離散的intuitively adv. 直觀地excitation n. 鼓勵equilibrium n. 平衡點(diǎn)criterion n. criteria pl. 目的、尺度、準(zhǔn)那么e

22、xponential a. 指數(shù)的 oscillation n. 振蕩qualitatively a. 定性地factored form 因式分解的方式real a. 實數(shù)的Routh criterion 勞斯判據(jù)sign n. 符號unit step input單位階躍呼應(yīng)force solution 強(qiáng)迫解transient solution 瞬態(tài)解 time constant 時間常數(shù)real axis 實軸permissible overshoot 允許超調(diào)machine tool 機(jī)床 gouge vt. 在某物上胡亂地或者破壞性地鑿 .The output will pass th

23、rough a transient phase and set down to a steady state response that will be of the same form as, or bounded by, the input. 輸出經(jīng)過瞬態(tài)階段后將回到與輸入有一樣方式的穩(wěn)態(tài)或者是在輸入的附近。 .B：Steady States New Words:ramp n. 斜坡.A control system is designed to control the behavior (the time response) of a plant subject to commands

24、or disturbances. 控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計就是使安裝在有指令信號或者干擾時有稱心的行為時域呼應(yīng)。An accuracy of a system is a measure of how well if follows commands. 系統(tǒng)的精度是衡量其能否可以跟蹤指令的一個目的。 .UNIT 3A：The Root Locus.New Words:performance criteria 性能目的 Routh-Hurwitz criterion 勞斯-霍爾維茨判據(jù) transient response 瞬態(tài)呼應(yīng) characteristic equation 特征方程 unfactore

25、d a. 未因式分解的 depict v. 描畫Angle and magnitude criteria 相角與幅值準(zhǔn)那么complex conjugates 復(fù)數(shù)共軛 vector n. 向量、矢量 horizontal n. 程度counterclockwise a. 逆時針的 odd multiple 奇數(shù)倍的 facilitate v. 使容易coincide n. 一致、重合 .The sn term represents n poles, all equal to zero and located at the origin of the s plane. sn 表示n 個極點(diǎn)，其

26、值為零，位于s 平面的原點(diǎn)。The angles are uniformly distributed. 各個角度是均勻分布的。If the part of the real axis between two o.l.poles (o.l.zeros) belongs to the loci, there must be a point of breakaway form, or arrival at, the real axis. 假照實軸的一部分位于兩個開環(huán)極點(diǎn)或者開環(huán)零點(diǎn)之間且屬于軌跡，那么在其間必有分別點(diǎn)或者會合點(diǎn)。. B：The Frequency Response Methods:

27、Nyquist Diagrams .New Words:amplitude n. 幅值 thereof adv. 在其中、其 antenna n. 天線superimpose v. 添上、加上、附加上 gust n. 陣風(fēng) partial fraction expansion 部分分式展開inverse transform 逆變換 undamped oscillation 無阻尼振蕩 displace v. 轉(zhuǎn)移 radian n. 弧度 polar plot 極坐標(biāo)圖 gain margin 增益裕量phase margin 相角裕量 .The frequency response is a

28、 steady-state response. Although some information can be obtained about the transient response, it is only approximate and is subject to misinterpretation. 翻譯見注解。From these equations we see that a sinusoidal input to a linear stable system produces a steady state response that is also sinusoidal, ha

29、ving the same frequency as the input but displaced through a phase angle and having an amplitude that may be different. 根據(jù)以上方程，我們可以看到將正弦輸入信號加至一個穩(wěn)定的線性系統(tǒng)時，其輸出也是一個同頻率的正弦信號，但是相角和幅值會有所不同。 .練習(xí)：1、將以下名詞翻譯成英文：時域呼應(yīng)、傳送函數(shù)、方框圖、反響控制系統(tǒng)、零點(diǎn)、極點(diǎn) 2、朗誦以下幾個英文單詞并翻譯成中文。Afghanistan, Argentina, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, L

30、ebanon, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Nigeria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia.UNIT 4A：The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Plots.New words decibel n. 分貝common logarithm 常用對數(shù) Bode plot 伯德圖 minimum phase 最小相位unit n. 單位 polar plot 極坐標(biāo)圖 interpret v. 解釋、口譯slope n. 斜率 lag n. (相位)滯后lead n. (相位)超前 asymptote n. 漸進(jìn)線 deviation

31、 n. 偏向 decade n. 十倍abrupt a. 峻峭的、忽然的 crossover frequency 穿越頻率 gain margin 增益裕量 phase margin 相角裕量 product n. 乘積 .Unit 5A: Introduction to Modern Control Theory.New Words:advent n. 事件、時期的出現(xiàn)、到來 stimulus n. 刺激 realistic a. 實踐的、現(xiàn)實的 optimal control 最優(yōu)控制 applicability n. 適用性 bandwidth n. 帶寬phase-plane 相平面

32、describing function 描畫函數(shù) alleviate v. 減輕、減小 prominently adv. 顯著地、突出地 numeric solution 數(shù)值解 n-dimensional a. n維的 .When differential equations are encountered, they are linearized and subjected to whatever constraints are necessary to establish useful input-output relationships.當(dāng)運(yùn)用微分方程時，要對其進(jìn)展線性化并受限于一定的

33、約束條件才干建立有用的輸入-輸出關(guān)系。.A recognition of the applicability of well-known methods in other fields of knowledge. 認(rèn)識到其他領(lǐng)域的一些有名的方法的適用性。Optimal control theory often dictates that nonlinear time varying control law be used, even if the basic system is linear and time-invariant. 即使系統(tǒng)是線性定常的，最優(yōu)控制實際通常給出非線性時變控制律。

34、.When nonlinearities and time variation are present, the very basis for classical techniques is removed. Some successful techniques such as phase-plane, describing function, and ad hoc methods, have been developed to alleviate this shortcoming . 當(dāng)系統(tǒng)存在非線性和時變特性時，經(jīng)典方法賴以存在的根底就不存在了。一些勝利的方法，如相平面法、描畫函數(shù)法以及一

35、些特定的方法可以改良經(jīng)典控制實際。.翻譯80頁最后一段從In the Bode plot, 到as shown in Fig.2-4A-2.。寫出以下中文術(shù)語：階躍呼應(yīng)、斜坡ramp呼應(yīng)、超調(diào)量、調(diào)理時間、開環(huán)系統(tǒng)、閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)，復(fù)數(shù)、實軸、頻率域。 .B: State equationsNew WordsControllability n. 可控性 Observability n. 可觀性 coordinate n. 坐標(biāo)unit matrix 單位矩陣adjoint n. 伴隨矩陣 determinant n. 行列式 eigenvalue n. 特征值.Part 3 Computer Con

36、trol Technology Unit 1 A: Fundamentals of Computer and Networks .New Words:Workstation n. 任務(wù)站 touch screen 觸摸屏bus n. 總線Parallel port 并口 serial port 串口 operating system 操作系統(tǒng)Job management 作業(yè)管理ultimately adv. 最終的、最后的separation n. 區(qū)別，分別 facility n. 設(shè)備、設(shè)備 provision n. 供應(yīng).作業(yè)翻譯以下中文術(shù)語：矩陣、向量、特征值、特征方程、行列式、坐標(biāo)

37、、共扼復(fù)數(shù)、微分方程、分子、分母、多項式 預(yù)習(xí)：PART 3 UNIT 2: A and B.Unit 2 A: The Application of Computer .New Word:trajectory n. 軌跡 artillery shells n. 炮彈simultaneous equations 聯(lián)立方程retrieve v. 檢索 virtual reality 虛擬現(xiàn)實numerical control 數(shù)控 adaptive control 自順應(yīng)控制 unrivalled a. 無敵的 algorithm n. 算法terative a. 反復(fù)的、迭代 joint n.

38、 關(guān)節(jié) civil work 土木工程manual n. 手冊decisive a. 決議性的asynchronous a. 異步的subdivision n. 分支stereotype a. 陳規(guī)、舊套expertise n. 專門知識、專長 .For example, calculating the trajectory of artillery shells requires resolving a set of simultaneous algebraic equations which may have up to hundreds of variables may take mat

39、hematicians years, but can be done by a computer program in hours. 例如計算彈道軌跡要求在數(shù)秒鐘內(nèi)解一組微分方程或者設(shè)計一個大壩能夠有數(shù)百個變量也許要數(shù)學(xué)家數(shù)年的時間，但是計算機(jī)只需數(shù)小時的時間即可完成。.Virtually computer simulation is based on mathematical models representing the nature of the object under study or examination. The mathematical model comprises a s

40、eries of equations that depict the inherent process of the object in mathematical terms. A computer simulation program includes algorithms that are derived from those equations. 虛擬的計算機(jī)仿真是建立在可以代表要研討或檢查的對象的數(shù)學(xué)模型之上的。該數(shù)學(xué)模型包含了一組描畫了對象內(nèi)在過程的數(shù)學(xué)方程。一個計算機(jī)仿真程序包含了從以上方程推導(dǎo)出來的算法。 .CAD is software that can help engine

41、ering in their designs for new products building, print circuit boards, civil works like bridge and airports, relieving them from the tedious, back=breaking and time consuming jobs like drafting and drawing. CAD是這樣的軟件，可以協(xié)助工程師設(shè)計新產(chǎn)品、建筑、印刷線路板、橋梁和機(jī)場等土木工程；使他們從繪圖等繁瑣、累人和費(fèi)時的任務(wù)中解脫出來。.Management is one of the

42、 decisive factors that tell success or failure of any bank, corporation, firm, university, research institute in competition. 管理是一個銀行、公司、學(xué)校、研討機(jī)構(gòu)在競爭中能否勝利的決議性要素。 .B: Multimedium Information Superhighway.New Words: optic-fiber 光纖 animation n. 動畫hype n. 皮下注射 v. 使熱烈liquid crystal 液晶 megabyte n. 兆位encyclo

43、pedia n. 百科全書insatiable a. 不能滿足的、貪得無厭的 resolution n. 分辨率Internet n. 因特網(wǎng)internet n. 互連網(wǎng) image n. 圖象video n. 視頻live a. 現(xiàn)場直播的distance education (distance learning) 遠(yuǎn)程教育.Combined with digital television set, videodiscs can not only present films but also offer surround sound which provides theater quali

44、ty-amazing reality by which the viewer may have an illusion that were at the scene and witnessed everything happening just around them. 加上數(shù)字式電視，影碟不僅可以提供電影，還能提供影院效果的環(huán)繞立體聲，使觀眾有身臨其境的覺得。 .預(yù)習(xí)Unit 3 A: Intelligent RobotsUNIT 4 A：Computer Structure and Function.Abstract Guidelines摘要是論文的梗概，是對論文的簡單描畫 科技論文文摘應(yīng)

45、該有四個組成部分研討的目的研討的過程和采用的方法結(jié)果結(jié)論 .好的科技文摘應(yīng)具備以下條件完好性：complete in and of itself; that is, it should be able to serve as a stand-alone description which provides a complete picture of the resource at the selected level of specificity; 可讀通俗：comprehensive in its representation of the key concepts or significa

46、nt content that are present in the resource; 精煉準(zhǔn)確：concise, precise, and accurate in its use of terminology; 明晰緊湊客觀：written in a clear, terse, non-critical style; and 構(gòu)造邏輯性：logically structured in its presentation of the selected data and information.Unit 3 A: Intelligent RobotsIf ambient lighting se

47、rves as illumination source, the imaging process is passive. This type of imaging is common in military applications since the position of the viewer is beyond the control of the viewer. But in industrial application, controlled illumination or active imaging can be used as freely as possible.假設(shè)周圍的光

48、作為照明源，那么成像過程為被動的。這種成像通常用于軍事，由于察看者很難控制本人的位置。但是在工業(yè)運(yùn)用中，受控的照明或稱自動成像可以盡能夠自在地運(yùn)用。 .UNIT 4 A：Computer Structure and Function.New Words architecture n. 體系構(gòu)造 interpret v. 解釋、翻譯口譯 address n. 地址addressing a. & v. 尋址 location n. 單元 word length 字長enable v. 使能 alter v. 改動、改動 field n. 段、域、字段opcode n. 操作碼 operand n.

49、 操作數(shù) bit n. 位 byte n. 字節(jié)single-precision n. 單精度 floating-point 浮點(diǎn)的erasable a. 可擦除的participation n. 參與、分區(qū) flag register 標(biāo)志存放器.UNIT 5A: Fundamentals of Single-Chip Microcomputers.New Words:culmination n. 結(jié)果、結(jié)局、頂點(diǎn)、極點(diǎn)arguably adv. 可論證的volatile a. 易揮發(fā)的volume n. 體積、容量emulation n. 模擬、模擬 stack n. 堆棧 solid s

50、tate relay 固體繼電器fluorescent a. 熒光的protocol n. 協(xié)議 frame n. 幀 parity n. 奇偶校驗 .Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture. 顯然，這就意味著ROM代碼的開發(fā)必需非常準(zhǔn)確，由于一旦消費(fèi)出來就無法更改。This type of device can behave functionally as the single-chip microcompu

51、ter from which it is derived albeit with restricted I/O and modified external circuit. 這種設(shè)備從單片機(jī)上派生出來，雖然帶有受限制的I/O和更矯正的外部電路，在功能上表現(xiàn)為一個單片機(jī)。 .The use of these ROMless devices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM, there can sti

52、ll be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit. 無ROM的設(shè)備普遍運(yùn)用，即使在產(chǎn)品電路中批量使得片內(nèi)ROM開發(fā)本錢過高，和基于微處置器的傳統(tǒng)電路相比還是可以顯著地節(jié)省I/O和其他芯片。 .Both the common asynchronous and synchronous communication schemes require protocols that provide framing(start and stop) i

53、nformation. This can be implemented as a hardware facility or UART relieving processor(and applications programmer) of this low-level, time-consuming, detail.異步和同步通訊戰(zhàn)略需求協(xié)議提供啟動、停頓幀信息。這種任務(wù)可以運(yùn)用硬件或者UART來實現(xiàn)，可以將處置器或者運(yùn)用程序從這種底層的、費(fèi)時的和瑣碎的任務(wù)解脫出來。 .B: PLC New Words: query v. 訊問、咨詢mushroom v. 迅速開展ladder logic 梯形

54、邏輯flowcharting n. 流程圖cite v. 援用intertwine v. 相互影響、纏繞 outweigh v. 勝過 embrace v. 包含proprietary a. 公用的bandwagon n.馬戲團(tuán)等吹打過鬧市的樂隊彩車、宣傳車broadband n. 寬帶disproportionate a. 不相稱的、太大的 .One, he says, “is where the size of the process control system thats being automated doesnt justify DCS. With the starting pri

55、ce tags of those products being relatively high, a programmable controller makes sense for small, low loop count applications. The second is where you have to integrate the loop closely with the sequential logic. Batch controllers are prime examples, where the sequence and maintaining the process va

56、riables are intertwined so closely that the benefits of having a programmable controller to do the sequential logic outweighs some of the disadvantages of not having a distributed control system. 第一點(diǎn)，思索到集散控制系統(tǒng)的初始價錢比較高，一些要進(jìn)展自動控制的過程控制系統(tǒng)的規(guī)模并不適宜運(yùn)用DCS。對于小型、底層的運(yùn)用，一個可編程控制器更為合理。第二點(diǎn)是，人們必需將一些控制環(huán)與順序邏輯控制更嚴(yán)密地集成。

57、批量控制器就是一個主要的例子，這里順序量和堅持過程參量穩(wěn)定相互影響，運(yùn)用可編程控制器做順序邏輯控制的益處勝于不運(yùn)用DCS的害處。.MAPManufacturing Automation Protocol制造自動化協(xié)議。制造自動化協(xié)議是美國通用汽車公司GM提出的一種用于制造自動化的局域網(wǎng)協(xié)議 。 MAP基于ISO的OSI根本參考模型，它有七層構(gòu)造 。.While there are concerns about the lack of compatible communications between PLCs from different vendors, the connection at

58、the other end-the I/O is even more fragmented.當(dāng)人們思索不同制造商的PLC系統(tǒng)之間的通訊兼容性問題時，可別忘了，I/O接口終端的銜接更為困難。注：fragment，描畫詞，意思是碎片，意指各個I/O段無法通訊。.Part 4 Electric DriveUNIT 1 A: DC Machine.New Words:slot n. 槽 periphery n. 圓周armature n. 電樞iron core 鐵芯 Laminate v. 分成薄片eddy n. 渦流 conductor n. 導(dǎo)體flux n. 磁通commutator n. 換

59、向器、整流子brush n. 碳刷quadrature n. 正交 turns n. 匝rheostat n. 變阻器stator n. 定子 rotor n. 轉(zhuǎn)子.The brushes are so placed that when the sides of an armature turn (or coil) pass through the middle of the region between field poles, the current though it changes direction. This makes all the conductors under one

60、pole carry current in one direction.電刷是這樣安排：當(dāng)電樞繞組或者線圈的邊經(jīng)過勵磁磁極區(qū)域中部時，流經(jīng)其的電流就會改動方向。這樣就可以保證流經(jīng)導(dǎo)體的電流在一個磁極下的方向不變。.What kinds of vocabulary do we need most?4 vocabulary categoriesHigh-frequency wordsAcademic wordsTechnical wordsLow-frequency words.High-frequency wordsIncluding almost all and many content wo