派生副詞大多數(shù)派生副詞有l(wèi)y后綴oddly

1、Lecture 24 Adverb and Adverb Phrase 1Teaching Contents24.1 Chief uses of adverbs and adverb phrases24.2 Adverbs with or without ly2Like adjectives, adverbs are a class of words that chiefly function as modifying elements, and modify verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions or other adverbs.In t

2、erms of word formation, adverbs fall into two groups: simple and derivative adverbs. Simple ones consist of only one free morpheme; derivatives are derived from adjectives by adding a suffix ly and most adverbs are derivatives. 3Semantically, adverbs can be subdivided into adverbs of manner, adverbs

3、 of degree, adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of place, as well as conjunctive and explanatory adverbs.4派生副詞：大多數(shù)派生副詞有-ly后綴：oddly。其它一些派生后綴：-wise: clockwise; -ways: sideways; -ward(s): northward(s); -style: cowboy-style; -fashion: schoolboy-fashion與介詞短語towards the south/east/north/west相對應(yīng)

4、的副詞有south, southward(s)。不帶-s的形式較為普遍，在美國的書刊英語中尤其如此。e.g. The window faces south (最常見) / southwards / southward.形容詞所以能加-ly變成副詞，是與形容詞的動態(tài)性質(zhì)有關(guān)，如cheerful cheerfully, suspiciously, jealously.但是，典型的各類靜態(tài)形容詞，如大小、顏色、年齡，不能加-ly，如*bigly, *tally, *redly, *blondly, *oldly, *youngly.524.1 Chief uses of adverbs and ad

5、verb phrases1) Adverbs as modifier in phrasesAs a phrase element, adverbs are chiefly useda) as modifier of verbs. e.g. They completely ignored my views.b) as modifier of adjectives, e.g. Im feeling kind of tired.c) as modifier of adverbs, e.g. Do it right now.6d) as modifier of prepositions or conj

6、unctions, e.g. His parents are dead against the trip.e) as modifier of determiners, e.g. They recovered roughly half their equipment.f) as modifier of nouns or whole noun phrases, e.g. Shes rather a fool.g) Only few adverbs can be used as postmodifiers of nouns, e.g. your friend here, his trip ahead

7、.Some can be premodifiers, e.g. his home journey.7副詞作修飾語1)作形容詞修飾語：增強語義的強化語，可以與可分等級形容詞連用。兩組強化語：增強語和減弱語。A.增強語(amplifier)是從假定標準出發(fā)，在程度上逐步增強。e.g. a funny film a very funny film; awfully sorry; amazingly calm.B.減弱語(downtoner)一般起減弱語義的作用；從假定標準出發(fā)，在程度上逐步減弱。e.g. It was dark. almost dark; fairly small; rather l

8、ate; relatively small; somewhat uneasy.8C.強調(diào)語(emphasizer) 增強形容詞的語勢，而不是提高形容詞的程度。e.g. The play is very good indeed.She has a really beautiful face.強調(diào)語和強化語不同，和不可分等級的形容詞連用，但是他們產(chǎn)生的效果與強化語的效果類似。e.g. Youre certainly welcome. The play was indeed excellent / excellent indeed.92)作副詞修飾語：副詞的后置修飾語只有enough和indeed。

9、e.g. He spoke clearly enough. (sufficiently clearly)indeed常和very連用：e.g. She spoke very clearly indeed.?She spoke clearly indeed.102) Adverb phrases as adverbial in clauses or sentencesAs a clause element, adverb phrases are chiefly used a adjunct, disjuncts, and conjuncts. When used as an adjunct, t

10、he adverb phrase describes the time, place or manner concerned with the action, process or state denoted by the verb. In this use, the adverb phrase is relatively mobile, being able to take the initial, medial or end position. 11Generally speaking, time adjuncts may occur at all the three positions.

11、e.g. Recently they had an accident. They recently had an accident. They had an accident recently.By contrast, manner adjuncts appear more often at the end position.e.g. They live frugally.12Sometimes for rhetorical reasons, a manner adjunct may occur at the head of the sentence.e.g. Quietly she walk

12、ed on and on.Place adjuncts normally appear at the end of the sentence.e.g. I couldnt find it through I had looked everywhere.1324.2 Adverbs with or without ly1) Two forms with no difference in basic meaning There are adverbs with two forms which are identical in meaning but are used in different co

13、ntexts.e.g. Drive slowly onto the ferry. The workers decided to go slow. He guessed right. It serves you right. Dont talk so loud/loudly.142) Two forms different or slightly different in meaningThese adverbs also include some of the items cited in the preceding sections.e.g. He walked slowly but surely. He stopped dead. He was dead tired.153) Two forms entirely different in meaningThe following pairs are entirely different in meaning:e.g. He is working hard. He could hardly see anything. He was justly punished. I wonder just how good he is at spoken English.16still / yet /