TCPIP協(xié)議原理教學(xué)課件：Chapter 6 ARP and RARP

1、Chapter 6 ARP and RARPARPARP package（ARP軟件包）RARP7/15/20221TCP/IP Protocol Suite兩級(jí)地址IP分組交付到主機(jī)或路由器需要兩級(jí)地址互連網(wǎng)級(jí)：邏輯地址標(biāo)識(shí)主機(jī)/路由器全網(wǎng)統(tǒng)一編址，具有全局唯一性全局地址所有與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)打交道的軟件都要使用邏輯地址在Internet中，邏輯地址就是IP地址（32bit）物理網(wǎng)級(jí)：物理地址標(biāo)識(shí)主機(jī)/路由器本地范圍內(nèi)具有唯一性，但在整個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)內(nèi)不一定具有全局唯一性本地地址分組需要通過(guò)物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)才能到達(dá)路由器或主機(jī)以太網(wǎng)中，物理地址就是MAC地址（48bit）7/15/20222TCP/IP Proto

2、col SuiteMappingLogical address (IP)Physical addressNetworkData LinkPhysicalMappingTo：電子科技大學(xué)成都市建設(shè)北路2段4號(hào)單位名稱(chēng)（邏輯）單位地址（物理）7/15/20223TCP/IP Protocol Suite IssuesA送往E的分組需封裝在Ethernet幀中傳送IP地址：全局性物理地址：本地性AA僅知道：IPA，MACA，IPEEthernet Frame：IP Packet？EBCD目的MAC類(lèi)型FCS源MACMACA7/15/20224TCP/IP Protocol SuiteAddress

3、Mapping（地址映射）Logical address Physical addressStatic mapping映射表固定設(shè)置Dynamic mappingStatic TableLogical addressPhysical addressConsider:NIC changedMobile computerCacheLogical addressPhysical addressLook for the target on demanding, using dynamic Address Resolution Protocol 7/15/20225TCP/IP Protocol Sui

4、teARP and RARPARPLogical addressPhysical addressRARPLogical addressPhysical address7/15/20226TCP/IP Protocol SuiteARPAddress Resolution Protocol，RFC 826地址解析協(xié)議：IP address MAC addressIPLANsMANsWANsICMPIGMPARPRARPNetworkLayerNetworkAccessLayerTransport LayerApplication Layer7/15/20227TCP/IP Protocol Su

5、iteARP OperationA: E: Im looking for the physical address of a node whose IP address is: I am the node you are looking for, and my physical address is: 0005.5D06.1418RequestRequestRequestReplyRequestBroadcastUnicastB: C: D: IP addressMAC addressAs ARP Cache：0005.5D06.1418bind7/15/20228TCP/IP Protoco

6、l SuiteARP Cache ARP cacheTo maintain the recent mappings from logical addresses (IP) to hardware addresses (MAC)典型存活時(shí)間：2 minutesEssential to the efficient operation of ARP 舉例：主機(jī) ARP CacheC:arp aInterface: 8 - 0 x50002Internet AddressPhysical AddressType2 00-03-31-b5-50-00 Dynamic7/15/20229TCP/IP Pr

7、otocol Suite用戶(hù)輸入命令“ftp 主機(jī)名”時(shí)的操作FTPTCPIPARP以太網(wǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)程序主機(jī)名解析器以太網(wǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)程序以太網(wǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)程序主機(jī)名IP地址（1）（2）（3）（4）（6）ARPARPFTPTCPIP（5）（7）目的源7/15/202210TCP/IP Protocol SuiteARP PacketHardware TypeProtocol TypeHardware address lenProtocol address lenOperation Request 1, Reply 2Sender hardware address（For example，6 bytes for Et

8、hernet）Sender protocol address（For example，4 bytes for IP）Target hardware address（For example，6 bytes for Ethernet）Target protocol address（For example，4 bytes for IP）It is not filled in a request7/15/202211TCP/IP Protocol SuiteEncapsulation of ARP packetThe byte order of ARP packetExample：Ethernet f

9、rameHTypePTypeHLPLOPsMACsIPtMACtIP222116644byteARP Packet目的MAC類(lèi)型FCS源MACPacket66246 15004pad28 bytes460 x0806byte7/15/202212TCP/IP Protocol SuiteExample: ARP Request Packet7/15/202213TCP/IP Protocol SuiteExample: ARP Reply Packet7/15/202214TCP/IP Protocol SuiteIP Packet and ARP PacketIPIPIPIPARP requ

10、estARP replyIP packetBindingIP packetIP packetIP packetNo binding7/15/202215TCP/IP Protocol SuiteARP ProcessCase 1：A BIn same IP networkCase 2：A DIn different IP networkACBDR1R2IPA，MACAIPB，MACBIPC，MACCIPD，MACDIP1MAC1IP2MAC2IP3MAC3IP4MAC47/15/202216TCP/IP Protocol SuiteCase 1：A BACBDR1R2IPA，MACAIPB，M

11、ACBIPC，MACCIPD，MACDIP1MAC1IP2MAC2IP3MAC3IP4MAC4IP AddressMAC AddressAs ARP Cache：IPBMACBBs ARP Cache：IPAMACAR1s ARP Cache：IPAMACAsIP=IPA，dIP=IPBARPrequestARPrequestARPrequestARPrequestARPreplyIPIPsMAC=MACA，dMAC=MACBsIP=IPA，dIP=IPBdMAC=廣播，Target_IP=IPBSender hardware address: MACASender protocol addr

12、ess: IPATarget hardware address: 0 x00000000Target protocol address: IPBSender hardware address: MACBSender protocol address: IPBTarget hardware address: MACATarget protocol address: IPA7/15/202217TCP/IP Protocol SuiteCase 2：A DACBDR1R2IPA，MACAIPB，MACBIPC，MACCIPD，MACDIP1MAC1IP2MAC2IP3MAC3IP4MAC4IP A

13、ddressMAC AddressAs ARP Cache：IP1MAC1Bs ARP Cache：IPAMACAR1s ARP Cache：IPAMACAsIP=IPA，dIP=IPDARPrequestARPrequestARPrequestARPrequestARPreplyIPIPsMAC=MACA，dMAC=MAC1sIP=IPA，dIP=IPDdMAC=廣播，Target_IP=IP1IPD不在本網(wǎng)內(nèi)，分組由R1轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)sMAC=MAC2，dMAC=MAC3sIP=IPA，dIP=IPDsMAC=MAC4，dMAC=MACDsIP=IPA，dIP=IPDIP1是A的缺省網(wǎng)關(guān)（Defau

14、lt Gateway）7/15/202218TCP/IP Protocol Suite關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題：ARP解析誰(shuí)的IP地址？7/15/202219TCP/IP Protocol SuiteExampleA host with IP address 0 and physical address 0 xB23455102210 has a packet to send to another host with IP address 5 and physical address 0 xA46EF45983AB. The two hosts are on the same Ethernet network

15、. Show the ARP request and reply packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames.7/15/202220TCP/IP Protocol SuiteExample: ARP Request7/15/202221TCP/IP Protocol SuiteExample: ARP Request7/15/202222TCP/IP Protocol SuiteProxy ARP（代理ARP）Proxy ARP: 產(chǎn)生子網(wǎng)效應(yīng)代表另一個(gè)物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)中一組主機(jī)回答ARP Request，在ARP Reply中通告自己的MAC地址（即將解析的IP與

16、代理ARP的MAC綁定）To fool the sender of the ARP request into thinking that the router is the destination host, when in fact the destination host is on the other side of the router “Honest”HidedQ: In the same IP network or not?7/15/202223TCP/IP Protocol SuiteAnswerRFC 925: Multi-LAN Address ResolutionExpli

17、cit subnetsTransparent subnets（Extended ARP）RFC 1027: Using ARP to Implement Transparent Subnet GatewaysRouters: Explicit subnetsHosts: Transparent subnets“ From the host point of view, there are no subnets, and their physical networks are simply one big IP network. ”7/15/202224TCP/IP Protocol Suite

18、Proxy ARP功能To be used to create a subnetting effect 兩個(gè)物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)，具有相同網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址（即不需要重新劃分子網(wǎng)）使用路由器分別連接這兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并執(zhí)行ARP代理，實(shí)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)邏輯子網(wǎng)方案：路由器上運(yùn)行Proxy ARP軟件 transparent subnet gateway當(dāng)路由收到對(duì)特定主機(jī)的ARP請(qǐng)求時(shí)，用自己的物理地址（接收端口）進(jìn)行ARP應(yīng)答代理ARP應(yīng)答的條件（同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足）：與源站點(diǎn)不在同一邏輯子網(wǎng)的主機(jī)路由器有到達(dá)該節(jié)點(diǎn)的路由（非默認(rèn)路由）且路由表項(xiàng)記錄的發(fā)送接口接收該ARP請(qǐng)求的接口關(guān)鍵：創(chuàng)建子網(wǎng)，但不需要重新劃分子網(wǎng)地址7/15/2022

19、25TCP/IP Protocol SuiteDiscussion.3向.35發(fā)送IP分組.3廣播請(qǐng)求.35的ARP分組，R不轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)廣播.35向.3發(fā)送IP分組.35廣播請(qǐng)求.62的ARP分組R/24Main network2/27Hided network.00.201 IP發(fā)送失敗 IP發(fā)送成功 ARP失敗 ARP成功設(shè)想：R代替.35向.3返回ARP應(yīng)答 Proxy ARP（RFC 925）7/15/202226TCP/IP Protocol SuiteGratuitous ARP功能：Duplicate address testAB441. ARP re

20、quest: sIP = tIP = 42. ARP reply: sIP = tIP = 43. Disable local interface: 4Startup orChange IP addressW. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1: The Protocol7/15/202227TCP/IP Protocol SuiteGratuitous ARP PacketThe same sender and target IP address7/15/202228TCP/IP Protocol SuiteChapter 6 ARP and RARP

21、ARPARP package（ARP軟件包）RARP7/15/202229TCP/IP Protocol SuiteARP Package7/15/202230TCP/IP Protocol SuiteARP CacheHost（Windows XP）Router（Cisco）C: arp aInterface: 4 - 0 x2 Internet Address Physical Address Type 3 00-90-27-a7-98-41 dynamic 7 00-90-27-1d-d9-94 dynamic 2 00-90-27-1a-67-e7 dynamicRouter# sho

22、w arpProtocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type InterfaceInternet 3 - 0090.27a7.9841 ARPA Ethernet0Internet 4 5 0005.5d06.1418 ARPA Ethernet0Internet - 00e0.7bc0.b205 ARPA Ethernet17/15/202231TCP/IP Protocol Suite思考更新ARP綁定時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)已有的綁定與新的綁定不一樣，是保持已有的還是替換它？封裝IP報(bào)文的以太幀中的源MAC和IP報(bào)文中的源IP可否用于刷新ARP表項(xiàng)？目的MAC和目

23、的IP呢？教材中ARP輸入模塊描述與RFC 826中的Packet Reception一節(jié)有矛盾7/15/202232TCP/IP Protocol SuiteRFC ReferencesRFC 1122: Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication LayersSection 2.3.2: ARP cache, ARP packet queueRFC 1812: Requirements for IPv4 RoutersSection 3.3.2RFC 1433: Directed ARPARP helper addressRFC 1868: ARP Extension UNARPAnnounce leaving