國(guó)際金融法-外匯和國(guó)際貨幣制度PPT課件_第1頁(yè)
國(guó)際金融法-外匯和國(guó)際貨幣制度PPT課件_第2頁(yè)
國(guó)際金融法-外匯和國(guó)際貨幣制度PPT課件_第3頁(yè)
國(guó)際金融法-外匯和國(guó)際貨幣制度PPT課件_第4頁(yè)
國(guó)際金融法-外匯和國(guó)際貨幣制度PPT課件_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè),還剩97頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶(hù)提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

1、第二講貨幣、外匯與國(guó)際貨幣制度2010年9月第二講教學(xué)目的與要求主要教學(xué)目的與要求: 掌握國(guó)際貨幣制度基本內(nèi)容,概況及其基本法律框架一貨幣和外匯二、國(guó)際貨幣制度形成和發(fā)展 ,雙掛鉤,牙買(mǎi)加協(xié)定,三國(guó)際貨幣基金組織概況及其法律框架 基金組織各協(xié)定基本內(nèi)容,外匯以及外匯管制制度四我國(guó)的外匯管理制度第二講 國(guó)際貨幣制度與外匯管制目錄第一節(jié)貨幣與外匯 p.397第二節(jié)、國(guó)際貨幣制度的形成及其發(fā)展一國(guó)際貨幣制度的形成二.國(guó)際貨幣制度的發(fā)展第三節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金組織及其法律框架 一國(guó)際貨幣基金組織概述 二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能第四節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定 一法律地位與組織結(jié)構(gòu) 二基金相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的法律規(guī)定

2、第二講國(guó)際貨幣制度與外匯管制目錄第四節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定中匯兌的法律規(guī)定 一、概述 二、基金協(xié)定關(guān)于匯兌規(guī)定第8條 三、基金協(xié)定關(guān)于匯兌規(guī)定第14條 中國(guó)和基金組織的改革第六節(jié).我國(guó)的外匯管制 一外匯管制概述 二外匯管制的主客體 三中華人民共和國(guó)外匯管理法第一節(jié)貨幣與外匯 p.397一、貨幣定義貨幣制度本位制度金本位制度gold standard systemsSilver- case- Paper-第一節(jié)貨幣與外匯 p.404外匯貨幣與貨幣平價(jià)外匯匯率和外匯管理第二節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣制度的形成及其發(fā)展一國(guó)際貨幣制度的形成指調(diào)整國(guó)際貨幣關(guān)系法律規(guī)范總稱(chēng),其形成于二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之際。二戰(zhàn)臨結(jié)束時(shí),各主要的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)

3、家為戰(zhàn)后擁有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的國(guó)際貨幣金融秩序,以滿(mǎn)足經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展的需要,于1944年6月22日在美國(guó)新罕布什爾州的布雷頓森林召開(kāi)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨幣金融會(huì)議;通過(guò)并簽署了聯(lián)合國(guó)貨幣金融會(huì)議的最后決定、國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定和國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行協(xié)定。1945年12月27日起,上述協(xié)議正式生效;第二節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣制度的形成及其發(fā)展一國(guó)際貨幣制度的形成指調(diào)整國(guó)際貨幣關(guān)系法律規(guī)范總稱(chēng),其形成于二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之際。二戰(zhàn)臨結(jié)束時(shí),各主要的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家為戰(zhàn)后擁有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的國(guó)際貨幣金融秩序,以滿(mǎn)足經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展的需要,于1944年6月22日在美國(guó)新罕布什爾州的布雷頓森林召開(kāi)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨幣金融會(huì)議;通過(guò)并簽署了聯(lián)合國(guó)貨幣金融會(huì)議的最后決定、國(guó)

4、際貨幣基金協(xié)定和國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行協(xié)定。1945年12月27日起,上述協(xié)議正式生效;第二節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣制度的形成及其發(fā)展建立了國(guó)際貨幣制度(又稱(chēng)布雷頓森林體系),國(guó)際貨幣制度由此正式誕生。在國(guó)際貨幣制度的法律框架下,使國(guó)際貨幣金融活動(dòng)得以在國(guó)際貨幣制度的法律規(guī)范的約束下進(jìn)行。二.國(guó)際貨幣制度的發(fā)展 “雙掛鉤”的聯(lián)系匯率制度: 各國(guó)貨幣同美元保持固定兌換比率; 美元同黃金保持固定兌換比率。二國(guó)際貨幣制度的發(fā)展TRIFFIN DILEMMA 作用:“雙掛鉤”制度形成的一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的匯率機(jī)制對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展具有穩(wěn)定的作用,因此其對(duì)戰(zhàn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇起到了很大的促進(jìn)作用。 美國(guó)外貿(mào)從60年代起開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)逆差,美元為一國(guó)

5、貨幣的困境:上述原因?qū)е铝瞬祭最D森林體系的“雙掛鉤”匯率制在1973年崩潰?!半p掛鉤”匯率機(jī)制的崩潰國(guó)際貨幣制度的崩潰? 二國(guó)際貨幣制度的發(fā)展TRRIFFIN DILEMMA原因:一方面美元作為一主要國(guó)際貯備貨幣,由于國(guó)際需求大需要增發(fā),增加國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備貨幣;另一方面美元作為一國(guó)的貨幣要保持其貨幣價(jià)值的穩(wěn)定就要穩(wěn)定或控制其發(fā)行量,所以美元作為一國(guó)的貨幣亦不可能過(guò)度大量的發(fā)行。進(jìn)退兩難的狀況導(dǎo)致美國(guó)無(wú)力維護(hù)布雷頓森林體系的“雙掛鉤”匯率機(jī)制RMBRMB STATUS-International Reserve Asian Monetary ReserveJapanese Yen V RMB二國(guó)際貨幣

6、制度的發(fā)展牙買(mǎi)加協(xié)定1976年 “臨時(shí)委員會(huì)1”通過(guò)了牙買(mǎi)加協(xié)定,即第二次修訂案,該協(xié)定于1978年4月1日開(kāi)始生效。主要三方面內(nèi)容: (1)建立了各種形式的浮動(dòng)匯率制度為主的多元化的匯率機(jī)制(2)建立了等主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家貨幣為輔的國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備貨幣體系,美元仍然是最重要的國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備資產(chǎn)(3)形成了維護(hù)國(guó)際收支平衡的多種調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制:1臨時(shí)委員會(huì)于1976年1月7日至8日在牙買(mǎi)加首都金斯敦召開(kāi)會(huì)議,通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定的第二次修訂。臨時(shí)委員會(huì)的前身是1974年解散的國(guó)際貨幣制度改革委員會(huì)。 二國(guó)際貨幣制度的發(fā)展The IMF at a GlanceThe International Monetary Fun

7、d was created in 1945 to help promote the health of the world economy. Headquartered in Washington DC, it is governed by and accountable to the governments of the 185 countries that make up its near-global membership.1能充分發(fā)揮其管理、監(jiān)督和協(xié)調(diào)國(guó)際金融事務(wù)、促進(jìn)會(huì)員國(guó)間的國(guó)際金融合作、維護(hù)國(guó)際貨幣制度和會(huì)員國(guó)貨幣金融制度穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的卓有成效的國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)。 1 (“ The IM

8、F at a Glance”, P.1)來(lái)源:http:/www/二國(guó)際貨幣制度發(fā)展各類(lèi)國(guó)際金融組織的作用:國(guó)際金融組織是各國(guó)政府間根據(jù)國(guó)際條約建立的,對(duì)國(guó)際金融活動(dòng)進(jìn)行管理和協(xié)調(diào)的全球性或區(qū)域性金融機(jī)構(gòu)。全球性的國(guó)際金融組織主要有國(guó)際貨幣基金組織、世界銀行集團(tuán)和國(guó)際清算銀行等。烏拉圭回合談判結(jié)束后,也從服務(wù)貿(mào)易談判的角度出發(fā),特別是通過(guò)全球金融服務(wù)貿(mào)易協(xié)議開(kāi)始全面涉及對(duì)國(guó)際金融活動(dòng)進(jìn)行規(guī)范。區(qū)域性的國(guó)際金融組織有亞洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行、非洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行、歐洲投資銀行和歐洲中央銀行等。 第二節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金組織及其法律框架一國(guó)際貨幣基金組織概述目前運(yùn)行的國(guó)際貨幣制度法律框架的核心是國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“

9、協(xié)定”)。共有31條條款,12個(gè)附錄。 I.宗旨:Article IP u r p o s e s(i) To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanentinstitution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaborationon international monetary problems.()通過(guò)設(shè)置一常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu),便于國(guó)際貨幣問(wèn)題的商討與協(xié)作,以促進(jìn)國(guó)際貨 幣合作。 一國(guó)際貨幣基金組織概述宗旨(ii) To facilitate t

10、he expansion and balanced growth of internationaltrade, and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of highlevels of employment and real income and to thedevelopment of the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy.(ii)以促進(jìn)和維護(hù)高水平的就業(yè)和實(shí)際 收入,以及所有會(huì)員國(guó)生產(chǎn)資源的

11、發(fā)展,作為經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的首要目標(biāo)。(iii) To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchangearrangements among members, and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation.()促進(jìn)匯價(jià)的穩(wěn)定,維持會(huì)員國(guó)間有秩序的外匯安排,并避免競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性 的外匯貶值。 一國(guó)際貨幣基金組織概述宗旨(iv) To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of curren

12、t transactions between members and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth of worldt r a d e . ()協(xié)助建立會(huì)員國(guó)間經(jīng)常性交易的多邊支付制度,并消除妨礙世界貿(mào)易 發(fā)展的外匯管制。 (v) To give confidence to members by making the general resources ofthe Fund temporarily available to them under adequate safeg

13、uards, thus providing them with opportunity to correct maladjustments in their balance ofpayments without resorting to measures destructive of national or international prosperity.()在充分保障下,以基金的資金暫時(shí)供給會(huì)員國(guó),使有信心利用此機(jī)會(huì)調(diào) 整其國(guó)際收支的不平衡,而不致采取有害于本國(guó)的或國(guó)際的繁榮的措施。一國(guó)際貨幣基金組織概述宗旨(vi) In accordance with the above, to sho

14、rten the duration and lessenthe degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments ofmembers.The Fund shall be guided in all its policies and decisions by the purposesset forth in this Article.()依據(jù)以上目標(biāo),縮短會(huì)員國(guó)國(guó)際收支不平衡的時(shí)間,并減輕其程度。一IMFFast FactsFast Facts on the IMFMembership: 187 countrie

15、s Headquarters: Washington, DC Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries or groups of countries Staff: approximately 2,360 from 146 countries Total quotas: US$333 billion (as of 2/28/10) 一IMF3Fast FactsAdditional pledged or committed resources: $600 billion Loans committed (as of 2/28/10)

16、: US$191 billion, of which US$121 billion have not been drawn (see table) Biggest borrowers (credit outstanding as of 2/28/10): Romania, Hungary, Ukraine 一IMF3Fast FactsTechnical assistance: Field delivery in FY2009181 person years Original aims: Article I of the Articles of Agreement sets out the I

17、MFs main goals:一國(guó)際貨幣基金組織概述確定了成員三方面的權(quán)利 (1) 成員有使用基金的普通提款權(quán)和特別提款權(quán)的權(quán)利;(2)成員有通過(guò)其認(rèn)繳的份額按比例分得基金收益的權(quán)利;(3)成員方有根據(jù)其認(rèn)繳的份額按比例獲得的投票權(quán)。二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能監(jiān)管IMF SurveillanceSurveillance consultations: Concluded in 2008177 countries in 2008, of which 155 voluntarily published information on their consultation (as of 03/31/09

18、) 第三節(jié)對(duì)外匯安排的監(jiān)督()基金應(yīng)監(jiān)督國(guó)際貨幣制度,以保證其有效實(shí)行,應(yīng)監(jiān)督各會(huì)員國(guó)是否遵 守本條第一節(jié)規(guī)定的義務(wù)。 ()為了履行上述()款規(guī)定的職能,基金應(yīng)對(duì)各會(huì)員國(guó)的匯率政策行使 嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)督,并應(yīng)制定具體原則,以在匯率政策上指導(dǎo)所有會(huì)員國(guó)。各會(huì)員國(guó)應(yīng)該 向基金提供為進(jìn)行這種監(jiān)督所必要的資料,在基金提出要求時(shí),應(yīng)就會(huì)員國(guó)的匯率政策問(wèn)題同基金進(jìn)行磋商。基金制定的原則應(yīng)該符合各會(huì)員國(guó)用以確定本國(guó)貨幣對(duì) 其他會(huì)員國(guó)貨幣比價(jià)的合作安排,并符合一個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)根據(jù)基金的目的和本條第一節(jié) 規(guī)定選擇的其它外匯安排。這些原則應(yīng)該尊重各會(huì)員國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的社會(huì)和政治政策,在執(zhí)行這些原則時(shí),基金應(yīng)該對(duì)各會(huì)員國(guó)的境況給予應(yīng)有

19、的注意。 二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能 1-IMF SurveillanceExchange rate, monetary and fiscal policies remain at the center of IMF surveillance. Structural policiessuch as those governing a countrys international trade, labor markets,Financial sector issues Institutional issuessuch as central bank independence, financial

20、 sector regulation, corporate governance, and policy transparency and accountability Assessment of risks and vulnerabilities stemming from large and sometimes volatile capital flows have become more central to IMF surveillance in recent years. How IMF country surveillance works in practice?“Article

21、IV consultations”, as IMF surveillance discussions are known, usually take place once a year. Multilateral and regional surveillancesuch as EU or West Africa二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能 2-IMF Technical assistance-2.2技術(shù)援助 Technical assistance is one of the benefits of IMF membership 第條第2款基金的業(yè)務(wù)范圍規(guī)定:()如經(jīng)請(qǐng)求,基金可決定提供符合于

22、基金宗旨的金融和技術(shù)服務(wù),包括對(duì)會(huì)員國(guó)所繳資金的管理。The IMF provides technical assistance in its areas of expertise, namely: macroeconomic policy, tax policy and revenue administration, expenditure management, monetary policy, the exchange rate system, financial sector sustainability, and macroeconomic and financial statist

23、ics. 二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能-2-IMF Technical assistanceThe IMFs efforts to strengthen the international financial system have precipitated demands for technical assistance. -demand for technical assistance to help low-income countries build capacity to design and implement poverty-reducing and growth programs

24、The IMF delivers technical assistance in various ways. Support is often provided through short staff missions of limited duration sent from headquarters, the placement of experts and/or resident advisors for periods ranging from a few weeks to a few years LOAN貸款A(yù) core responsibility of the IMF is to

25、 provide loans to countries experiencing balance-of-payments problems. This financial assistance enables countries to rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth. Unlike development banks, the IMF do

26、es not lend for specific projects. 二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能- 3.貸款I(lǐng)MF LendingWhen can a country borrow from the IMF? A member country may request IMF financial assistance if it has a balance of payments needthat is, if it cannot find sufficient financing on affordable terms to meet its net international payment

27、s. An IMF loan eases the adjustment policies and reforms that a country must make to correct its balance of payments problem and restore conditions for strong economic growth. An IMF loan is usually provided under an arrangement, which stipulates the specific policies and measures a country has agre

28、ed to implement in order to resolve its balance of payments problem. 二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能3.貸款I(lǐng)MF Facilities Over the years, the IMF has developed a number of loan instruments, or facilities, that are tailored to address the specific circumstances of its diverse membership. Low-income countries may borrow a

29、t a concessional interest rate through the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). 二國(guó)際貨幣基金組織基本功能3.貸款P.444-445Non-concessional loans are provided through four main facilities: Stand-By Arrangements (SBA); the Extended Fund Facility (EFF);the Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF).the buffer stoc

30、k facility (BSF).the Supplemental Reserve Facility (SRF); The IMF also provides emergency assistance to support recovery from natural disasters and conflicts, in some cases at concessional interest rates. 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定一法律地位與組織結(jié)構(gòu)的 法律地位、豁免與特權(quán)“協(xié)定”第九條,第1款:使基金能履行其受托的職能,基金在各會(huì)員國(guó)境內(nèi)得享有本條所規(guī)定的法律地位、豁免與特權(quán)。 第

31、2款則明確了基金的法律地位,-基金應(yīng)有完整的法人權(quán)利,特別是有權(quán):簽訂契約;取得與處置動(dòng)產(chǎn)與不動(dòng)產(chǎn);進(jìn)行法律訴訟。第3款則規(guī)定了司法程序的豁免即基金的財(cái)產(chǎn)和資產(chǎn),不論在何地和為何人所保管,均應(yīng)享受任何形式司法程序 的豁免,特權(quán):除為起訴或因履行契約,得自動(dòng)聲明放棄此項(xiàng)豁免權(quán)益。第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定確定了基金組織的組織結(jié)構(gòu)(1)“協(xié)定”對(duì)于其組織結(jié)構(gòu)和管理職能在第12條組織與管理作出了具體規(guī)定,對(duì)理事會(huì)、執(zhí)行董事會(huì)、總裁和工作人員、投票和儲(chǔ)備、凈收入的分配和投資等方面作了具體的規(guī)定。理事會(huì)為最高權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu),由各成員派正、副理事各一名組成,一般由各國(guó)的財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)或中央銀行行長(zhǎng)擔(dān)任。每年月

32、舉行一次會(huì)議;基金的日常事務(wù)由執(zhí)行董事會(huì)處理?;鸬拇蠖鄶?shù)決策是由執(zhí)行董事會(huì)做出;總裁由執(zhí)行董事會(huì)選舉,負(fù)責(zé)基金的日常業(yè)務(wù)工作。由名執(zhí)行董事組成,其中名由美、英、法、德、日、俄、中、沙特阿拉伯指派,其余名執(zhí)行董事由其他成員分別組成個(gè)選區(qū)選舉產(chǎn)生;中國(guó)為單獨(dú)選區(qū),亦有一席。執(zhí)行董事每?jī)赡赀x舉一次;總裁由執(zhí)行董事會(huì)推選,負(fù)責(zé)基金組織的業(yè)務(wù)工作,任期年,可連任,三名副總裁。 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定“協(xié)定”在第2條規(guī)定:會(huì)員資格凡參加聯(lián)合國(guó)貨幣和金融會(huì)議的國(guó)家,其政府在年月日前接受會(huì)員席位的,皆為創(chuàng)始會(huì)員國(guó);其他國(guó)家的政府,依照基金理事會(huì)規(guī)定的日期和條件,這些條件包括認(rèn)繳的條 件,應(yīng)依據(jù)適

33、用于其他現(xiàn)有會(huì)員國(guó)的相同原則為基礎(chǔ)。第26條、對(duì)會(huì)員國(guó)的退出 作出了規(guī)定:第一節(jié)會(huì)員國(guó)退出的權(quán)利 任何會(huì)員國(guó)得隨時(shí)以書(shū)面通知基金總部退出基金,在基金接到該項(xiàng)通知之日起 即應(yīng)生效。 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定第二節(jié)強(qiáng)制退出 ()如一會(huì)員國(guó)不履行本協(xié)定任何義務(wù),基金得宣告該國(guó)喪失使用基金普通 資金的資格。()如經(jīng)過(guò)一合理期限后,該會(huì)員國(guó)仍不履行本協(xié)定任何義務(wù),經(jīng)理事會(huì) 總投票權(quán)的表決,得要求該會(huì)員國(guó)退出基金。 ()基金應(yīng)擬定章程,對(duì)一會(huì)員國(guó)采取行動(dòng)前, 將對(duì)該會(huì)員國(guó)的警告于一合理時(shí)間內(nèi)通知到該會(huì)員國(guó),并給以充分的機(jī)會(huì)以便其得 以口頭和書(shū)面進(jìn)行申述。 第條“份額。份額是國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的資金

34、的主要來(lái)源,是由成員國(guó)作為會(huì)員費(fèi)而認(rèn)繳的份額費(fèi)構(gòu)成。 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定投票表決權(quán)。投票表決權(quán)是指成員國(guó)有按照其認(rèn)繳基金份額的比例享有投票權(quán)利?;鹨?guī)定每一成員國(guó)擁有基本票250票,此外根據(jù)認(rèn)繳的份額每10萬(wàn)美元增加一票。-()按照第五條第三節(jié)()和(),凡截止投票日,凈購(gòu)入的該國(guó)貨 幣價(jià)值每萬(wàn)特別提款權(quán)應(yīng)減少一票。 但不論凈購(gòu)入或凈出售,在任何時(shí)候均以不超過(guò)該國(guó)份額為限。 ()除另有特別規(guī)定外,所有基金的決議,必須有投票的過(guò)半數(shù)決定。 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定二基金相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的法律規(guī)定基金的業(yè)務(wù)和交易第5條為基金的業(yè)務(wù)和交易第1款為與基金往來(lái)的機(jī)構(gòu)“各會(huì)員國(guó)應(yīng)由其財(cái)政

35、部、中央銀行、平準(zhǔn)基金會(huì)或其它類(lèi)似的財(cái)政機(jī)關(guān)與基金 往來(lái),基金也只經(jīng)由這些機(jī)關(guān)與會(huì)員國(guó)往來(lái)。”基金的業(yè)務(wù)范圍:“第一、除本協(xié)定另有規(guī)定外,基金的業(yè)務(wù)限于經(jīng)會(huì)員國(guó)請(qǐng)求,以該國(guó)貨幣向基金普通資金帳戶(hù)上的普通資金中購(gòu)買(mǎi)特別提款權(quán)或其它會(huì)員國(guó)貨幣;第二如經(jīng)請(qǐng)求,基金可決定提供符合于基金宗旨的金融和技術(shù)服務(wù),包括對(duì)會(huì)員國(guó)所繳資金的管理?!?第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定二基金相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的法律規(guī)定第三使用基金普通資金的條件 ()基金應(yīng)對(duì)使用其普通資金,包括對(duì)備用安排或類(lèi)似的安排制定出政策, 也可對(duì)特殊的國(guó)際收支問(wèn)題制定特殊的政策,以便協(xié)助會(huì)員國(guó)按照符合于基金宗旨 的一定方式來(lái)解決其國(guó)際收支問(wèn)題,()在下

36、列條件下會(huì)員國(guó)得以本國(guó)相當(dāng)數(shù)額的貨幣向基金購(gòu)買(mǎi)其它會(huì)員國(guó)貨 幣。 ()會(huì)員國(guó)應(yīng)根據(jù)本協(xié)定的規(guī)定及政策使用基金的普通資 金。 ()會(huì)員國(guó)應(yīng)以其國(guó)際收支,儲(chǔ)備狀況或其儲(chǔ)備變化等為理由提出購(gòu)買(mǎi)的 需要。 ()請(qǐng)購(gòu)的數(shù)額系指在儲(chǔ)備部分額度內(nèi)的購(gòu)買(mǎi),或不致使基金所持有的 購(gòu)買(mǎi)國(guó)的貨幣超過(guò)其份額的。 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定二基金相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的法律規(guī)定第條第六節(jié)基金對(duì)特別提款權(quán)的其它購(gòu)買(mǎi)和出售 ()基金可接受參與國(guó)提供的特別提款權(quán),兌換給相等金額的其它會(huì)員國(guó)貨 幣。 Why was the SDR created and what is it used for today?-1The Special

37、 Drawing Right (SDR) was created by the IMF in 1969 to support the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. A country participating in this system needed official reservesgovernment or central bank holdings of gold and widely accepted foreign currenciesthat could be used to purchase the domestic cu

38、rrency in world foreign exchange markets, as required to maintain its exchange rate. But the international supply of two key reserve assets gold and the U.S. dollarproved inadequate for supporting the expansion of world trade and financial development that was taking place. Therefore, the internatio

39、nal community decided to create a new international reserve asset under the auspices of the IMF. what is it used for today?SDR Use. Participants in the SDR Department (currently all members of the IMF) and prescribed holders may use SDRs in a variety of voluntary transfers, including transactions by

40、 agreement, swap arrangements, forward operations, and so forth. Participants may also use SDRs in operations and transactions involving the General Resources Account (GRA), such as the payment of charges and repurchases (repayments). In addition, the IMF ensures that a participant with a balance of

41、 payments or reserve need to acquire foreign exchange is able to use its SDRs in a transaction with designation. Why was the SDR created and what is it used for today?-2However, only a few years later, the Bretton Woods system collapsed and the major currencies shifted to a floating exchange rate re

42、gime. In addition, the growth in international capital markets facilitated borrowing by creditworthy governments. Both of these developments lessened the need for SDRs. Why was the SDR created and what is it used for today?-3Today, the SDR has only limited use as a reserve asset, and its main functi

43、on is to serve as theunit of account of the IMF and some other international organizations. The SDR is neither a currency, nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. Holders of SDRs can obtain these currencies in exchange for their SDRs in

44、 two ways: .Why was the SDR created and what is it used for today?-4first, through the arrangement of voluntary exchanges between members;and second, by the IMF designating members with strong external positions to purchase SDRs from members with weak external positions特別提款權(quán) (SDRs)IMF1969年創(chuàng)立的一種國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備資

45、產(chǎn)。其主要原因是為了彌補(bǔ)普通貸款權(quán)不足并作為普通貸款權(quán)的一種補(bǔ)充,是一種帳面資產(chǎn)或記帳單位。它是基金組織分配給成員國(guó)的一種提取資金的權(quán)利,它等同于美元和黃金,可以作為國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備的一部分以幫助成員國(guó)調(diào)整短期的國(guó)際收支不平衡 特別提款權(quán)在創(chuàng)立時(shí)和美元等值并和黃金掛鉤,1974年7月1日起與黃金脫鉤,改由16個(gè)國(guó)家的一攬子貨幣定值。1981年起改由五種貨幣組成一攬子貨幣來(lái)定值,“貨幣籃子”中各國(guó)貨幣的構(gòu)成比例每5年調(diào)整一次。第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定二基金相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的法律規(guī)定特別提款權(quán)和美元之間的兌換率每日確定,在基金組織的網(wǎng)上公布。歐元使用以后,基金組織開(kāi)始在2001年1月1日起使用四種主要的

46、貨幣(歐元、日元、英鎊和美元)來(lái)組成貨幣籃子并定值. 籃子中每種貨幣占的比例: U.S. dollar 45%, EURo 29% Japanese yen 15%, Pound sterling 11%,該貨幣籃子的貨幣組成延續(xù)到2005年止。Illustrative Currency Amounts in New Special Drawing Rights (SDR) BasketThe IMF has announced that on January 1, 2006 changes in the method of valuation of the Special Drawing R

47、ight (SDR) will come into effect (Press Release No. 05/265). The weights assigned to each currency in the SDR basket have been adjusted to take account of changes in the share of each currency in world exports of goods and services and international reserves. The next review will take place in late

48、2010 (SDR) BasketOn December 30, 2005, the IMF l determined a fixed amount of each currency in the SDR basket based on the initial weights and exchange rates over the preceding three months. These amounts will produce a value of the SDR in terms of the U.S. dollar on that date that is the same under

49、 the current and new valuation methods. The IMF is providing interim calculations of the currency amounts every week for the remainder of this year based on exchange rates over the preceding three months to assist users of the SDR in preparing for the changeover to the new SDR valuation.Illustrative

50、 Calculation of Currency Amounts in the New SDR Basket (as of December 30, 2005)_ (1)(2) (3) (4) Currency Initial new weight (share)Illustrative currency amount1 Exchange Rate on 2 12/30/05 U.S. dollar equivalent _Euro 34 0.4100 1.18360 0.485276 Japanese yen 11 18.4000 117.57000 0.156503 Pound sterl

51、ing 11 0.0903 1.72190 0.155488 U.S. dollar 44 0.6320 1.00000 0.632000 _SDR1 = US$ 1.42927 _Footnote1-31. Illustrative currency amounts are based on average exchange rates for a period from October 3 to December 30, 2005.2. The exchange rate for the Japanese yen is expressed in terms of currency unit

52、s per U.S. dollar; other rates are expressed as U.S. dollars per currency unit.3. The value in U.S. dollars of one SDR, rounded to six significant digits.SDR Department. This department, an accounting entity rather than an organizational unit of the IMF, records and administers all transactions and

53、operations involving SDRs. SDR Interest and Charges. Interest is paid to each holder of SDRs. Charges are levied, at the same rate, on each participants net cumulative SDR allocations. The SDR interest rate is determined weekly by reference to a short-term market interest rates on the currencies use

54、d for SDR valuation. Interest on SDR holdings is paid, and charges on net cumulative allocations are collected, on a quarterly basis, and are settled on the first day of the subsequent quarter. SDR Valuation.The currency value of the SDR is determined daily by the IMF by summing the values in U.S. d

55、ollars, based on market exchange rates, of a basket of four major currenciesthe euro, Japanese yen, pound sterling, and the U.S. dollar. The SDR valuation basket is normally reviewed every five years. 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定第十五條 特別提款權(quán)第一節(jié)分配特別提款權(quán)的權(quán)力 當(dāng)發(fā)生需要時(shí),基金有權(quán)將特別提款權(quán)分配給參與特別提款權(quán)帳戶(hù)的會(huì)員國(guó), 以補(bǔ)充其現(xiàn)有儲(chǔ)備資產(chǎn)之不足。 第二節(jié)價(jià) 值 單

56、 位 確定特別提款權(quán)價(jià)值的方法由基金以總投票權(quán)的多數(shù)票決定。但是,改 變定值的原則或根本改變應(yīng)用實(shí)施中的原則,應(yīng)經(jīng)總投票權(quán)的多數(shù)通過(guò)。 ()基金在以前并未根據(jù)本條第五節(jié)、第六條第一節(jié)以及第二十六條第二 節(jié)()宣布過(guò),該請(qǐng)購(gòu)會(huì)員國(guó)已無(wú)資格使用基金的普通資金。 對(duì)補(bǔ)充貨幣和稀少貨幣的規(guī)定第7條:補(bǔ)充貨幣和稀少貨幣的規(guī)定等等。第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定二基金相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的法律規(guī)定對(duì)補(bǔ)充貨幣和稀少貨幣的規(guī)定第一款基金補(bǔ)進(jìn)貨幣的辦法 基金認(rèn)為有補(bǔ)進(jìn)普通資金帳戶(hù)中有關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)所需某種會(huì)員國(guó)貨幣的需要時(shí),得采 取下列措施之一,或兩者同時(shí)采取: ()在基金與該會(huì)員國(guó)協(xié)議的期限和條件下,向該會(huì)員國(guó)提議借入稀少貨

57、幣 ,或經(jīng)該國(guó)同意,向其境內(nèi)或境外的其他來(lái)源借入稀少貨幣。但該會(huì)員國(guó)并無(wú)出借 貨幣給基金或同意基金向其他來(lái)源借入的任何義務(wù)。 ()要求會(huì)員國(guó)(如該會(huì)員國(guó)是參與國(guó))將其貨幣出售給基金,換回在普 通資金帳戶(hù)持有的特別提款權(quán),第二節(jié)貨幣的普遍稀少 基金如發(fā)現(xiàn)某種貨幣發(fā)生普遍稀少情形在發(fā)展時(shí),應(yīng)即通告各會(huì)員國(guó),并提出 報(bào)告,闡明稀少的原因,并建議解決的辦法。 第三節(jié)法律地位、組織結(jié)構(gòu)與業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)定二基金相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)的法律規(guī)定、規(guī)定了成員方在維護(hù)匯率穩(wěn)定、取消外匯管制和提供資料三方面的主要義務(wù):(1)成員有維護(hù)其匯率穩(wěn)定的義務(wù);(2)成員有取消本國(guó)外匯管制的義務(wù);(3)成員有向基金提供本國(guó)資料的義務(wù)。即根據(jù)基金

58、的要求向基金提供基金認(rèn)為其進(jìn)行活動(dòng)所需的各種資料,具體包括:官方以及官方機(jī)構(gòu)以外的銀行和金融機(jī)構(gòu)在國(guó)內(nèi)外持有的黃金、外匯;該國(guó)的黃金生產(chǎn)量;該國(guó)的黃金輸出入量,及輸出入國(guó)別; 該國(guó)的商品進(jìn)出口量(價(jià)值用本國(guó)貨幣表示),及進(jìn)出口國(guó)別; 該國(guó)的國(guó)際收支狀況和國(guó)際投資狀況; 該國(guó)的國(guó)民收入、物價(jià)指數(shù)、買(mǎi)賣(mài)外幣的匯率和外匯管理情況等等。; 第四節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定中匯兌的法律規(guī)定一、概述二、基金協(xié)定關(guān)于匯兌規(guī)定第8條三、基金協(xié)定關(guān)于匯兌規(guī)定第14條第四節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定中匯兌的法律規(guī)定一概述基金協(xié)定對(duì)資本流動(dòng)的管制給予了明確的規(guī)定,賦予會(huì)員國(guó)管制資本國(guó)際流動(dòng)的權(quán)利,允許其對(duì)資本項(xiàng)目下的外匯交易施行必要的

59、管制,只是這種管制不得妨礙經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目的外匯交易。1 基金協(xié)定第6條第3款。“會(huì)員國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際資本轉(zhuǎn)移得采取必要的管制,但這種管制,除第七條第三節(jié)( )款及第十四條第二節(jié)規(guī)定者外,不得限制日常交易的支付或者不適當(dāng)?shù)刈铚鍍?債務(wù)的資金轉(zhuǎn)移”.第四節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定中匯兌的法律規(guī)定二、基金協(xié)定關(guān)于匯兌規(guī)定第8條1第8條第2款的義務(wù)避免限制經(jīng)常性支付 第款避免施行歧視性貨幣措施 第款兌付外國(guó)持有的本國(guó)貨幣 基金協(xié)定第8條第2款a項(xiàng)規(guī)定:除第7條第3款b(關(guān)于短期貨幣)及第14條第2款(過(guò)渡性安排)的規(guī)定外,“成員國(guó)未經(jīng)基金組織批準(zhǔn),不得對(duì)經(jīng)常性國(guó)際交易的支付或轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行限制”。會(huì)員國(guó)對(duì)經(jīng)常性交易的限制必須得

60、到基金組織的批準(zhǔn)。第四節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定中匯兌的法律規(guī)定二、基金協(xié)定關(guān)于匯兌規(guī)定第8條根據(jù)基金協(xié)定,經(jīng)常性交易的支付是指:不以轉(zhuǎn)移資本為目的的各項(xiàng)支付,其內(nèi)容包括但并不限于以下各方面:(1)所有同對(duì)外貿(mào)易、其他經(jīng)常性業(yè)務(wù)(其中包括服務(wù)在內(nèi))以及正常的短期銀行信貸業(yè)務(wù)有關(guān)的各項(xiàng)支付;(2)應(yīng)付的貸款利息和其他各項(xiàng)投資凈收入的支付;(3)數(shù)額不大的償還貸款本金或攤提直接投資折舊的支付;(4)數(shù)額不大的家庭生活費(fèi)用匯款。在同有關(guān)成員國(guó)磋商后,基金組織可決定某項(xiàng)特定的交易是否應(yīng)作為經(jīng)常性交易還是資本交易。11 參閱基金協(xié)定第30條d項(xiàng)第四節(jié)國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定中匯兌的法律規(guī)定二、基金協(xié)定關(guān)于匯兌規(guī)定第8條

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶(hù)所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶(hù)因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論