苯乙烯運(yùn)輸和倉儲(chǔ)過程_聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)11課件

1、Polymerisation Risks During Transportation and Storage苯乙烯運(yùn)輸和倉儲(chǔ)過程聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 惠州大亞灣興達(dá)化工苯乙烯罐起火 2012年5月28日13時(shí)10分大亞灣石化區(qū)惠州興達(dá)石化工業(yè)有限公司一儲(chǔ)罐發(fā)生著火事故，經(jīng)過5個(gè)多小時(shí)的撲救，于18時(shí)29分明火被撲滅，現(xiàn)場無人員傷亡報(bào)告事故發(fā)生后，廣東省消防總隊(duì)緊急調(diào)集惠州、深圳、佛山、廣州等地各種消防救援車78輛，518名消防隊(duì)員參與搶險(xiǎn)救援。據(jù)悉，惠州興達(dá)石化工業(yè)有限公司于2009年7月投產(chǎn)，以生產(chǎn)聚苯乙烯珠體為主，年產(chǎn)量18萬噸。其中一容量為3000立方米的罐體發(fā)生火災(zāi)，實(shí)際存儲(chǔ)約有900立方米，此次

2、事故導(dǎo)致900立方米的苯乙烯燃燒殆盡。惠州大亞灣興達(dá)化工苯乙烯罐起火總共使用約6000噸消防水。事故處置指揮部調(diào)集了36輛槽罐車和13臺(tái)水泵參與污水轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)工作，通過管道輸送和槽罐車轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，將約4000噸事故洗消水通過管道輸送到石化區(qū)清源污水處理廠的水解酸化池暫時(shí)貯存，1000噸洗消水運(yùn)至中海煉化污水處理廠進(jìn)行處理，尚有約1000噸存儲(chǔ)于事故槽罐區(qū)圍堰和容積為1924m3應(yīng)急池。 惠州大亞灣興達(dá)化工苯乙烯罐起火 惠州大亞灣興達(dá)化工苯乙烯罐起火 惠州大亞灣興達(dá)化工苯乙烯罐起火 惠州大亞灣興達(dá)化工苯乙烯罐起火 惠州大亞灣興達(dá)化工苯乙烯罐起火Consequences and Causes 后果和原因?目錄

3、：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施最近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SM 單體物理性質(zhì)沸點(diǎn)， 145熔點(diǎn)， -31閃點(diǎn)， 32自燃溫度， 490 相對密度 (水 = 1) 0.9相對蒸氣密度 (空氣 = 1) 3.6蒸氣壓力，KPa (20 的絕對值) 0.67水溶性，g/100 ml 0.3爆炸極限，vol% 空氣中 UEL 6.1 LEL 1.1電導(dǎo)率，pS/m 50相對分子質(zhì)量 104SM 單體物理性質(zhì)無色液體，具特殊氣味穩(wěn)定性：與空氣接觸時(shí)氧化。危險(xiǎn)聚合：暴露于光、熱和大多數(shù)鹵化物時(shí)放熱。危險(xiǎn)分解產(chǎn)物：在正常存放時(shí)不會(huì)形成。應(yīng)避免產(chǎn)生的條

4、件：熱、火焰和火花。暴露于空氣或陽光。灌注、清空或處理過程中，禁止使用壓縮空氣。由于液體的低傳導(dǎo)性，流動(dòng)、攪拌等可能增加靜電荷。應(yīng)避免接觸的材料：強(qiáng)氧化劑、鹵化物。與鐵銹、酸或過氧化物反應(yīng)劇烈，并有著火和爆炸的危險(xiǎn)。腐蝕銅的速度緩慢。吸收途徑：可通過吸入、皮膚吸收或攝入而進(jìn)入身體。在大約20時(shí)因蒸發(fā)可使有害空氣濃度緩慢地升高 ，但形成懸浮微粒時(shí)升高速度會(huì)很快。即時(shí)反應(yīng)：吸入肺中可導(dǎo)致可致命性化學(xué)性肺炎。刺激眼睛、皮膚和呼吸道。長時(shí)間/重復(fù)暴露后的反應(yīng)：.重復(fù)暴露可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、肝損傷或影響呼吸系統(tǒng)。 目錄：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施最

5、近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)-介紹產(chǎn)品分子和其它分子連接形成聚合物：聚苯乙烯, SAN, ABS, SBR, .產(chǎn)品的聚合特性:使苯乙烯成為化工行業(yè)使用廣泛的原料之一需要采取特別的措施控制儲(chǔ)運(yùn)過程中的聚合反應(yīng)，避免質(zhì)量或安全事故行業(yè)歷史上有很多失控聚合的案例多數(shù)案例發(fā)生在生產(chǎn)裝置（批反應(yīng)器）極少數(shù)發(fā)生在儲(chǔ)運(yùn)過程中的事故見于文字Polymerization risks -IntroductionStyrene monomer molecules can be linked to other molecules to form polymersPolystyrene, SAN, ABS,

6、 SBR, .The characteristic to polymerise:makes styrene one of the most versatile chemicals in the chemical industryrequires specific measures to avoid uncontrolled polymerisation during storage and transportation, resulting in quality problems or HSE risksMany runaway polymerisation incidents are kno

7、wn in the industrymost incidents occur in production facilities (batch reactors)hardly any major runaway incidents in storage or transportation are found in literature聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)SM單體易發(fā)生聚合：高溫，暴露于光、熱酸性物質(zhì)過氧化物氧化物一些污垢，碎片等聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量設(shè)備管線變硬 變脆堵塞管線設(shè)備嚴(yán)重情況下造成火災(zāi)爆炸目錄：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施最近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低

8、和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化學(xué)反應(yīng)式C=CC=CC=C- C C C C - HeatEtc.- C C C C - C=C- C C C C C C - Heat+聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)1/2苯乙烯聚合是放熱反應(yīng)兩個(gè)分子聚合會(huì)釋放熱量 溫度升高聚合反應(yīng)加?。L雪球效應(yīng)） 引發(fā) 苯乙烯聚合引發(fā)物：鐵銹，酸，過氧化物，氯化鐵.擴(kuò)散如果沒有阻聚或冷卻，聚合反應(yīng)會(huì)隨溫度升高越來越劇烈 終止 當(dāng)全部苯乙烯單體聚合后，反應(yīng)終止 Polymerisation kinetics1/2Styrene polymerisation is an exothermic reaction.Heat is released when two mo

9、lecules chain togetherReaction rate increases with increasing temperature (snowballing)InitiationStyrene polymerisation can be initiated by rust, acids, peroxides, iron chlorides, .PropagationIf not inhibited or cooled, the initiated reaction will continue faster and faster as temperature increasesT

10、erminationPolymerisation stops when all of the styrene has polymerised聚合動(dòng)力學(xué) 2/2純苯乙烯單體起始溫度升高，反應(yīng)加劇在 20C條件下，需要25天升高10C 在30C條件下, 只需要 8天升高10CPolymerisation kinetics2/2Uninhibited pure styrene monomerReaction rate is higher with increasing starting tempAt 20C, it takes 25 days for 10C temperature increase

11、At 30C, it takes 8 days for 10C temperature increase目錄：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施最近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)International standards for styrene handling 苯乙烯產(chǎn)品國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Styrene producers have styrene handling and storage guidelines publicly availableShell CanadaLyondellDowChevron PhilipsNova.Styrene pr

12、oducers are joined in a CEFIC styrene sector groupCEFIC issues a European styrene handling and storage guideVarious of these sources are available/accessible within ShellThird parties (tollers, hauliers, terminals, etc.) do not always follow these guidelines目錄：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理

13、措施最近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施恰當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)存儲(chǔ)和運(yùn)輸過程中注入阻聚劑 控制阻聚劑濃度控制溫度保持系統(tǒng)清潔苯乙烯罐基本設(shè)計(jì)罐體管線材料 (不銹鋼；鋅涂層)罐體一定要清潔不許用銅或它的合金拱頂一定要光滑， 不可有內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)支撐需要配備尾氣排放系統(tǒng)需要保持罐體低溫(10C, 不高于25C)應(yīng)提供這些附屬設(shè)施滿足應(yīng)急需要：調(diào)節(jié)阻聚劑濃度、向泵入口、和/或 循環(huán)系統(tǒng)注入空氣或氧氣阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施管道管線設(shè)計(jì)方面處理與操作所有管線要具有傾斜度盡量避免低點(diǎn)，死角泵要設(shè)計(jì)可以排空所有苯乙烯殘留所有管線，罐， 閥，可能有苯乙烯的地方要定期沖洗。提醒： 所有運(yùn)送苯乙烯的泵不可以關(guān)閉出口閥門，

14、而運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施： 注入阻聚劑 inhibitors阻聚劑Retarders 用來減緩生產(chǎn)過程的聚合(e.g. DNBP) 用于短停留時(shí)間（如分餾塔的冷凝器）抑制劑Inhibitors（純）抑制劑（p-TBC)加入產(chǎn)品中,避免在存儲(chǔ)條件下聚合反應(yīng)用于相對較長時(shí)間的（存儲(chǔ)，運(yùn)輸）（純）抑制劑與自由基反應(yīng)后失去活性溶在苯乙烯內(nèi)的氧氣，是抑制劑有效所必須的InhibitorsRetardersRetarders (e.g. DNBP) are used to slow down polymerisation under process conditionsUsed wher

15、e residence times are short (e.g. condensers of distillation columns)Inhibitors(True) inhibitors (e.g. pTBC) are added to the finished product to avoid polymerisation under storage conditionsUsed where residence times are longer (storage, transportation)(True) inhibitor molecules become inactive aft

16、er reacting with a free radicalOxygen, dissolved in the styrene monomer, is required for an effective inhibiting effect of pTBC抑制劑inhibitor與阻聚劑retardantP-TBC 在存儲(chǔ)中的作用只有在氧氣有效的溶在苯乙烯液體中起作用 儲(chǔ)罐如氮封，需加6-8 vol.% 氧氣如果沒有氮封，苯乙烯認(rèn)為已富含氧如沒有有效混合，pTBC將不會(huì)有效pTBC 傾向沉積在罐底聚合反應(yīng)可能在罐頂部開始 建議在濃度10-15 ppmwt 以避免聚合。pTBC含量在4 ppmwt

17、以下， 聚合可能發(fā)生 抑制聚合過程，pTBC 會(huì)消耗，因此 含量需定期檢測 當(dāng)含量下降時(shí)，需要添加新 pTBC 損耗率隨溫度上升增加 Flammability Diagram for “Styrene/Oxygen/Nitrogen” SM/氮?dú)?氧氣燃燒性圖表pTBC in storagepTBC only works effectively if oxygen is dissolved in bulk liquidIf tank is blanketed with inert gas 6-10 vol.% oxygen is to be addedWithout inert gas bla

18、nketing, styrene liquid is saturated with oxygenWithout mixing of bulk contents pTBC is not effectivepTBC tends to sink to the bottom of the storage tankPolymerisation reaction can occur at higher levels of bulk10-15 ppmwt is recommended to avoid polymerisation during storageBelow a minimum of 4 ppm

19、wt of pTBC (accelerated) polymerisation will occurpTBC is consumed while inhibiting polymerisationConcentration needs to be monitoredFresh pTBC needs to be dosed when the levels become too lowpTBC depletion rate increases with increasing temperature pTBC在運(yùn)輸中的作用 因?yàn)闆]有氮封，苯乙烯會(huì)富含氧 苯乙烯液體在運(yùn)輸過程中因晃動(dòng)會(huì)充分的混合 在運(yùn)

20、輸時(shí)添加足量的 pTBC ，以保證運(yùn)輸過程可能延誤的時(shí)間pTBC during transportationStyrene is usually saturated with oxygen, since no blanketing is appliedBulk liquid is usually homogeneously mixed due to the movements of the rail/road car or vesselEnough pTBC needs to be added to cover for the transportation time, with some sl

21、ack for delaysOxygen Depletion in Styrene at 40C40C下苯乙烯中氧氣損耗速度At low TBC levels oxygen depletion is rapid and the inhibition system will quickly become ineffective. 苯乙烯保質(zhì)期 1/2保質(zhì)期與溫度，氧含量，阻聚劑濃度有關(guān) 12 to 15 ppm pTBC50 to 75 ppm pTBC溫度 C富含氧量 氧含量少于 3 ppm 富含氧量 165 to 6 月.10 to 15 天超過 1 年.291 to 2 月4 to 5 天

22、3 to 4 月438 to 12 天少于 24 小時(shí)少于 30天 Shelf life of styrene monomer 1/2Time that styrene monomer can be expected to remain within specifications at various temperatures and starting inhibitor and oxygen levels12 to 15 ppm pTBC50 to 75 ppm pTBCTemp CSaturated w/ oxygenLess than 3 ppm oxygenSaturated w/ o

23、xygen165 to 6 mo.10 to 15 d.More than 1 y.291 to 2 mo.4 to 5 d.3 to 4 mo.438 to 12 d.Less than 24 hrLess than 30 d. 苯乙烯保質(zhì)期2/2在最低氧含量及pTBC濃度條件下，建議的存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間 溫度 C最長存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間 353 天292 周245 周183 月Shelf life of styrene monomer 2/2Recommended storage time at minimum oxygen and pTBC levelsTemperature CMax. Storage Ti

24、me353 days292 weeks245 weeks183 monthspTBC 損耗pTBC初始濃度為10 ppmwt, 需6周時(shí)間使得阻聚劑失效 (4 ppmwt)pTBC depletionAt an initial pTBC concentration of 10 ppmwt, it takes 6 weeks before the inhibitor becomes inactive ( transport time)Oxygen (usually no problem during transportation, since no blanketing)Homogeneity

25、(automatically due to movements of transport medium)Insulation (especially in hotter climates)Clean equipment (no initiating contaminants)Proper stowage plan (not adjacent to heat, e.g. caradols)目錄：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施最近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施（主動(dòng)） 冷卻通過冷卻器循環(huán)在確保人身安全的情況下實(shí)施噴淋添加阻聚劑

26、(p-TBC ）(50-100 ppm)產(chǎn)品循環(huán)再循環(huán)使用盡量少的連接，裝卸管線，如沒有其它設(shè)施氣泡用惰性溶劑（乙苯，二甲苯，甲苯）進(jìn)行稀釋如果有足夠的空間清空（焚化）撤離（如溫度顯著增加）謹(jǐn)記：立即行動(dòng) Mitigation (active)CoolingCirculation through cooler if availableShowering of container if personnel can approach safelyAdd more inhibitor (start with 50-100 ppm)MixingRe-circulationUse minimum flo

27、w lines, loading lines, etc, if no other facilities are presentBubbling air (e.g. injection in pump suction line)Quenching with inert diluents (EB, xylenes, toluene, .)If sufficient room left in containerEmptying of container (incineration)Evacuation (if temperature increases exponentially)But alway

28、s: Immediate action!發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施(被動(dòng)的)罐體設(shè)計(jì) 足夠的排空能力避免過壓 易碎罐頂 WeakpointStrong pointlockShore Tank SafetyXShore Tank SafetyMitigation (passive)Tank designSufficient venting capacity to avoid over-pressurisation Frangible roof目錄：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施最近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)臺(tái)灣 XXX儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)事故地點(diǎn): 位于高雄市的

29、第三方儲(chǔ)罐事故時(shí)間: 2005年8 月18 日_ 9月16 日 事故簡介: 一個(gè)儲(chǔ)存69 噸的儲(chǔ)罐 發(fā)生失控的聚合反應(yīng). 聚合物的含量在一個(gè)月的時(shí)間內(nèi)從很少的PPM數(shù)逐步增高達(dá)到數(shù)千在此情況下，曾嘗試向罐中添加阻聚劑（）以停止和控制聚合的速度但聚合物持續(xù)不斷的增加（見附圖）結(jié)果，整個(gè)罐中的產(chǎn)品不得不用槽車運(yùn)到經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的焚燒廠處理結(jié)果: 實(shí)際后果: 資產(chǎn)損失（噸產(chǎn)品）, 廢品處置費(fèi)用等）.). 潛在后果：儲(chǔ)藏破壞，釋放有毒蒸氣，火災(zāi)爆炸臺(tái)灣 XXX 儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)臺(tái)灣 XXX 儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)原因:在罐底取樣中發(fā)現(xiàn)銹蝕樣本水和顏色均不符合規(guī)格在一個(gè)月內(nèi)聚合物濃度從ppm增加到6800 ppm在最后幾天內(nèi)聚合物的生成

30、迅猛增加.存儲(chǔ)設(shè)施缺陷 沒有再循環(huán) 沒有冷卻系統(tǒng) 廢棄處理用槽車將聚合的苯乙烯送到附近的焚化爐 反應(yīng)速率 運(yùn)輸時(shí)間 50 ppm pTBC 加入槽車防止延誤引起的事故 臺(tái)灣 XXX 儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)特別提示: 迅速增加的聚合速度表明有可能發(fā)生失控的聚合反應(yīng) 如每天溫度增加度，建議提高戒備并不斷監(jiān)測溫度循環(huán)可停止溫度的增加每天增加到度是明顯表示失控聚合的開始，應(yīng)不間斷的監(jiān)測溫度如發(fā)現(xiàn)失控的聚合反應(yīng)，建議按如下次序采取措施:產(chǎn)品循環(huán)添加阻聚劑 (p-TBC)注入空氣用惰性溶劑（乙苯，二甲苯，甲苯）進(jìn)行稀釋產(chǎn)品罐降溫冷卻將產(chǎn)品送到合格的焚燒設(shè)施進(jìn)行廢棄處置撤離人員（如溫度顯著增加）Borgfelt Tank

31、Terminal, TaiwanPotential runaway polymerisationInadequate storage facilitiesNo re-circulation of tank contentsNo cooling facilitiesTank emptied by moving contents with road cars to nearby incineratorReaction rate transportation time50 ppm pTBC added to road cars to avoid problems in the case of del

32、aysConfidentialSadaf mixed residue tankInhomogeneous mixtureHigh operating temperature (90C)bottom flow of SM finishing columnmainly viscous heavy endsSmall concentration of styrene (30 wt.%)Insufficient venting capacityFrangible roofComparable with Scotfords incidentConfidentialWestlake rail car in

33、cidentLong residence time (“months”)All pTBC consumed to allow polymerisationExplosion avoided by leaking rail car and unmanned water spray事故案例學(xué)習(xí):溫州鞋廠20噸苯乙烯泄露 溫州鞋廠20噸苯乙烯泄露時(shí)間：2009年7月19日下午13時(shí)20分許 地點(diǎn)：浙江溫州龍灣一制鞋企業(yè) 事故和救援經(jīng)過：該企業(yè)囤積了約20噸苯乙烯，作為制鞋的原料 。7月18日，工人打開儲(chǔ)罐上的蓋子準(zhǔn)備使用苯乙烯原料時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)罐內(nèi)的苯乙烯溫度很高，且出現(xiàn)了少量的蒸氣，于是利用自來水對罐體

34、進(jìn)行稀釋冷卻，但效果不明顯。為了防止儲(chǔ)罐爆炸，就將儲(chǔ)罐上的蓋子保持打開狀態(tài)，7月19日下午1點(diǎn)20分左右，大量的高溫蒸氣從儲(chǔ)罐頂部的罐口溢出。消防部門接到報(bào)警后趕往現(xiàn)場救援，利用移動(dòng)泡沫和霧化水槍對泄漏苯乙烯泄漏體繼續(xù)進(jìn)行冷卻和泄漏氣體稀釋 。7月19日深夜12點(diǎn)，事故得到的控制。 溫州鞋廠20噸苯乙烯泄露事故后果：3名現(xiàn)場工人發(fā)生輕度中毒而嘔吐 人員疏散：工廠及四周企業(yè)1000多名人員 聚合產(chǎn)品：約20噸可能事故原因：由于苯乙烯存放時(shí)間長，加之氣溫居高不下，苯乙烯發(fā)生失控聚合反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致大量氣體泄漏 苯乙烯發(fā)生聚合反應(yīng)后產(chǎn)生大量有毒白霧和刺鼻氣味 臺(tái)灣高雄苯乙烯罐車爆炸目錄：SM 單體物理性質(zhì)

35、聚合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻止聚合的預(yù)防措施發(fā)生聚合應(yīng)急處理措施最近事故總結(jié)：儲(chǔ)罐最低和建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Proposed Minimum and Recommended Controls for Shell managed or contracted Styrene Monomer Storage Tanks Circulation capability循環(huán)能力Maximum storage temperature for Styrene Monomer is 25 degrees C 苯乙烯的最大儲(chǔ)存溫度為25攝氏度Temperature indicator and high temperature

36、 alarm fitted on storage tank and set at 30 degrees C 儲(chǔ)罐裝溫度計(jì)量儀,高溫報(bào)警器(設(shè)定在30度)Tank linings - stainless steel or lined carbon steel (inorganic zinc silicate, baked phenolic and modified epoxy coatings). 儲(chǔ)罐內(nèi)襯 - 不銹鋼或加噴涂的碳素鋼(無機(jī)鋅硅酸鹽, 烘培石碳酸和改良環(huán)氧涂料)Pumps and lines - stainless steel, galvanised steel or carbo

37、n steel 泵和管線-不銹鋼,鍍鋅鋼和碳素鋼Effective cleaning procedures 有效的清洗程序Pure nitrogen blanketing is not acceptable 純凈的氮封是不可接受的Assuming minimum circulation capability - appropriate oxygen (minimum oxygen concentration in vapour gap, 6-8 %) and inhibitor levels (min 10 ppm pTBC) must be maintained during storage

38、 假定最小的循環(huán)能力-適當(dāng)?shù)难鯕夂?氣相中氧氣含量最小為6-8 %) 和抑聚劑水平(最小 10 ppm Ptbc) 必須在儲(chǔ)存期間有效保留Tanks must be designed according to recognised international standards e.g. API 650, API 2000, BS 2654. 儲(chǔ)罐應(yīng)按國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì),如 API 650, BS 2654Facility to test for critical parameters 測試關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的設(shè)施Minimum Controls_ Facility to test for critical parameters 測試關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的設(shè)施Critical Parameter/Method 關(guān)鍵參數(shù)/方法Frequency 頻率Inhibitor analysis 抑聚劑含量Weekly 每周ASTM D4590-92Polymer analysis 聚合物分析Weekly每周ASTM D2121-90Colour 顏色Weekly每周ASTM D1209-93Water水分Weekly每周ASTM D1364-90Styr