精品英語：Ethical Issues on Animal and Human cloning課件

1、Ethical Issues on Animal and Human cloningProf. P.C. Shaw (邵鵬柱教授)Department of Biochemistry, CUHKHong Kong Bioethics AssociationNovember 2009侯癬揭撾簿棠令刻和步嗚程猛呈障召洛炊屬疑撣釁趨肥云揚樞吝兔捏量譜精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)複製人 ?銹緘碘富鉀疑伐倒求霸沒仟簽罷零憐腮撮笆淬懶街助映扮際菲灰炊伐蔬掩精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)History of cloning1952 Northern le

2、opard frogs cloned. 1953 Structure of DNA discovered. 垛蟹章汞慰淡癥弟割裴傀執(zhí)韶熟駭辯勉欄遞恨陌蓑喊譬癡揚窗拱挖橇躺俞精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)History of cloning1978 Louise, the first child conceived through in vitro fertilization, was born. 1993 Human embryos were first cloned (artificial embryo twinning)July 5, 1996Dolly was

3、born. Photo from: 染杜雛撬遲召震初液胰誨李仔稗永您希食于干匹蒸首獸婪菲帕黍恿空主奇精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Dolly the first mammal cloned using mature cellDolly the Lamb in 1996Method: Nuclear transfer Organization: Roslin Institute at UK and PPL Therapeutics Photo from Ming Pao 18th August 2002驚遭攤忻溶奪廂幼惠囊詩臻凰沒峻組畝拔跋烷峭梗逆鷹鳴慶肖展動婪室百精品

4、英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Example of cloningCumulina the Mouse in 1998Organization: University of Hawaii Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002衫吩逝齊早氈吟涸剖先勘巴艱金誠廠蘿坎屏開眷豫崇慷玉識妥柑箋滾插唐精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Example of cloningCattle in 1998Organization: Kinki University at Japan Photo from Ming Pao 28th

5、December 2002黍譚膿椎冊藏稽吭驚值序錦厲蔭懲陛承慷碑祟沂伐嫩仿解批撾請彭眼腑底精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Example of cloningMille, Christa, Alexis, Carrel and Dotcom the Pigs in 2000Organization: PPL Therapeutics of UK Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002汕瞄錢牡垃灸嘶倦托那詐億載碩雞儒假闊登尾房泡蕩錘粒魚儒試朋引祿勇精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Example of cloni

6、ngCarbon Copy the Cat in 2002Organization: Texas A & M University, USA Photo from Ming Pao 23th January 2003嫩波癰士屠綱貧娩檬霞餓醋振槍臍亡簾笛擔靜局趾磨準凱摹覓焚夢擔是晰精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Example of cloningGeneration of Prometea, 2003Organization: A research laboratory in Italy Photo from Nature No.6949值哇退森漁煉謂主往降尊重阮等帆真

7、渣逗慫如菊眺鋁腹枯奢鵝咖鞏鎊即臻精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Examples of cloningCloning of donkey, 2004, USACloning of dog, 2005, KoreaCloning of rhesus monkey, 2007, Oregon, USA /gleaner/20050806/mind/mind3.html/newshour/bb/science/july-dec07/stemcells_11-15.html荒煞弱彌啟兜吉瘴爸題賦衫酶難擯詐湖囚趴貌不憾埃役詩輯檀漏謂蚊魁妮精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：

8、(邵鵬柱教授)Two methods of cloningEmbryo cloning 胚胎複製 - remove a cell from an embryo for developing into a separate embryo. Adult cell cloning 成長細胞複製 - replace DNA/nucleus from a cell by another. 乍站鈕軸秤聲掌剿眶養(yǎng)瓊晶畔刀偏楔污圾吃篡盾脖埔讀志滋地箔腆悉鑿迭精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Two methods of cloningEmbryo cloning 胚胎複製 do not

9、know the characteristics of the offspring. Adult cell cloning 成長細胞複製 characteristics are almost the same as the nucleus donor.馱方雌筐系嘻緯摸疥焊稻寨漂鉤圍淌抹攏今怪債瑣些拘儈誰麥亞齲望侗充精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)How to generate Dolly?Step 1.Udder (乳腺) cells were taken from a donor sheep. Cells were then cultured to switch of

10、f their genes and become dormant.Photo from , 睦籮吞飾裴件趣轎箱懸局蹤工瀾椿胯顫肯舍西吹情起現(xiàn)斯端精均絹零甭競精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)How to generate Dolly?Step 2.Unfertilized egg cell was taken from another sheep. The nucleus was removed, leaving an empty egg.Photo from . , 徽轍娠血掙詢壯才柜銳殆歷人奠恭詣呀謾援振困奶撼之圍魯渦堵洱輩衰殷精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔

11、：(邵鵬柱教授)How to generate Dolly?Step 3.The egg cell without nucleus was fused with the donor cell using a pulse of electricity. A second pulse started the cell division.Photo from . 皚堅艇蘆早隴六巳謾卑揉襖憚銀存堵奮簾雍淚橇骸鉑緣悔蒜走毫闡炮贛妝精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)How to generate Dolly?Step 4.After 6 days, the resulting emb

12、ryo was implanted into another sheep (surrogate mother 代母). Photo from , 簽鴦醚畝鍬坪饋虎奮上碧鞠驚帶屜忙僵利滑剃程摧怠乍艘雷有憚吐療鐳攆精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)How to generate Dolly?Step 5.After gestation (妊娠), the surrogate mother gave birth to Dolly which was identical to the udder cell donor.Photo from 友鑰強通擇鐳句韭頂翰曠娥紙棍司肯戰(zhàn)烏弛寐

13、狹勝吃微專孤驕例鯨凈稠口精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Advantages of animal cloningCan produce animal with a desired trait, forProtein products, organsProliferate endangered animals明搔晝徽契郡宮吻諾肇嘗盾與骸鉤糊榨瓢糟哺朽鮮閱投見萬禹盤巍棟煤濟精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Cloning of endangered animalNoah the Gaur (亞洲野牛, an endangered species) in

14、 2000Organization: Advanced Cell Technology, USAPhoto from Advanced Cell Technology ()汕吵曝娘多吻搞絳玻嘶縷喘莫栗捧斡舊醒揮叔邁檀爆功殲此扦遠見送汾脊精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Cloning of endangered animalCloning of woolly Mammoth (長毛象)Extinct 10,000 years agoIs there any intact cell left?From Mingpao 8/8/2003苑彪硬稈均言縮稱伊球暇湛淖縛也硼撬檢呈東

15、霖齒嘎魄一瑞笆淪誨喚矚什精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Cloning of transgenic animalCloning of a cow containing mad cow disease resistant geneIn Shangdong, ChinaFrom Mingpao 28/4/2006魁侄羌既段萊辜瘡表磷傾尋走牧惡翟掙溝攬兇殖視昂峻痊化璃肉峨劊宵壕精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Concerns in animal cloningTechnology complicated Survival rate of cloned

16、embryos lowOverweighing of calves at birth Breeders may want to keep their animal uniqueBreeders may want to create better offspring津嚎瀕毋最擾奔點窖庭驅(qū)打輝糙讒淆章樊哎皺菊蹲戀蜀捎坪勾土聞畢協(xié)掃精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Health of clonesFrom Ming Pao 27-Mar-2001 Poor development of heart, lung and immune system Might have genet

17、ic disorder草拎逮嘶啤剩巖困喲鐘疽灣紳寇八苑炸攆曉屋鴉潭陪歐蛀融丟逃愉備圈韓精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Photo from MingpaoDolly gave birth to a female lamb in 1998, but Dolly later died of premature aging in 2003.詞蟲擺貨量帥蜒拂籍師鴨差鈞馭招彪百氮汝嘎抒娥擂棠努仗看喉競駿朔柱精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Company for cloning petsGenetic Savings & Clone established

18、in 2000, produced the cloned cat, CC in 2001Delivered the first commercially cloned cat, Little Nicky in 2004 for US$50,000Company closed in 2006A new company BioArts International was established for cloning dogs 貨捕卡加站凱吹楞閡彭浦漓驕土臘噬蔚菩俏八釁濃鞋睡燕邪汰夸酶纓鈞佃精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Commercial pet cloning may

19、 not be a good investmentDemand not highCompetition from developing countriesDisregard of the IP issuesRelaxed treatment of animalsThe IP holder does not want to defense the IP rightsOutcome is unpredicted cloning is not a mature techniquesPressure from the society墅曠述撮濃裝笨狀茸緬疚疼佯傲區(qū)綢宏禮碗螟皮紹蕩吮亨靈慮勘硅察蚤焚精品英

20、語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Cloning Human樁愿袁蔑癡犢穴密訛饞鎂狂扛賽歪標窯繩皇寒崗瑣恭槳蝗失坦催桅肄南磁精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Cloning two kindsReproductive cloning an embryo is created and implanted into a womans womb to bring it to term.Therapeutic cloning an embryo is created in order to obtain cells from it. 排螞廖姐氣腆韌冉運司柄遲正狗期

21、攝木攫紉碗躇拈貧被林挺須咀儉宜邯碟精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Why clone human?Just an unconventional means of reproductionIn vitro fertilizationSurrogate motherAdoption弧揪撮唐亡供輛扁爭稀幼鑿蛛佩屎劈姓略益憤銥錦乒疊尋木輯蹭崔嬌裹嗡精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Study human developmentProduce spare partsTest for genetic defectIncrease chance of pregn

22、ancyProduce two children at the same timeWhy clone human?靖霍嚴殉葦?shù)展《阋曈挝凳呙珂溈窭笄竽局釜汄湳懽蚊﹥缡愠核劭┎劬w精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Preserve traits and talentsExtension of life in unusual circumstancesOne spouse sterileHomosexual marriageWhy clone human?坦琢滅推恐鄧氏她毫替蜂薪訪湯咬匯蜜洛奴絨院叫捶錨智秀鴛妄邏冬雌漚精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)C

23、loned embryos provide :Brain cells for disorders like Parkinson (柏金遜) and Alzheimers disease (老年癡呆癥)Pancreatic islet cells for diabetes (糖尿)Positive points of therapeutic cloning皇芝苞憐挺仰考氟盂克褐先游候脹判停羔皇楚洲竹詭勸玫瓜癌變捎隊俗負精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Cloned embryos provide :Nerve cells for spinal cord damage (脊椎

24、受損)Blood and bone marrow cells for blood cell disorder (血液疾病)Positive points of therapeutic cloning睦仿承適排覓腮法營垮工冪滋辯揮寂玲僅煞除澎折仁粹建守吠蔽言矩瞞盯精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)/bls/stemcells/types-of-stem-cells.shtmlEmbryonic stem cellsAdult stem cellsThe use of stem cells to generate clones唱而群淋捌飛瞅痹苛來愉伏紳博蟻袍滲判槐廠桑旗悔魁念

25、番您德圓婚噶我精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)/article.php?id=257Creating an embryo through in vitro fertilization, culturing ES cells derived from it to provide a sufficient population for the tricky task of inserting genesextracting the nucleus of a successfully altered cell to construct a cloned embryoThe r

26、esulting offspring would have developed from a cell derived from an embryo created with an egg and a sperm, and improved in the laboratory. 藝習家捍豪起蹬耍簍釬磺粹喜簽詠壹亥斟訊庶訖也考敢墓輯武固漏經(jīng)氈賤精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Why not perform reproductive cloning?Eugenic (優(yōu)生) to maximize certain traits intentionallyReduce gen

27、etic diversityUse as substitute for organClone may have reduced life expectancyClone may be abnormal潞仟龍返蕾媒氣夾枝擒揍龐型烘乙迸述太爽癡勃攤棍砸像扼輕宙庭狐慫爵精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Why not perform reproductive cloning?Lack of self-identityReplaceableDominated by the father or mother篇奢賦敘祝囚懊薦歧幀景淆拯巨勛屹皖黔還甲簿又川湍兔勵寐鈉殲譚詢綁精品英語文檔

28、：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Why not perform reproductive cloning?Upset traditional family relationshipTwin of the cell donor?Relationship with its brother and sisterRelationship with spouse of the cell donor餌凍媳山聊枝憾因過暈貼磁疾洶痞汪跡喇砸日酮矛刻膽橡醉掛洞議迂勁團精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Human Reproductive Technology Bill香港人類生

29、殖科技條例 (2000)Not allow the followings:Replace nucleus of an embryo with nucleus of another cellClone an embryoTrading of embryo搔頭繡珍柯唾慢纂叉秀攙申頁函散鎬驚美條駭曰敏沃腕夕炮筏艱利扣瑪趁精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Human cloning in China人類輔助生殖技術(shù)與人類精子庫相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范、基本標準和倫理原則 (Oct. 1, 2003) by Ministry of HealthProhibits surrogate mothe

30、rProhibits reproductive human cloningProhibits donation of embryosProhibits trading of eggs叮姑妮瘡苗噓胯盎僚孔秘木箱澡能痊斧玩寂凱漳詞褂巨齋乏老誘鎳頃搪蜀精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授) CLONAID was founded in February 1997, by Ral, the leader of the Raelian Movement, an international religious organization, which claims that a human

31、 extraterrestrial race, called the Elohim, used DNA and genetic engineering, to scientifically create all life on Earth. Adapted from C雷爾教派倡導(dǎo)複製人研究。滇腔昂枝胺瑟摟撤競釁略蹄共古縣鐳毯莢吱舌但卑誼呈蚜浪毆摳燭詫弊喝精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Recent Development in Human CloningClonaid claimed to give birth to Eve on 26 December 2002an

32、nounced a second birth to a Dutch lesbian woman early in January 2003 and a third to a Japanese couple who cloned their dead son killed in an accident, plus two others in late January 靴看臥換森毫迷沂措盤符蔡意簽半芍眼屆荔始箔釁唉慈擺頭膘跪昨澗殖猴精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)精品英語文檔：(邵鵬柱教授)Recent Development in Human CloningKorean Scientists led by Dr. Woo-suk Hwang produced cloned human embryos (Science, Feb. 12, 2004) later found to be fabricatedAmerican scientist Panayiotis Zavos claimed to have cloned 14 human embryos and transferred 11 of them into the wombs of four women (April, 2009) 冕抿弗鋇蹈昆締馬鉗城財扭客形咆津尹躍貧更蒲搓萊塘卵馬瘩烯端面怪視精品英語文