1.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、語法難點(diǎn)突破之一 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 語法專題突破 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一直是歷年高考的必考點(diǎn)。主要考查考生在特定語境下對時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的理解，其中現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)的使用出現(xiàn)得最為頻繁。此外，為了增加試題的區(qū)分度，命題者還常常把動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)以及主謂一致結(jié)合在一起考查。1.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)【解析】 C 考查現(xiàn)在完成實(shí)行時(shí)。由all day能夠看出一直在打電話，此時(shí)仍然在打，過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并仍在實(shí)行，選C。4I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help outBhave just he

2、lped out Cam just helping outDwill just help out【誤】 此題易受第一句話的影響，而誤選A?！菊?表示我現(xiàn)在僅僅在臨時(shí)幫忙，是現(xiàn)在正在實(shí)行的動(dòng)作，選C?！窘馕觥?一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的、經(jīng)常性的行為或狀態(tài)，而現(xiàn)在實(shí)行時(shí)表示正在實(shí)行的、暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作。26Has Tom already finished his new story?I have no idea. He _it last month. Ahad written Bwas writingCwould write Dwrote【解析】 B 本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。過去某個(gè)動(dòng)作表示未完成或者不知道有沒有

3、完成時(shí)，用過去實(shí)行時(shí)態(tài)，句中是不知道有沒有完成，所以本題選擇B項(xiàng)。2北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. Atook Bhad takenCwere taking Dwould take【答案】 B3遼寧卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her now? Aphones Bhas phonedChas been phoning Dphoned

4、【解析】 A 考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。由第一句可知：我們已經(jīng)得到了暑假去英國旅行的短期簽證，再由第二句中then可知：這是對去英國旅行的美好祝愿，動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。所以時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為將來實(shí)行時(shí)。23北京卷 In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _.Aare dropped BdropCare being dropped Dhave dropped【解析】 A 本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。the “r” sounds和drop之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；題目描述的是習(xí)慣做法

5、，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?Who _it? Awrites Bhas written Cwrote Dhad written【解析】 C 本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。題干中的答句問“誰寫的這本書？”說明此書肯定是過去寫的，所以用動(dòng)詞的過去式。16安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No. I _ the book，so I already knew the story. Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave rea

6、d【解析】 B 考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：“你對電影結(jié)果感到吃驚嗎？”“不，我已經(jīng)讀過這本書，所以我已知道了這個(gè)故事?！薄白x書”是在“看電影”之前，故用過去完成時(shí)。18遼寧卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B 考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。第一句表示通常、一般性的一種狀況，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：我為一家人做飯，但是最近我太忙不能做了。25Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she_

7、，so we had only a moment for a few words. Ajust left Bhad just leftChas just left Dwas just leaving【解析】 D 考查時(shí)態(tài)。從后半句的“所以我們僅用一會(huì)兒時(shí)間說了幾句話”可知，當(dāng)說話人到達(dá)那位女士的公寓時(shí)，她正要離開，應(yīng)該用過去實(shí)行時(shí)表示過去馬上要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。18遼寧卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B 考

8、查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。第一句表示通常、一般性的一種狀況，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：我為一家人做飯，但是最近我太忙不能做了。在解題時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)問題：1這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在什么時(shí)間？題干中可參照的時(shí)間信息有哪些？2這個(gè)動(dòng)作處于什么狀態(tài)？是實(shí)行中，還是已結(jié)束(完成)？限制或修飾這個(gè)動(dòng)作的狀語信息有哪些？3這個(gè)動(dòng)作與主語的關(guān)系，是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)？只要全面細(xì)致地考慮了這些問題，試題的答案也就水落石出了。一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和用法二、幾種易混時(shí)態(tài)的辨析1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在實(shí)行時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的或狀態(tài)性的行為。 而現(xiàn)在實(shí)行時(shí)則具有實(shí)行性、未完成性和暫時(shí)性的特點(diǎn)。如：On the wall hangs

9、 a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 如：重慶卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building _ now.AremainsBis remainedCis remainingDhas been remained【解析】 A 考查動(dòng)詞用法即時(shí)態(tài)。remain作不及物動(dòng)詞用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主動(dòng)語態(tài)，不可直接跟賓語。結(jié)

10、合語境應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)狀。2一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般過去時(shí)所表達(dá)的事件與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果。如：I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next.)北京卷 Im sorry，b

11、ut I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry，I _myself clear. We want to return on October 20.Ahadnt made Bwouldnt makeCdont make Dhavent made【解析】 D 本題考查時(shí)態(tài)和情景交際。答句句意為：抱歉，我還沒有把我的意思表達(dá)明白，強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。1.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)3一般過去時(shí)和過去實(shí)行時(shí)一般過去時(shí)表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作或過去存有的狀態(tài)。過去實(shí)行時(shí)則表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)

12、或時(shí)間段正在做某事。實(shí)行時(shí)具有實(shí)行性、未完成性和暫時(shí)性的特點(diǎn)。如：I read a book last month. (書已經(jīng)在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)讀完)I was reading a book last month. (書未讀完)Has Sam finished his homework today?I have no idea. He _it this morning. Adid Bhas doneCwas doing Dhad done【解析】 C 此題容易誤選A。根據(jù)I have no idea這個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息可知，說話者對是否完成并不知道，所以用實(shí)行時(shí)，表示今天上午在做。4一般過去時(shí)和過去完成

13、時(shí)判斷是不是過去完成時(shí)應(yīng)先從時(shí)間軸上找到表示“過去”的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或動(dòng)作，然后判斷在這個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或動(dòng)作之前還有沒有另一個(gè)動(dòng)作，并且判斷該句是否強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)生在前。The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.5完成時(shí)和完成實(shí)行時(shí)的用法比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)分別表示某一動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或過去某一時(shí)間?，F(xiàn)在完成實(shí)行時(shí)和過去完成實(shí)行時(shí)雖然也表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或過去某一時(shí)間，但更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，完成實(shí)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)。如：(1)Why does the river smell terribl

14、e? Because the water_. Ahave pollutedBis being pollutedChas been pollutedDhave been polluted【解析】 C 考查完成時(shí)和完成實(shí)行時(shí)的用法和主謂一致。根據(jù)問句可知所填動(dòng)詞表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，動(dòng)詞與主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主語是the water，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，選C。(2)He _ articles for our newspaper these years, and he _about 40 articles. Ahas written；has writtenBhas

15、 been writing；writesCis writing；has been writingDhas been writing；has written【解析】 D 考查完成時(shí)和完成實(shí)行時(shí)的用法。由句意知“這些年他一直在寫”，用has been writing；“已寫完了”用has written。三、被動(dòng)語態(tài) 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)反映主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的一種關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語是謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；當(dāng)句子的主語是謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，句子通過謂語動(dòng)詞的不同形式體現(xiàn)出不同的時(shí)態(tài)形式；被動(dòng)語態(tài)

16、由“助動(dòng)詞be 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，不同的時(shí)態(tài)通過 be 的不同形式體現(xiàn)。其被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成方法與普通的及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方法相同。1Hi, Lucy, you look tired. Im really tired. I _the living room all day. ApaintedBhad paintedChave been paintingDhave been painted【誤】 學(xué)生容易分辨不清C與D的區(qū)別，而誤選D?！菊?C表示我一整天都在刷房子，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。2Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _！(promise)【誤】 B

17、ut she has promised. 【正】 But she promised. 【解析】 Nancy“答應(yīng)要來”這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)該發(fā)生在過去，是過去作出的承諾，前文已告訴我們“她不來了”，因此諾言已跟現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系，只是過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。3托尼給我打電話時(shí)，我剛完成工作，要開始洗澡?！菊`】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a

18、 shower. 【解析】 從關(guān)鍵信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要開始洗澡”應(yīng)該是進(jìn)行時(shí)，was starting 可以表示馬上就要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；而started表示“開始了”。4I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help outBhave just helped out Cam just helping outDwill just help out【誤】 此題易受第一句話的影響，而誤選A?！菊?表示我現(xiàn)在只是在臨時(shí)幫忙，是現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，選C?！窘?/p>

19、析】 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的、經(jīng)常性的行為或狀態(tài)，而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的、暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作。1.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)5很多的鳥類正被人們捕殺?！菊`】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 【解析】 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，不能遺漏其中的助動(dòng)詞，導(dǎo)致時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。12010上海卷 The church tower which_will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. Ahas restored Bhas been restoredCis

20、restoring Dis being restored【解析】 D本題考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)。restore意為“修復(fù)”，而最后一句表明工程還未完成，因此為正在修復(fù)中，選D。2北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. Atook Bhad takenCwere taking Dwould take【答案】 B3遼寧卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her

21、 now? Aphones Bhas phonedChas been phoning Dphoned【解析】 C考查現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。由all day可以看出一直在打電話，此時(shí)仍然在打，過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并仍在進(jìn)行，選C。4天津卷 My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Alive Blived Cwere living Dwill live【解析】 A考查時(shí)態(tài)。后句意思為：他們出生在香港，從來沒有在別的地方住過。由此可知前句“一直在香港住”，時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，說

22、明事實(shí)，選A。5江蘇卷 Ann is in hospital. Oh, really? I _know. I _go and visit her. Adidnt; am going to Bdont; wouldCdont; will Ddidnt; will【解析】 D由答語中的“Oh, really？”可以看出，“我”是剛剛知道的，所以用I didnt know表示現(xiàn)在之前不知道。A項(xiàng)中的am going to表示“說話時(shí)早有的打算”，而D項(xiàng)中的will則表示“說話時(shí)臨時(shí)的打算”。6上海卷 During the period of recent terrorist activities,

23、people _not to touch any unattended bag.Ahad always been warnedBwere always being warnedCare always warningDalways warned【解析】 B根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語可知是指過去，be always doing sth.表示“一種感情色彩”，并且人們與警告之間是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，選B。7He_ football regularly for many years when he was young. Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played【解析】 B考查考

24、生對題干中句子含義的理解以及對動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的掌握情況。由題干中的“for many years”很多同學(xué)推斷出應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但“when he was young”這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語表明他打球是過去時(shí)，未持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。由“regularly” 可知他過去經(jīng)常打球，是一種過去的習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，選B。8全國卷 Linda，make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive. Abe set BsetCare set Dare setting【解析】 C考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)。make sure意為“確信，確?！?，set tables意為“擺放桌子”，結(jié)合語境應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式。

25、92010全國卷 Excuse me. I_ I was blocking your way. Adidnt realize Bdont realizeChavent realized Dwasnt realizing【解析】 A考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。這里應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)表示說話之前“沒有意識到”。10My friend went to Canada three years ago. He_ there for a few months and then went to America. Awas living Bhas livedCwas lived Dlived【解析】 D句意為：我的朋友三年前去了

26、加拿大，他在那里住了幾個(gè)月，然后去了美國。由句意可知，住在加拿大這個(gè)情況發(fā)生在過去，且已經(jīng)結(jié)束，故用一般過去時(shí)。11四川卷 When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan. Awill finish Bare finishingCare to finish Dhave finished【解析】 D考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。狀語從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，這里表示計(jì)劃完成后，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?Who _it? Awrites Bhas writt

27、en Cwrote Dhad written【解析】 C本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。題干中的答句問“誰寫的這本書？”說明此書肯定是過去寫的，所以用動(dòng)詞的過去式。13They_ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go. Ahad got Bgot Chave got Dget【解析】 B本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：他們得到了兩張去加拿大的免費(fèi)票，否則他們將永遠(yuǎn)也去不起。此題敘述事實(shí)，又發(fā)生在過去，選B。14The singer together with her band _invited to

28、 the concert. Did you enjoy that party?No, no sooner _than they sang their top hit Oh My Baby. Awas; I had left Bwere; I have goneCwas; had I left Dwere; did I leave【解析】 C主謂一致、時(shí)態(tài)及倒裝的綜合考查。主語(the singer)后面跟有together with引起的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致，所以要用was；否定詞no sooner和than連用，且位于句首時(shí)，用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示一件事緊接著另一件事發(fā)生，相當(dāng)于漢語

29、的“一就”。15四川卷 Youve failed to do what you _ to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. Awill expect Bwill be expectedCexpected Dwere expected【解析】 D考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。由語境“老師將批評你”，知道你沒有完成應(yīng)該做的，所以用過去時(shí)，expect sb. to do sth. 意為“期待某人做某事”，此處要用被動(dòng)形式。16安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No. I _ the book，so I

30、 already knew the story. Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read【解析】 B考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：“你對電影結(jié)果感到吃驚嗎？”“不，我已經(jīng)讀過這本書，所以我已知道了這個(gè)故事?！薄白x書”是在“看電影”之前，故用過去完成時(shí)。17全國卷 Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No，I _ my homework all day yesterday. Awas doing Bwould doChad done Ddo【解析】 A考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。all day yesterday是信息詞，暗示用過去進(jìn)行

31、時(shí)。18遼寧卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。第一句表示通常、一般性的一種狀況，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：我為一家人做飯，但是最近我太忙不能做了。19全國卷 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _. Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made D

32、had made【解析】 C考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。make a fortune表“發(fā)財(cái)”，此處是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，was to be made表示過去將來時(shí)，相當(dāng)于would be made。20福建卷 Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns. Apromised Bwere promisedChave promised Dhave been promised【解析】 D考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：因?yàn)樵陔x開家鄉(xiāng)前被許諾的能掙錢

33、的工作，每年大量的農(nóng)民工涌入深圳。由句中arrive的時(shí)態(tài)可知此處的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又根據(jù)before leaving their hometowns可知在離開家鄉(xiāng)前的承諾，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，所以該空應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。21福建卷 Guess what，weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the UK this summer. How nice！You _ a different culture then. Awill be experiencingBhave experiencedChave been experiencingDwill have exp

34、erienced【解析】 A考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。由第一句可知：我們已經(jīng)得到了暑假去英國旅行的短期簽證，再由第二句中then可知：這是對去英國旅行的美好祝愿，動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。因此時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。22安徽卷 Weve spent too much money recently. Well，it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives _ around all the time. Aare coming Bhad comeCwere coming Dhave been coming【解析】 D考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：“最近我們花錢太多了?！薄耙稽c(diǎn)也不奇怪。我們一直

35、有朋友和親戚來?！本渲谐霈F(xiàn)了明顯的時(shí)間狀語recently和all the time。23北京卷 In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _.Aare dropped BdropCare being dropped Dhave dropped【解析】 A本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。the “r” sounds和drop之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；題目描述的是習(xí)慣做法，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。24北京卷 Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends _for us. Awill wait BwaitChave waited Dare waiting【解析】 D本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)第一句話可知，雙方談?wù)摰氖钦诎l(fā)生的事情，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。25Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she_，so we had only a moment for a few words. Ajust left Bhad just leftChas