土木工程英語作文

1、土木工程英語作文 篇一：對(duì)土木工程專業(yè)英語的看法 Views on English for Civil Engineering With the development of international engineering projects of civil engineering industry in China in more and more international engineering and technological exchanges and cooperation have become increasingly frequent, the participatio

2、n in the construction of the engineering and technical personnel of the increasingly high demand. Not only they have fluent English communication ability, but also to have the professional skills of civil engineering. But now many undergraduate civil engineering professional English teaching still e

3、xist many problems, culture is not conducive to the relevant personnel, be imperative to English teaching reform of civil engineering specialty. The main problems of civil engineering professional English Teaching One is the English course of civil engineering major neglected. Civil engineering prof

4、essional English course importance is not attached to it mainly displays in two aspects. The importance of school, not fully understanding the course. Ignore the professional English Teaching in many universities in civil engineering, civil engineering professional English in professional training p

5、rogram was scheduled for elective total hours, rarely, assessment methods to examine the basic. Second, students have insufficient understanding of the importance of English course of civil engineering major. Many students think that the future work can almost never use, not knowing it is an importa

6、nt way of learning, thinking contempt, lack of learning motivation. Thirdly, an important reason is the effect of assessment of students do not pay enough attention to the course. Students generally test course not important learning not pay enough attention to. Two is the content of English Teachin

7、g of civil engineering specialty choice is not appropriate. At present the teaching contents of many geotechnical engineering college English basic is according to the teaching material arrangement. Most of the content of textbooks mainly summarizes some of civil engineering professional English in

8、terms of English literature, textbook content covers small, not comprehensive, systematic, and sections are not coherent, some emphasis on the application of the knowledge and some emphasis on basic theory. The three is the teaching method and means can not keep pace with the times. At present many

9、colleges teaching of civil engineering professional English is still remained in the traditional teaching mode, the main teacher centered, students rarely participate in. Teaching main mode is: to learn new words, translation of the text. Teaching emphasis on the text word, word, sentence translatio

10、n exercises, ignored the literature of civil engineering professional English expressions and civil English listening and speaking ability. The teaching process is the spoon feedingteaching method, single teacher-student interaction in the classroom, teaching boring, the students interest in learnin

11、g, learning effect. Four is the students enthusiasm of learning English in civil engineering is not high. Mainly for the low class attendance, class absquatulate phenomenon, not a positive answer questions. Discussion on English teaching reform of Civil Engineering Specialty An objective and clear m

12、eaning of civil engineering professional english. The latest research achievements of civil engineering is almost always used English expression and international academic exchanges in civil field common language is english. In addition the geotechnical field new equipment and software the operation

13、 that most of the english. So to work or continue their studies have to deal with civil engineering specialty english. The two should pay attention to the choice of teaching content. The spirit of based onApplication of the principle ofchoice of civil engineering professional English teaching.Teachi

14、ng content rich teaching in from easy to difficult, step by step manner. The three should pay attention to the reform of teaching methods and teaching methods. The first is to change the original civil engineering professional English spoon feedingteaching methods, to improve the students learning o

15、f the course the interest as the guidance, take the teacher lectures, group discussion, classroom teaching methods such as multimedia and network technology, reasonable use of teaching methods. At the same time, the classroom teaching mainly for civil engineering majors English literature long sente

16、nces, complex sentences and sentences. For each type of sentence separate from the show, the first to explain in detail, sentence structure, English habit expression analysis. Then after the teaching to let the students practice grasp the sentence translation method. In addition to actively carry ou

17、t the interaction between teachers and students. Problems in the teaching process, and according to the degree of difficulty condition, and usually results.篇二：土木工程專業(yè)英語翻譯文章 砌體表面的低強(qiáng)度與普通強(qiáng)度的砂漿面的結(jié)構(gòu)性能 托馬斯齊默爾曼 1 ，阿爾弗雷德施特勞斯 1 （1） 1190 和康拉德Bergmeister 1 大學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)工程研究所，自然資源和生命科學(xué)，彼得-喬丹82大街，奧地利維也納， ThomasZimmermann

18、（通訊作者） 電子郵件:Zimmermann.Thomas KoadBergmeister 電子郵件： Koad.Bergmeister 收稿日期：2011 年4月12日 接受日期：2011 年8月29日 線上發(fā)表于：2011 年11月8日 AlfredStrauss 電子郵件:Alfred.Strauss 摘要 砌體建筑物是基于許多世紀(jì)以來的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。盡管這一設(shè)計(jì)被廣泛使用,但是了解到的關(guān)于砌體材料的性能依然存在不確定性。這些結(jié)構(gòu)在抗震中的安全性更是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)。比如，它取決于結(jié)構(gòu)的抗力、地震活動(dòng)和許多不確定的細(xì)部結(jié)構(gòu)。其中最關(guān)鍵的受力因素便是砌體的剪力。按照EN 1015 - 11對(duì)砂漿棱柱

19、進(jìn)行一系列的試驗(yàn)，在不同強(qiáng)度的砂漿下，測(cè)得砌體的抗彎和抗壓強(qiáng)度。在接下的試驗(yàn)中，按照EN1052-3測(cè)得砌體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)抗剪強(qiáng)度。進(jìn)行三軸剪切試驗(yàn)，得出在不同砂漿強(qiáng)度下砌體的抗剪強(qiáng)度。此外，對(duì)于砂漿棱柱試驗(yàn)和三軸剪切試驗(yàn)，都采用了描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)參數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。更有人企圖作進(jìn)一步的尺寸和隨機(jī)評(píng)估的概率分布描述來進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集。 關(guān)鍵詞 剪切強(qiáng)度-摩擦系數(shù)-舊磚石 1 引言 砌體是一種典型的承壓型建筑材料，但其剪切強(qiáng)度和抗彎承載力較低。這使得無筋砌體建筑十分有必要進(jìn)行力學(xué)性能的分析，特別是對(duì)老舊的砌體建筑，以及進(jìn)行合適的評(píng)估、分析和改造。 通常的設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)范都特定采用歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（EC）。對(duì)于砌體結(jié)構(gòu)，規(guī)范和設(shè)計(jì)方面

20、的規(guī)定采用EC61。極限狀態(tài)分為三種情況：1.砌體豎向承載極限狀態(tài)，2砌體剪切承載極限狀態(tài)；3砌體抗彎承載極限狀態(tài)。其中起控制因素的是抗剪承載力和抗彎承載力，尤其是在無筋砌體結(jié)構(gòu)中。而主要的水平荷載是由風(fēng)荷載或地震作用引起的。 關(guān)于材料在水平荷載下的參數(shù)可以分為兩種：第一類直接影響的是應(yīng)力，例如能量耗散和人為因素。第二種類型直接影響的是抗側(cè)，例如抗剪、抗拉強(qiáng)度、剪切模量。根據(jù)歐共6規(guī)范知,抗剪強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)值取決于初始抗剪強(qiáng)度、摩擦系數(shù)以及幾何參數(shù)。按照EN 1052 - 32進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)得出，用這兩種材料參數(shù)表征砌體性能是可行的。進(jìn)一步的可以定義剪切強(qiáng)度：砌體發(fā)生剪切破壞時(shí)的強(qiáng)度。因此,在廣泛的研究的

21、基礎(chǔ)上可以發(fā)現(xiàn)（在Tomazevic3）,破壞集中發(fā)生在磚和砂漿材料的分界面上。 在試驗(yàn)的過程中采用的是先進(jìn)的EN 1052 - 3試驗(yàn)方法,測(cè)得的砌體的抗剪強(qiáng)度沒有區(qū)分砌體的新舊。因此兩個(gè)樣本布局都可以使用，最小的實(shí)際樣本由兩個(gè)磚單元和一個(gè)砂漿層組成，而第二樣本有三個(gè)磚單位和兩個(gè)砂漿層。在試驗(yàn)老砌體的試驗(yàn)中，第二樣本布局比較合適,因?yàn)檫M(jìn)一步采用了對(duì)稱在加載的方式，更加容易實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)范要求。 本文中闡述的試驗(yàn)過程重點(diǎn)針在不同性質(zhì)的砂漿對(duì)老舊的砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果在采用了假設(shè)的材料強(qiáng)度，并結(jié)合廣泛文獻(xiàn)資料的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行了闡述。 2 材料特性 2.1 磚 剪切試樣只采用一種古老的、固體砌體磚,見

22、圖1。這種磚是從十九世紀(jì)維也納典型的房子采集的。磚塊的平均尺寸是L / B / H = 29.12 / 14.13/7.05厘米。根據(jù)EN 772 - 164測(cè)量尺寸?；讷@得最小的長度和寬度尺寸,磚被切割以為磚和砂漿提供一致的界面層。磚塊的最后的維度是L = 25厘米,B = 12厘米。磚的高度保持不變。磚的干密度是q= 1467公斤/立方米。 壓縮強(qiáng)度 f B 是獲得符合EN 772-1 抗壓強(qiáng)度平均值，即在 F B = 19.28MPa。圖 1 舊實(shí)心粘土磚，用于剪切試驗(yàn) 2.2 砂漿 要確定磚和砂漿之間的初始抗剪強(qiáng)度，而采用一種由低強(qiáng)度的、純凈的砂組成的混合砂漿。 選擇兩組由四組幾乎有

23、相同的特點(diǎn)的砂漿組成的砌體，為砌體墻的抗剪試驗(yàn)提供可比性,這是一個(gè)非常低的強(qiáng)度砂漿。這些砌體墻的剪切試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了記錄 6 。 在一個(gè)試驗(yàn)中，對(duì)包含了四種不同的混合砂漿的砂漿棱柱（尺寸為4040160毫米）進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)，獲得抗壓強(qiáng)度，F(xiàn) m和抗彎強(qiáng)度，F(xiàn) 米，F(xiàn)L。 表 1 顯示了所有四種砂漿混合物的成分。 表1 調(diào)查砂漿混合物，單位：克所獲得的抗壓強(qiáng)度和抗彎強(qiáng)度均符合EN 1015-11 7 ，經(jīng)過后28天的硬化時(shí)間后，得出表 2 顯示的試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。 表2 調(diào)查砂漿混合物材料的參數(shù)，單位為MPa從以上試驗(yàn)結(jié)果得出砂漿混合物二是作為第一、三重剪切試驗(yàn)組的選擇，因?yàn)樗男阅苁亲罱咏鲶w墻的剪切試驗(yàn)

24、中使用的砂漿特點(diǎn)。 砂漿混合物四被選定為第二個(gè)三重剪切試驗(yàn)組。 2.3 砌體樣本 第三組用于剪切試驗(yàn)的樣本，由三塊磚通過兩個(gè)連接面構(gòu)成。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)磚提供了軸承負(fù)載所需的光滑表面，這只限用于水泥砂漿試樣上下表面。 建成后的樣本，每一個(gè)被加載的豎向荷載約3.0 10?3 MPa。同時(shí)得到三重剪切試驗(yàn)樣本，兩種混合物的砂漿試件會(huì)另外進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的砂漿試驗(yàn)。 3 試驗(yàn)方法 研究砂漿和磚的接縫處的剪應(yīng)力和正應(yīng)力均勻分布是作為磚砌體性能研究的一般問題。 為了避免出現(xiàn)其他情況，應(yīng)盡可能使剪切載荷接近砂漿接縫處，參見 8 。 此外在接縫處也不應(yīng)該存在拉應(yīng)力，有因?yàn)檫@些應(yīng)力可能會(huì)影響破壞荷載。 然而，在接縫周圍發(fā)生一

25、些應(yīng)力集中，和圍繞接縫發(fā)生的其他情況，這意味著試驗(yàn)幾乎是不可能得出純剪應(yīng)力分布。 砌體的抗剪強(qiáng)度取決于砂漿縫強(qiáng)度，垂直壓力級(jí)別和摩擦角的剪切粘結(jié)性能。 要獲得這些性能可采用不同類型的樣本。 圖 2 顯示了各種不同的試驗(yàn)方法。 圖 2 剪切試驗(yàn)各種不同的試驗(yàn)安排，根據(jù)EN 1052-3，B霍夫曼和Stoeckl的三重試驗(yàn) 9 ，C Riddington等。 ，D范德爾普勒伊姆 10 11 ，電子哈米德等。 12 ，F(xiàn)阿卜杜等。 13 和 g Popal和Lissel的 14 這些試驗(yàn)方法包括采用兩個(gè)，三個(gè)或四個(gè)磚。 這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)可以在朱克斯等人的論述 15 和阿卜杜等額外的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 13 中發(fā)現(xiàn)。

26、此外，幾個(gè)試驗(yàn)安排進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，通過有限元分析，由Stoeckl等提出結(jié)果。 16 。 因此，它可以表明，剪切和正常應(yīng)力高峰出現(xiàn)在所有試驗(yàn)。 也有一些不同的試驗(yàn)方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來的方法，例如： 。然而，所有提到的方法有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，它們需要非常復(fù)雜的設(shè)備，他們不是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的試驗(yàn)方法，采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN 1052-3預(yù)計(jì)三重剪切試驗(yàn)。 4 剪切性能的調(diào)查 前面提到的試驗(yàn)方法中，這樣的試驗(yàn)磚只有部分重疊。 但是不要緊，或多或少都是的新磚。 在舊磚的情況下，一個(gè)完整的重疊更有利，因?yàn)榭紤]到凹凸不平和印可能產(chǎn)生的影響。 因此，三重試驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN 1052-3用于本文中提出的調(diào)查。 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN 1052-3，

27、兩個(gè)不同的試驗(yàn)程序是可能的。 （一）在程序的樣本必須至少有三個(gè)不同的正常應(yīng)力水平下的試驗(yàn)，每個(gè)級(jí)別至少有三個(gè)樣本。 程序（二）是沒有任何預(yù)壓縮至少6個(gè)試件。 為了避免正常的拉伸應(yīng)力沿砂漿層接縫，程序（一）被選定。 這在正常的壓力是不可取的，因?yàn)榭辜魪?qiáng)度的結(jié)果可以由砂漿接縫處存在的拉應(yīng)力的影響。 兩組樣本進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)。 表 顯示了剪切試樣的性能。 兩組磚是一樣的，但不同的是砂漿混合物。 第二砂漿混合物用于第一組，第二組砂漿采用混合物四 表3 砌體樣本特征，單位為MPa基于兩磚抗壓強(qiáng)度 f b，和砂漿 f 米 ，磚石抗壓強(qiáng)度 f K 是根據(jù)EC6，國家附件乙1996年1月1日 17 。篇三：土木工程

28、英文文獻(xiàn) Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemica

29、l hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the

30、 tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element. It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the bas

31、ic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet

32、 mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system. The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be

33、 cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmf

34、ul materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of

35、 either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete. Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of mo

36、isture at temperatures above 50F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surfacecracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full

37、chemical hydration. It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in

38、the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in c

39、ontrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures. A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load

40、. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses. The trial-and adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and