《研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程》(第三版上)

1、研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) Unit OneYou Are What You Think 1. Text 2. Exercises 3. Supplementary Reading研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)You Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mindfrom pessimism to optimismyou can change your lifeClaipe Safran研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)doughnut n.炸面圈 clich n. idea or expression that has b

2、een too much used and is now outdated; stereotyped phrase; trite expression 陳腔濫調(diào) scrutinize v.make a detailed examination of 細(xì)查，詳審；審視 1 Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions,

3、 as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking. 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 2 A fast-growing body of research104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 peopleis proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimismleads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and f

4、ailure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. optimism n. belief that in the end good will triumph over evil; tendency to look upon the bright side of things; confidence in success樂(lè)觀；樂(lè)觀主義 pessimism n. tendency to believe that the worst thing is most likely to happen, that ever

5、ything is essentially evil悲觀；悲觀主義 depression n. being sad; low spirit沮喪，抑郁 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)If we could teach people to think more positively, says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston，it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.psychologist n. 心理學(xué)家，研究心理學(xué)者 研究生英語(yǔ)

6、精讀教程(第三版上) 3 Your abilities count, explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part , thats because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very dif

7、ferent ways.in part: to some extent在某種程度上研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 4 Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positi

8、ve-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.metropolitan adj. of or in a capital city大城市的，大都會(huì)的，首府的研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 5 Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the

9、standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10 percent more insurance than did the average representative. 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 6 How did they do it? The secret to an optimists success, according to Seligman, is in his explanatory style. Whe

10、n things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. Im no good at this, he says, I always fail. The optimist looks for loopholes. He blames the weather, the phone connection, even the other person. loophole n. way of escape from control, esp. one provided by careless and inexact wording of a rul

11、e（因措詞欠妥而造成的法規(guī)上的）漏洞connection n. joining or being joined; point where two things 連接；連接點(diǎn)；連接物研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)That customer was in a bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.credit n. honour, approval, good name or reputation榮譽(yù)；贊許；好名

12、聲fluke n. something resulting from a fortunate accident; lucky stroke僥幸的結(jié)果；僥幸研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 7 Craig Anderson had a group of students phone strangers and ask them to donate blood to the Red Cross . When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, I cant do this. Optimists told themselves,

13、 I need to try a different approach. 8 Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. If people feel hopeless, says Anderson, they dont bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.donate v. give (eg money)to a charity, etc.; contribute捐贈(zèng)；贈(zèng)送prophecy n. power of telling what will happe

14、n in the future; statement that tells what will happen預(yù)言能力；預(yù)言 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)9 A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, an

15、d reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fates plaything and moves slowly. He doesnt seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done.litmus n. blue colouring-matter that is turned red by acid and then restored by alkali; material stained with litmus used as a test for acids and alkalis石

16、蕊；試驗(yàn)酸和堿用的石蕊試紙plaything n. toy;(fig. ) somebody treated as a mere toy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取樂(lè)的人；玩物研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 10 Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justifyand sometimes thats what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast canc

17、er. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.breast n. either of the milk-producing parts of a

18、 woman; chest; upper front part of the human body乳房；胸膛；胸部recur v. come or happen again; be repeated再來(lái)；再發(fā)生；重復(fù) 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 11 Optimism wont cure the incurable, but it may prevent illness. In a long term study, researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom w

19、ere in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition. Yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, there were more middle-age diseaseshypertension, diabetes, heart ailments among the pessimists than the optimists.hypertension n. high blood pressure高血壓diabetes

20、n. disease of the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed糖尿病ailment n. illness疾病 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 12 Many studies suggest that the pessimists feeling of helplessness undermines the bodys natural defenses, the immune system. Dr. Christopher Peterson of the University of M

21、ichigan has found that the pessimist doesnt take good care of himself. undermine v. weaken at the base; weaken gradually使從基礎(chǔ)損壞；逐漸削弱或損壞immune adj. exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful; not susceptible to some specified disease because of the presence of the specific anti

22、bodies免除的；安全的；免疫的研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)Feeling passive and unable to dodge lifes blows, he expects ill health and other misfortunes, no matter what he does. He munches on junk food，avoids exercise, ignores the doctor, has another drink.dodge v. move quickly to one side, change position or direction, in ord

23、er to escape or avoid something; avoid (duties, etc. ) by cunning or trickery躲閃，躲避，逃避misfortune n. bad luck; unfortunate accident or happening不幸；災(zāi)禍；不幸事故munch v. chew with much movement of the jaw用力咀嚼；大聲咀嚼junk n. old, discarded things of little or no value 破爛物研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 13 Most people are a mix

24、of optimism and pessimism, but are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned “at your mothers knee”，says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones. Too many “donts” and warnings of danger can make a child

25、 feel incompetent, fearfuland pessimistic. caution n. warning words; taking care; paying attention (to avoid danger or making mistakes) 警告；小心；謹(jǐn)慎研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 14 As they grow, children experience small triumphs, such as learning to tie shoelaces. Parents can help turn these successes into a sense o

26、f control, and that breeds optimism.triumph n. (joy or satisfaction at a) success or victory 成功；勝利；成功或勝利的喜悅shoelace n. cord for fastening the edges of a shoes uppers 鞋帶研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 15 Pessimism is a hard habit to breakbut it can be done. In a series of landmark studies, Dr. Carol Dweck of the Uni

27、versity of Illinois has been working with children in the early grades of school. landmark n. object that marks the boundary of a piece of land; (fig. ) event, discovery, change, etc. that marks a stage or turning-point界標(biāo)；(喻 )劃時(shí)代的大事、發(fā)現(xiàn)等；里程碑work with (someone) : spend time and effort trying to help (

28、someone) in some way對(duì) (某人 )做工作以幫助研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)As she helps floundering students to change the explanations for their failuresfrom I must be dumb to I didnt study hard enough“their academic performance improves. flounder v. make violent and usually vain efforts (as when one is in deep water and una

29、ble to swim); (fig. ) hesitate, make mistakes, when trying to do something掙扎；(喻 )躊躇或胡亂地做事dumb adj. unable to speak;(US colloquial) stupid; dull啞的； (美口 )笨的；愚蠢的研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 16 Pittsburghs Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study, two groups o

30、f colon-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment, but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease.colon n. lower and greate

31、r part of the large intestine結(jié)腸psychological adj. of the mind; mental心理的研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 17 So, if youre a pessimist, theres reason for optimism. You can change. Heres how, says Steve Hollon, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University: 18 1. Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen.

32、 Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored. censor v. examine books, periodicals, films, etc. to cut out anything regarded as immoral or in other ways undesirable檢查并刪剪 (書(shū)刊、電影等 )被認(rèn)為不當(dāng)?shù)牟糠盅芯可⒄Z(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 19 2. Now try an experiment. Do something thats contrary to any negati

33、ve reactions. Lets say something has gone wrong at work. Do you think, I hate my job, but I could never get a better one? Act as if that werent so. Send out resums. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job leads. 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 20 3. Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts ri

34、ght or wrong? If your thoughts are holding you back, change them, says Hollon. Its trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a chance.研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上) 21 Positive thinking leads to positive action, and reaction. What you expect from the world, the evidence suggests, is what youre likely to ge

35、t.研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)Exercises . Comprehension . Vocabulary . Cloze . Translation (English to Chinese) . Translation (Chinese to English) . Writing研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. Y

36、ou are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1.Those people who keep their eye upon the doughnut rather than on the hole _.are considered positive-thinkers by the author are likely to see their glass as half empty view their successes and failures more objectively have suddenly become the objec

37、t of scientific research on clichs 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). Comprehension2. An optimist _. is always in control of his own life often overestimates his abilities might live longer than a pessimist when suffering from certain illness such as cancer encounters different challenges and disappointments from a p

38、essimist 3. The pessimist _. A. seldom succeeds in what he does B. attributes his success to luck C. tries different approaches when his first attempt fails D. knows how to take good care of himself 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)4. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company hired 100 new employees because _. they fai

39、led the standard industry test their high scores on optimism impressed the company they were not likely to be hired by other companies the company was impressed by the result of a study done by some psychologists. Comprehension研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)5. The 100 new employees _. sold 37% more insurance than t

40、he average representatives sold 20% more insurance than the negative thinkers sold 10% more insurance than longtime representatives proved that they could do better at selling insurance than the companys average sales representative . Comprehension研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)6. According to Seligman, the secret

41、to an optimists success can be found in “his explanatory style”, by which he means that the optimist _. is able to explain more clearly to the customers sounds more pleasant in his explanationtries to find faults with other factors other than in himself for his failure has more confidence in himself

42、 than in others. Comprehension研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)7. It can be inferred from the article that the author thinks that _. people will be able to prevent depression and painful shyness if they learn to think more positively business companies might make better judgment if they test the attitudes of the appl

43、icants instead of giving them the standard industry test before hiring them one is more likely to succeed the next time if one is able to lay blames on others when one has failed ones belief that one can succeed will guarantee his success . Comprehension研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)8. Whether positive or negative

44、, a persons attitude towards life is a thinking habit _. inherited from either of his parents formed when he is very young acquired after he has gained considerable experience never to be got rid of . Comprehension研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)9. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Most people

45、 cannot be conveniently put under the category of optimist or pessimist. There are more positive thinkers among optimists than among pessimists. It is not sure yet whether psychological treatment will help cancer patients. By looking into training opportunities and checking job leads, a pessimist wi

46、ll become an optimist. . Comprehension研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上)10. Which of the following is not one of the steps mentioned by the author in forming a more positive attitude towards life? A. Document your gloomy thoughts. B. Do something against your negative inclination. C. Record what happens. D. Find the c

47、auses for your failure more objectively. Comprehension研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Those who believed their religious leaders prophecy that the end of the world would come soon went into

48、a panic. announcementB. forecast C. prediction D. declaration 2. It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his homework. meditated B. faltered C. contemplated D. staggered 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyA. Identify one of the

49、four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.3. The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichs in their composition. A. popular proverbs B. well-known stories C. famous quotations D. trite expressions 4. After listening to the same old m

50、oral lesson all these years, the villagers became almost immune to it. A. insensitive to B. fed up with C. familiar with D. accustomed to 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.5. I cant claim credit

51、for her English proficiency; after all, she only came to my class this semester.ask for moneyB. expect paymentC. say that I deserve praise D. declare that I am grateful研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or

52、phrase.6. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago.officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the critics研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices

53、A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.7.The party leader regards the result of the election as a personal triumph.victoryB. celebrationC. satisfactionD. propaganda8.The immigration officer scrutinized his passport before he was allowed to leave.StampedB. examine

54、dC. returnedD. issued研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.9.He suffered a long period of depression before his first suicide attempt.InoculationB. hypertensionC. ailmentsD. dejection10.He was never

55、able to enjoy the metropolitan delights of cinemas and theatres.artisticB. modernC. urbanD. various研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11.He quickly _ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.eludedB. evadedC. escap

56、ed D. dodged12.His dislike of the course may prove to be a _ barrier he cannot overcome.BiologicalB. ideologicalC. spiritualD. psychological研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.13.As the Cup Final was drawing closer, the injury of the best player was a

57、_ for the whole team.misdemeanourB. mistrustC. misfortuneD. mischief14. The best solution to the problem can only be found by a process of trial and _. error B. mistake C. success D. experiment 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.15. He thought that he

58、 might be able to avoid paying some of his taxes by taking advantage of the _ in the law. A. circles B. loopholes C. exceptions D. misunderstanding16. When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep _ of current events in the country. account B. trace C. record D. track 研

59、究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.17. _ what is generally believed, the adjustment to this kind of work is quite easy. Contrary to B. Contrast with C. Controversial of D. Contradictory to 18. The flashing red light served as a _ of danger ahead. predi

60、ctor B. caution C. precaution D. prevention 研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程(第三版上). VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.19. Their confidence in him was greatly _ by his prolonged hesitation before taking any action. appreciated B. confirmed C. undermined D. cherished 20. Your headache is lik