香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則39

1、HKAS 39香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則39Thomas EganTechnical AccountantStandard Chartered BankIAS 39 Knowledge國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則39基本知識(shí)Globally, corporations, banks, auditors and regulators are still trying to fully understand IAS 39 and other complex accounting standards. 在全球范圍內(nèi),各個(gè)公司、銀行、審計(jì)公司及監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)正努力嘗試對(duì)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和其他會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有更深入的了解。Banks with a

2、global activities and a wide variety of products will have significant experience with IAS 39 and views of auditors and regulators.一家擁有各種金融產(chǎn)品的跨國(guó)銀行需要對(duì)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則39 具有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)和審計(jì)公司及兼管機(jī)構(gòu)的眼光。Always remember, it is the auditor and regulator that will have the final say, so it not advisable to rely upon a bank for

3、 accounting advice.謹(jǐn)記，審計(jì)公司和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)此有最終解釋權(quán)。因此我們不建議過(guò)分依賴銀行提供的會(huì)計(jì)建議。2HKAS 1 Classification香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則1 會(huì)計(jì)分類Classifications as current or non-current are based on facts as at the balance sheet date.對(duì)于流動(dòng)與非流動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的分類主要根據(jù)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的各項(xiàng)記錄。Loan covenants if breached due to the transition to HKFRS could impact ratios severely

4、despite post balance sheet waivers being obtained.如果是由于把會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則改為HKFRS, 而導(dǎo)致貸款的各限制條款被打破，這將嚴(yán)重影響會(huì)計(jì)比率，除非資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表不用進(jìn)行事后調(diào)整。Solution: is to have covenants amended to frozen GAAP for year of transition as this allows the covenants to be applied based on old GAAP and once HKFRS is applied new covenants can be draf

5、ted解決方案：在會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镠KFRS的當(dāng)年，將貸款的限制條款根據(jù)固定的GAAP進(jìn)行調(diào)整，當(dāng)正式應(yīng)用HKFRS時(shí)，再開(kāi)始制定新的條款。3HKAS 32 Convertible Debt香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則32 可轉(zhuǎn)化債券Convertible debt will . impact income identical to a market rate loan, but without a tax deduction for the implied interest expense.可轉(zhuǎn)換債券將和市場(chǎng)利率貸款一樣影響收入，但是不能由于利息支出抵扣稅務(wù)。If the conversion feature

6、 allows for cash payment the conversion option is an embedded derivative that must be separated.如果可轉(zhuǎn)化債券允許現(xiàn)金支付，這樣把債券轉(zhuǎn)換成股票的權(quán)利就相當(dāng)于附加了一種金融衍生產(chǎn)品，在做會(huì)計(jì)處理時(shí)，必須予以分開(kāi)處理。Solution: Retire the convertible debt if callable and replace with standard loans.解決方案： 當(dāng)可轉(zhuǎn)換債券必須轉(zhuǎn)換為股票時(shí)，可以先償付這些債券，在用普通的貸款予以取代。4HKAS 39 Hedging香港會(huì)

7、計(jì)準(zhǔn)則39 套期保值FX hedging may be restricted in some markets or excessively costly在一些市場(chǎng)上，外匯套期保值是被限制或交易成本非常昂貴。Solution: HKAS 21 requires all FX movements on monetary items (debt instruments) to be taken to income, therefore at the Group level FX movements will be offset against changes in value of an FX de

8、rivative.解決方案： 香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則21規(guī)定所有和債務(wù)相關(guān)的外匯變動(dòng)都將進(jìn)行收入處理。因此，就整個(gè)集團(tuán)而言，外匯變動(dòng)將被外匯衍生產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值變動(dòng)所抵消。 This would result in profit in one entity and loss in another, so tax implications need to be considered不同的分支機(jī)構(gòu)的利潤(rùn)將會(huì)受到影響，所以必須考慮稅收影響。5HKAS 39 Wash Sales香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則39 Assets are derecognised and treated as a new asset if sold an

9、d repurchased on terms that are not fixed.如果資產(chǎn)出售和回購(gòu)的條款沒(méi)有被確定，這項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)將先被扣除，然后作為新購(gòu)進(jìn)的資產(chǎn)處理。Key is that risks and rewards are transferred, even if briefly.關(guān)鍵在于主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收益將被轉(zhuǎn)移。Solution: This is useful in reclassifying financial instruments.解決方案： 這對(duì)于金融產(chǎn)品的重新分類非常有幫助。It also allows for income or losses to be taken o

10、n an interim basis. 這也使得收入和損失能在短期內(nèi)被確認(rèn)。Such transactions are usually made in the market.這中交易在市場(chǎng)上非常普遍。Banks are used for tax beneficial or liquidity structures, where an accounting treatment is not the principal motivation for the transaction.銀行可以提供為稅收抵扣提供便利，或方便現(xiàn)金周轉(zhuǎn)。但是如何進(jìn)行會(huì)計(jì)處理并非銀行進(jìn)行此項(xiàng)交易的目的。6HKAS 39 -

11、Embedded Derivatives香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則39 金融衍生產(chǎn)品The rules are complex and when separation is required, valuation may be difficult.由于會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定復(fù)雜，因而要將各種情況加以細(xì)分，對(duì)金融衍生產(chǎn)品價(jià)值的評(píng)估比較復(fù)雜。In those cases a with a without approach that values the embedded derivative(s) as the difference between the contract and a contract without

12、 the embedded derivative(s)Solution: Many banks should either provide such information continuously or periodically to facilitate the reporting of its clients.解決方案：銀行應(yīng)定期提供相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，以方便客戶掌握信息。Complex instruments will usually be assessed from a client perspective.站在客戶的角度評(píng)估復(fù)雜的金融產(chǎn)品。Auditors should always be

13、consulted on accounting matters.在做會(huì)計(jì)處理時(shí)，多聽(tīng)取審計(jì)公司的建議。7HKAS Implementation Tips運(yùn)用香港會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的若干建議：Identify adequate resources: Financial management staff, consultants, bankers, and IT support early盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)足夠可利用的資源：財(cái)務(wù)管理人員、咨詢顧問(wèn)、銀行家、電腦技術(shù)支持等。Value the effort so as to gain organisational support得到整個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的支持。Coordinate implementation, but do not centralise it unless it i