高中英語(yǔ)概要寫(xiě)作專題

1、第一部分千里之行題型解讀第一節(jié)題型概述概要寫(xiě)作是新高考中出現(xiàn)的又一個(gè)新題型，大部分考生都沒(méi)有接觸過(guò)這類題 型。它和讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)兩種題型會(huì)在不同考次不定期交替使用。比如，浙江省自2017 年使用新高考試題以來(lái),分別于2018年11月和2019年6月兩次使用概要寫(xiě)作， 試題如下：閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will gi

2、ve you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus （校園）like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also

3、 be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your lo

4、cal area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should fin

5、d some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are ma

6、king it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors （顧問(wèn)）,and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant take

7、the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision aboutIf campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance let

8、ters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs

9、at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors （顧問(wèn) ）,and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very usefu

10、l tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend.請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)第一部分中的閱讀三步驟（確定文章主題和整體結(jié)構(gòu);提取主題句、 關(guān)鍵詞（組）、次要點(diǎn)；提煉要點(diǎn)）大膽嘗試“提煉要點(diǎn)”吧！要點(diǎn)1： 要點(diǎn)2：要點(diǎn)3： 要點(diǎn)4： （2019年6月 浙江）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Parents everywhere praise their ki

11、ds. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict. By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just

12、 the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay ontop where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just

13、 as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they9re not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise

14、is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,“ says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting

15、 Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters/9Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team w

16、ins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate（相稱的）to the amount of effort your child

17、has put into it.請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)第一部分中的閱讀三步驟（確定文章主題和整體結(jié)構(gòu);提取主題句、 關(guān)鍵詞（組）、次要點(diǎn)；提煉要點(diǎn)）大膽嘗試“提煉要點(diǎn)”吧！要點(diǎn)1： 要點(diǎn)2： 要點(diǎn)3： 要點(diǎn)4： 第二節(jié)銜接要點(diǎn)句子（浙江省英語(yǔ)考試說(shuō)明樣題）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi) 容概要。 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th centu

18、ry, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.

19、 So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should

20、 not go out. Though the belief in the merit （好處）of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it

21、 seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many f

22、irst-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist （免疫學(xué)家），encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter （后者）position is ga

23、ining some ground.（原倉(cāng)范文，僅供參考）One possible version： People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.（要點(diǎn) 1 ） For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.（要點(diǎn) 2 ） However, people began to change their attitudes t

24、o dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.（要點(diǎn) 3） However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.（要點(diǎn)4)高考英語(yǔ)概要寫(xiě)作點(diǎn)撥【范文點(diǎn)撥】（一）要點(diǎn)分析L文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to d

25、irt.換句話說(shuō)：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.再結(jié)合下文談至U的主題可知 Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.范文中的要點(diǎn)People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精煉。2.第二段主要談到了在16世紀(jì), 人們認(rèn)為 dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,尤以英、法兩國(guó)的貴族 為代表。結(jié)合

26、第三段第句 Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可矢口， 直至U 18 世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很“友好 的”，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點(diǎn)2 For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people

27、 from getting ill.”很好地總結(jié)了這些要點(diǎn)。3.第三段用 Though 引出人們對(duì) dirt 觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再結(jié)合本段最 后一部分 Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea可得出要點(diǎn) 3uHowever, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been

28、told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. 4.文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)于 dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，On the contrary引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為 dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點(diǎn)獲得了一些支持。范文中的要點(diǎn)4However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表達(dá) 很恰切。（二）要點(diǎn)連接 文章概要，在寫(xiě)完了要點(diǎn)之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點(diǎn) 用適 當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞進(jìn)行連

29、接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總 分的結(jié) 構(gòu)，要點(diǎn)2和要點(diǎn)3在觀點(diǎn)上截然相反，因此，之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連 接詞，范文用了 However恰到好處。要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4在觀點(diǎn)上又存在不同，因 此，還是用表轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞However。不過(guò)小編認(rèn)為，此處用Nevertheless可以 避免三句話內(nèi)出現(xiàn)兩次Howevero（三）關(guān)鍵詞匯 第一段：fixed （確定的;不變的）第二段：means （手段，方法）,block out （擋住）,open up （打開(kāi)）,upon （之后;立即）第三段：long-lived （長(zhǎng)期存在的）,sell the idea （說(shuō)服某人接收某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)）第四段

30、：warn sb off （警告某人不要靠近）, position （觀點(diǎn)），gain some ground （取得優(yōu)勢(shì)）以上這些關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)于整篇文章的理 解與轉(zhuǎn)化成自己的語(yǔ)言都很關(guān)鍵，如果不能準(zhǔn)確領(lǐng)會(huì)其用意，語(yǔ)篇理解的效果 會(huì)大打折扣。所以，概要寫(xiě)作的基礎(chǔ) 是理解語(yǔ)篇，而讀懂語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)是詞匯， 尤其是對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞匯的掌握與運(yùn)用。在此基礎(chǔ)上，綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法與句法結(jié)構(gòu)，按 照行文邏輯組織語(yǔ)言，形成概要。For many high school students, giving an in-class presentation is an approach to their growth. Teache

31、rs will call up students, one by one, to present their work in front of the class, and, though it is often tense, many people say it has helped turn them into more confident public speakers. Some educators also credit it with building leadership skills and increasing students9 confidence and underst

32、anding of materials.But in the past few years, students have started calling for an end to in-class presentations as they show discrimination against those with anxiety. This week, a tweet posted by a 15-year-old high school student declaring “Stop forcing students to present in front of the class a

33、nd give them a choice not to “received more than 130, 000 retweets and nearly half a million likes.In fact, being a high schooler nowadays is more stressful than ever. Students are burdened with extra hours of homework. They stay up every night till 1: 00 a.m. flnishing homework on their third Red B

34、ull. Anxiety is increasing at a faster rate than depression as the leading mental-health issue affecting teenagers, a recent study in the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics found.These students want more options. They say that every student has unique strengths and should be allowed

35、to present their work in ways that speak to those strengths. This might mean presenting alone in front of the teacher, or choosing between several alternatives like producing a piece of art or an essay for private judgment instead of presenting their work orally.Educators have begun to take it serio

36、usly. Some agree teachers should listen to students and hear their voices and respond to that. If students* feelings are ignored, they might just walk away. However, not everyone is convinced. Some hold the view that pushing students out of comfort zones is a big part of what they should do as some

37、students are deathly afraid to do it.第三部分長(zhǎng)驅(qū)直入.實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 第四部分不欠東風(fēng)表達(dá)微技能拓展語(yǔ)法填空“考什么？ ”、“怎么考？ ”、“怎么答？ 讓考題來(lái)說(shuō)話!請(qǐng)?jiān)僮鼋耆珖?guó)卷的9篇語(yǔ)法填空題。從以上9篇高考題我們可以得出:.語(yǔ)法填空考的是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)理解篇章的能力。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，就是考查同學(xué)們的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和閱讀理解能力或者說(shuō)理順?lè)治鼍渥拥哪芰Α?考查的方式就是在一篇200詞左右的短文中設(shè)置10個(gè)空，其中 個(gè)空為“不給詞填空L需要填上, 個(gè)空為“給詞填空、給的詞都是實(shí)詞 O.那怎樣答題呢？步驟很簡(jiǎn)單：速讀全文，明確大意；由易到難，各個(gè)擊破； 復(fù)讀檢查，修正錯(cuò)誤

38、。但是答好這道題，還需要扎實(shí)和豐富的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)以及理 順句子的能力和習(xí)慣,兩者缺一不可。所以今后同學(xué)們必須好好的培養(yǎng)理順句 子的能力和習(xí)慣，尤其是習(xí)慣（回想一下，你的錯(cuò)誤有多少次就是因?yàn)橹粚?duì)所 給的進(jìn)行變形而不讀句子啊！）；還有進(jìn)一步夯實(shí)和豐富語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，只是重點(diǎn)也 是難點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樯婕暗胶芏嗾Z(yǔ)法知識(shí)。到底是哪些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)呢?這些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)又 是從什么角度去考查呢?這里需要同學(xué)們對(duì)近三年的9篇語(yǔ)填填空題做一下 整理和總結(jié),即根據(jù)提示完成下面的思維導(dǎo)圖。（在做思維導(dǎo)圖前，請(qǐng)先訂正答案。） which colleges or universities youd like to attend. （349 詞）

39、閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre build

40、ing their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thafs insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too fa

41、r in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the qual

42、ity of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a g

43、oal,“ says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters/5Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard,

44、you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis

45、 and be proportionate（相稱的）to the amount of effort your child has put into it. （344 詞）通過(guò)瀏覽、閱讀、分析這兩道高考題我們可以得出概要寫(xiě)作所選語(yǔ)篇具有以 下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：.所需閱讀的短文詞數(shù)在350以內(nèi)。.所選材料體裁沒(méi)有限制，以議論文和說(shuō)明文為主，也可能選取記敘文。.選材結(jié)構(gòu)較明晰，包含4個(gè)左右的要點(diǎn)。第二節(jié)考查能力概要寫(xiě)作，簡(jiǎn)言之就是對(duì)所讀過(guò)的文章簡(jiǎn)要概括，寫(xiě)出文章的主旨大意，也 可稱之為摘要。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力、準(zhǔn)確提取關(guān)鍵詞和主題 句的能力、對(duì)文章主旨大意進(jìn)行概括的能力，同時(shí)考查學(xué)

46、生用簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確、豐富 的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行概括文章重要信息的能力。這些能力主要包括：.閱讀能力閱讀能力通常包括閱讀速度和理解能力兩個(gè)方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力, 考生閱讀理解能力的強(qiáng)弱直接影響其所寫(xiě)概要的質(zhì)量。概要寫(xiě)作要求考生必須在 十分有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)，運(yùn)用閱讀理解的一些技巧和方法如略讀、掃讀、跳讀等快速 閱讀，搜尋主題句、關(guān)鍵詞（句），理清文章脈絡(luò)，快速、準(zhǔn)確地獲取與文章主題 相關(guān)的重要信息。.判斷能力在讀懂閱讀材料、了解文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上，考生要根據(jù)作者所使用的語(yǔ)言、敘述 的內(nèi)容、引用的例證等判斷出文章的體裁、作者要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行 快速定位，分清主次，確定與主題密切相關(guān)的信息，找出文章

47、的主題句、關(guān)鍵詞 （組）及支撐性信息。.概括能力概括能力在概要寫(xiě)作中起著十分重要的作用。閱讀時(shí)所獲取的與主題相關(guān)的信息, 以及找出的主題句或關(guān)鍵詞（組）往往是分散的、零碎的，這就需要考生將這些信 息進(jìn)行整合，用自己的語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)明扼要地概括出原文的主旨要點(diǎn)。.寫(xiě)作能力一篇優(yōu)秀的內(nèi)容概要需要優(yōu)美的語(yǔ)言將其表達(dá)出來(lái)。高考書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)概 要寫(xiě)作（第五檔，21-25分）的評(píng)分規(guī)定為：a.理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)；b.能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；c.有效地使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；d.完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言。這就要求考生在概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)在找準(zhǔn)文章中的主題句、關(guān)鍵詞（組）等的基礎(chǔ)上提 煉出各

48、個(gè)要點(diǎn)，然后準(zhǔn)確使用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯（如從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等），關(guān)注行 文的連貫性（恰當(dāng)使用邏輯連接詞、過(guò)渡句等）以及語(yǔ)言的豐富性（多種方式的表達(dá)、 高級(jí)詞匯的使用等）進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作。第三節(jié)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分原則.本題總分為25分，按5個(gè)檔次給分。.評(píng)分時(shí)，先根據(jù)所寫(xiě)概要的內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言初步確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的 要求來(lái)衡量、確定或調(diào)整檔次，最后給分。.詞數(shù)少于40的和多于80的，從總分中減去2分。.評(píng)分時(shí)，應(yīng)主要從以下四個(gè)方面考慮：對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應(yīng)用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；對(duì)各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。.拼寫(xiě)與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)方面，評(píng)分時(shí)，應(yīng)視其對(duì)交際的影

49、響程度 予以考慮。.如書(shū)寫(xiě)較差以致影響交際，可將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。各檔次的給分范圍和要求檔次描述第五檔 (21-25)一理解準(zhǔn)確，涌蓋全部要點(diǎn)。一能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯。一有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。一完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言。第四檔(16-20)一理解較為準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋大部分要點(diǎn)。一所使用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯雖有些錯(cuò)誤，但不影響意義表達(dá)。一應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間連接成分，使上下文內(nèi)容連貫。一出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象。第三檔(11-15)一理解較為準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋大部分要點(diǎn)。一所使用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯雖有些錯(cuò)誤，但不影響意義表達(dá)。一應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間連接成分，使上下文內(nèi)容連貫。一出現(xiàn)兩句以

50、上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象。第二檔(6 10)一理解有誤差，僅涵蓋半數(shù)要點(diǎn)。一有些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，影響了意義的表達(dá)。一較少使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性。一出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象。第一檔（1-5）一沒(méi)有理解原文，造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符。一有較多語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，嚴(yán)重影響了意義的表達(dá)。一缺乏語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容不連貫。一多個(gè)句子抄自原文。0分白卷、內(nèi)容太少無(wú)法評(píng)判或所寫(xiě)內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)。描述第四節(jié)寫(xiě)作步驟概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)，考生應(yīng)注意掌握以下三個(gè)步驟：第一步：閱讀閱讀的目的有3個(gè)（這3個(gè)目的是層層遞進(jìn)的，第1、第2個(gè)目的是為第3個(gè)目的服務(wù)的，即第3個(gè)目的是閱讀的終

51、極目標(biāo)）：.確定文章主題和整體結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作的前提是要徹底理解文章。首先，考生要靜下心來(lái)通讀文章，確定 文章主題和體裁，將注意力集中到文章的主旨大意和整體結(jié)構(gòu)上。.提取主題句、關(guān)鍵詞（組）、次要點(diǎn)找主題句首先要掌握它的特征和位置：主題句通常運(yùn)用概括性而非描述性的語(yǔ)言, 一般位于段首，有時(shí)位于段尾和段中，有時(shí)候位于轉(zhuǎn)折詞后。在找到主題句后， 要分析主題句的意義，進(jìn)一步確定襯托主題句的一些關(guān)鍵詞（組）。不是所有的段落都能輕松地找到主題句，同時(shí)一些似是而非的主題句往往會(huì)讓你 錯(cuò)失要點(diǎn)。當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)段落里句子之間不是“總一-分”或者“分一-總”關(guān)系的時(shí)候， 就要放棄尋找主題句的念頭，轉(zhuǎn)而去尋找關(guān)鍵詞，并

52、理順這些關(guān)鍵詞的內(nèi)在邏輯, 從而重構(gòu)文本。在概要寫(xiě)作的閱讀過(guò)程中既要提取全部主要信息，展現(xiàn)原文的框架性內(nèi)容，以勾 勒全文的脈絡(luò)走向，同時(shí)也應(yīng)恰當(dāng)使用具體的重點(diǎn)信息支持主要結(jié)構(gòu)，使概要內(nèi) 容詳實(shí)豐滿。所以找到主題句和關(guān)鍵詞（組）后，為了讓要點(diǎn)更加精準(zhǔn)和充實(shí), 我們還要去尋找和判斷是否有次要點(diǎn)。.提煉要點(diǎn)最后，考生通過(guò)將閱讀后提取的主題句、關(guān)鍵詞（組卜次要點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行整合，理清 各層次、要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，歸納出各段落的大意，也就是表達(dá)的要點(diǎn)。第二步：寫(xiě)作在確定好要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上展開(kāi)寫(xiě)作，但由于概要寫(xiě)作不允許照抄原文中的句子，所 以寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程并不是把提煉好的要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的拼湊，而是要轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)方式，即 在表達(dá)時(shí)

53、完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言，獨(dú)立表達(dá)各要點(diǎn)?？忌刹捎棉D(zhuǎn)化詞性、同/反 義替換、語(yǔ)態(tài)互換、改變語(yǔ)序、改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)等手法將原文中的句子進(jìn)行改頭換 面，達(dá)到“雁過(guò)不留痕”的效果。除此之外，在進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)考生還需要注意以 下幾點(diǎn)：.準(zhǔn)確概要寫(xiě)作必須絕對(duì)忠實(shí)于原文，既不能遺漏任何要點(diǎn)，也不能隨意添加內(nèi)容。 概要寫(xiě)作的時(shí)態(tài)順應(yīng)與原文的時(shí)態(tài)，順序一致。.客觀由于概要寫(xiě)作是轉(zhuǎn)述別人的事情或觀點(diǎn)，因此在進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)，考生要依 據(jù)原文作者的觀點(diǎn)，客觀地轉(zhuǎn)述文中的要點(diǎn)，不要把自己個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)和看法 摻雜進(jìn)去，不要使用“I think”和“Ibelieve”等主觀性的詞句，不管原文使用何 種人稱概要寫(xiě)作一般都要用第三人稱

54、。.簡(jiǎn)潔由于概要寫(xiě)作的詞數(shù)有限，所以，考生可以采取削“枝”去“葉”的方法來(lái)進(jìn)行 精“兵”裁員”，減少詞數(shù)。通常的方法是去掉原文中的一些實(shí)例、冗長(zhǎng)的說(shuō) 明、描述性的修飾語(yǔ)以及省略或簡(jiǎn)化圖表，刪除直接引語(yǔ)的對(duì)話。如果必須 保留某些重要的對(duì)話,可將其改為間接引語(yǔ)的形式，即把對(duì)話體變?yōu)閿⑹鲶w； 或采用主謂縮寫(xiě)(we are-weTe； they willtheyll),句式省略(when he crossed the road= when crossing the road),合并句子等方法來(lái)進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作。但必須注意的是，要求簡(jiǎn)潔并非表示可以隨意地把原文中的要點(diǎn)去掉，也并 不意味著可以破壞其連貫性，導(dǎo)

55、致所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容概要意義表達(dá)不清。換句話說(shuō)， 簡(jiǎn)潔的同時(shí)一定要保證所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容概要意義完整，表達(dá)清楚，連貫緊湊。.連貫高考書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)概要寫(xiě)作(第五檔)其中一個(gè)要求是：有效地使用語(yǔ) 句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。因此，概要寫(xiě)作不是簡(jiǎn)單地羅 列各個(gè)要點(diǎn)，哪怕只有一個(gè)段落，考生也要根據(jù)原文的層次結(jié)構(gòu)，在適當(dāng)?shù)?地方添加連接詞，如表示順序關(guān)系的“firstly secondly finally”；表示并列 關(guān)系的besides in addition”等；表示總結(jié)關(guān)系的“to sum upin conclusion 等，使所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容概要銜接緊密、條理清楚、行文流暢。第三步：檢查在寫(xiě)完初稿后

56、，考生還需對(duì)所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容概要進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的檢查、修改，避免不必 要的錯(cuò)誤，確保所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容概要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。檢查時(shí)，考生要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：.要點(diǎn)是否全面.查人稱與時(shí)態(tài)是否正確.查銜接是否連貫.查是否有直接照抄原文的句子.查拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法是否有誤.查標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及大小寫(xiě)是否正確.查詞數(shù)是否符合要求第四步：譽(yù)寫(xiě)書(shū)寫(xiě)是概要寫(xiě)作的一個(gè)“面子工程”。高考書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)概要寫(xiě)作部分 的評(píng)分原則為：如書(shū)寫(xiě)較差，以致影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。因此， 考生要平時(shí)十分重視英文書(shū)寫(xiě)的規(guī)范，考試時(shí)把修改好的作品漂漂亮亮地譽(yù) 寫(xiě)到答題紙上，讓閱卷老師感到賞心悅目，給你一個(gè)漂亮的分?jǐn)?shù)?？傊?，在進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)一，首先，考生要仔細(xì)閱讀文章，理解文章的主旨， 把握文章體裁，畫(huà)出主題句或關(guān)鍵詞（組）；然后，將相關(guān)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整合、 歸納，靈活地運(yùn)用準(zhǔn)確的語(yǔ)言、變化的句型結(jié)構(gòu)將要點(diǎn)表達(dá)出來(lái)，并添加恰 當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞；最后，在番抄前，還要對(duì)初稿做必要的檢查和修改，確保所寫(xiě) 的內(nèi)容概要簡(jiǎn)明扼要，意義完整，銜接連貫，語(yǔ)句優(yōu)美。第一部分小結(jié)：通過(guò)對(duì)概要寫(xiě)作文章選材特點(diǎn)、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、考查能力、寫(xiě)作步驟等的學(xué)習(xí)和 了解，我們非常明確了概要寫(xiě)作是對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀能力和寫(xiě)作能力的雙重考查。 閱讀的終極目標(biāo)是為了提煉文章要點(diǎn)，所以“提煉要點(diǎn)”微技能是閱讀能力的 根本。寫(xiě)作能力主