肌筋膜理論知識

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)肌筋膜鏈理論在競技體育中的應(yīng)用探究 20 xx博士 畢義明 xxxx 肌筋膜理論是近幾年來在物理康復(fù)領(lǐng)域比較常用的一種康復(fù)手段。這套理論首先是由著名手法治療師Ida Rolf 提出，然后由她的學(xué)生Thomas Myers通過解剖手段來證實(shí)，而又由很多的Rolf學(xué)派的學(xué)生們在實(shí)踐中驗(yàn)證的一套治療方法。我們可以根據(jù)這套理論的特點(diǎn)來探索它在競技體育中的應(yīng)用。1筋膜鏈的特點(diǎn)及作用1.1對傳統(tǒng)的肌肉解剖理念提出挑戰(zhàn)在我們傳統(tǒng)的解剖理念中，每一條肌肉都有特定的起止點(diǎn)。比如說，胸大肌

2、起于鎖骨內(nèi)側(cè)半、胸骨體和1-6肋軟骨以及腹直肌鞘前壁，而止于肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)。但實(shí)際上在解剖中不是這樣的，肌肉只有一部分起于或止于骨膜上，而還有一部分是以筋膜的形式與相鄰的特定肌肉相連的。比如胸大肌和腹直肌就會以筋膜的形式在腹直肌鞘前壁處相連。起止點(diǎn)的理論為我們學(xué)習(xí)肌肉的位置和功能會提供很多的便利，但同時也可能會限制我們的思維。因?yàn)樗鼘⑽覀兊娜梭w是從分解的角度上來觀察，而讓我們忽視了它整體的功能。1.2能夠解釋和探究人體代償?shù)囊?guī)律當(dāng)我們左腳扭傷，走路的時候右腳就會更多的來用力，來代替一部分左腳的功能，這種現(xiàn)象就叫做代償。這是人體為了完成任務(wù)而“聰明”的選擇替代路徑的一種方式，它會讓我們在特殊環(huán)境下完

3、成必須的任務(wù)，但同時也會讓我們?nèi)梭w的某些部分過度的來使用，從而造成過度疲勞。酸痛、勞損、筋膜炎、骨贅產(chǎn)生等，就是其結(jié)果的其中幾個變現(xiàn)。那么人體是按照什么規(guī)律進(jìn)行代償?shù)哪?？筋膜鏈理論給了我們10類，共20條筋膜鏈，就像地圖一樣，我們可以循著它指引的路徑來找到代償?shù)囊l(fā)原因，從而從根本上解決疼痛、勞損等問題。1.3迅速提高人體的柔韌度和關(guān)節(jié)活動范圍當(dāng)我們進(jìn)行肌肉拉伸的時候，其實(shí)很多情況下都沒有拉伸到肌肉真正的終點(diǎn)位置，因?yàn)榧∪庵械募∷髸A(yù)先收緊一部分的肌纖維，不讓這些肌纖維充分的伸展開，所以在拉伸時其實(shí)只有不本分較短的肌纖維是被拉伸的，還有一部分是還處于松弛狀態(tài)的。是什么造成這些肌梭緊張收縮的呢？

4、原因有很多，有可能是過去的舊傷，有可能是長期維持了某一長期縮短的狀態(tài)（長期久坐或臥床等），有可能是環(huán)境過冷，還有可能甚至是心情不舒暢，都有可能導(dǎo)致。我們我們?nèi)绾蝸斫鉀Q它呢？我們只需要運(yùn)用筋膜松解的技術(shù)，在短短幾分鐘內(nèi)就會達(dá)到很好的效果。1.4迅速提高人體的力量當(dāng)我們進(jìn)行筋膜松解的時候，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)該部分筋膜掌管的區(qū)域內(nèi)的肌肉力量迅速提高。比如當(dāng)松解完脛骨前肌區(qū)域的肌肉和筋膜后，足背屈的力量會迅速增強(qiáng)，而且增長的幅度還特別大。推測其原因，可能有以下幾點(diǎn)：1.4.1筋膜松解后，該區(qū)域內(nèi)的新陳代謝會更加通暢和旺盛，對提高力量會有一定的幫助；1.4.2 該區(qū)域筋膜與筋膜之間的間液的液化程度會改善，摩擦力

5、會變小，那么則增強(qiáng)了用力的效果。1.4.3筋膜松解后，關(guān)節(jié)周圍的肌張力更加均衡，關(guān)節(jié)會處于更佳的位置上，發(fā)力的生物力學(xué)效果會更好；1.4.4筋膜松解后，鑲嵌在筋膜間的神經(jīng)的傳導(dǎo)性會更強(qiáng)，發(fā)放的神經(jīng)沖動會更充分，募集的肌纖維會更多，尤爾導(dǎo)致有更大的收縮力量。1.5迅速消除疼痛引發(fā)肌肉疼痛的原因，除了損傷、勞損等原因之外，還有一個很主要的引發(fā)因素就是“筋膜的粘連”。當(dāng)筋膜粘連之后，會造成該區(qū)域的活動范圍降低，筋肉的彈性變差，甚至縮短。而相鄰區(qū)域的肌肉就會代償性的被拉長，并且過度收縮，產(chǎn)生過度勞損。解決這一問題的方案，只需要輕輕地將你粘連區(qū)域的筋膜松解開，問題就會迎刃而解。而且，整個過程也只需要簡單

6、的幾分鐘的時間。2根據(jù)筋膜鏈理論的特點(diǎn)，我們就可以推測出它在競技體育中的應(yīng)用：2.1損傷預(yù)防對于運(yùn)動員而言，傷病是最大的敵人。受傷就不能繼續(xù)正常訓(xùn)練，甚至導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動員過早的離開賽場，這也是我們每個人都不想看到的。損傷的原因有很多，有可能是運(yùn)動技術(shù)不正確，環(huán)境不佳，比賽中的沖撞和意外等，但還有一個很大原因就是身體的代償而引發(fā)的慢性勞損。這種的損傷通常會不經(jīng)意間發(fā)生，而且還讓你不記得具體導(dǎo)致其發(fā)生的原因。比如慢性的腰背痛，膝關(guān)節(jié)痛、足底痛等。而正是這些悄然而來的疼痛，導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動員不能正常的訓(xùn)練和過早退役。筋膜鏈理論會告訴我們造成損傷的代償模式是什么，并且在造成損傷之前將代償模式糾正，防止更嚴(yán)重的后果的

7、發(fā)生。2.2解決疼痛通過筋膜松解，解決筋膜粘連，從而解決運(yùn)動員存在的最普遍的疼痛。2.3提高力量這是運(yùn)動員們最希望看到的，都希望能夠快速的提高自身的力量水平。我們推測，筋膜松解技術(shù)和筋膜鏈理論尤其會對快速爆發(fā)項(xiàng)目起到很好的作用，比如劇中、鉛球、標(biāo)槍等項(xiàng)目等，這項(xiàng)功能，我會在我后面的博士研究中更多的進(jìn)行。2.4提高關(guān)節(jié)的靈活性有些時候我們的腘繩肌非常緊張，而且做了各種的腘繩肌拉伸多沒有起到很好的拉伸效果。因?yàn)槟N繩肌是屬于身體“后表鏈”的一部分，“后表鏈”就像一整條肌肉一樣，我們只要對其中的一部分進(jìn)行松解后，那么整條“鏈”都會起到一定的伸展作用。那么我們只需要松解一下我們的足底筋膜或者是枕后肌群，

8、那么你會發(fā)現(xiàn)腘繩肌會“莫名其妙”的伸長了很多，相應(yīng)的我們髖關(guān)節(jié)的靈活性也會大大的提高。這個方法同樣適用于其他的關(guān)節(jié)。2.5更好的理解動作我們的每一個動作，都是有相應(yīng)的筋膜鏈來不斷地輪換工作來完成的。當(dāng)我們理解了筋膜鏈的理論之后，我們就能分析出在某個動作中占主導(dǎo)地位的筋膜鏈?zhǔn)悄男?，那么再設(shè)計訓(xùn)練動作和方法的時候我們就會更加具有針對性和整體觀。對于劉翔受傷的思考-結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力過大與肌筋膜鏈紊亂 如果某一肌肉群長期處于收縮的狀態(tài)，就會阻斷作用在骨骼上的對稱的平衡力量。牽引著骨骼離開適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫鹕眢w姿態(tài)上的扭曲，最終引起結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力。而當(dāng)身體在重力場中處于不平衡的位置的時候，就會危及軟組織的整體性，應(yīng)力點(diǎn)

9、附近的筋膜組織就會增厚，以避免該區(qū)域進(jìn)一步偏離中垂線。同樣，許多韌帶也會一直處于拉緊的狀態(tài)，以支撐偏離正常位置的關(guān)節(jié)。 肌肉長期以不均衡的力量牽拉骨骼，會使?fàn)坷募∪忾L期保持收縮的狀態(tài)，與此同時，又使的相對的肌肉長期處于被拉伸狀態(tài)而變得相對薄弱。其結(jié)果就會導(dǎo)致身體缺乏運(yùn)動適應(yīng)性，這使得身體極易受傷。在做快速、大力量的動作時，不能拉伸的肌肉纖維極易撕裂。損傷極易發(fā)生在肌腱的結(jié)合處，以及肌腱與骨膜的結(jié)合部。除非引起軟組織和骨骼系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力的因素有所變化或消除，否則，身體將進(jìn)一步退化，功能障礙進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，疼痛越來越嚴(yán)重，直至損傷的那一刻。 肌筋膜鏈康復(fù)訓(xùn)練課程1.詳細(xì)講解貫穿人體的10對肌筋膜鏈，教

10、你以整體的眼光觀察人體2.詳細(xì)講解每條肌筋膜鏈發(fā)生紊亂時可能對人體造成的不良影響，讓你在面對疼痛時快速的“對癥下藥”3.對每一條肌筋膜鏈進(jìn)行親自的感知、診斷和操作，畢老師會在你的身邊手把手的指導(dǎo)4.獲得N多個快速簡便的方法，能讓你在分鐘內(nèi)，甚至數(shù)秒內(nèi)，不但解決疼痛，還能讓患者、客戶親身體驗(yàn)到力量、柔韌度、穩(wěn)定性的驚人增長，讓你的業(yè)績倍增！肌筋膜鏈評估課程1.靜態(tài)評估在肌筋膜鏈理論的基礎(chǔ)上觀察人體，讓你看到的不再是簡單的“左側(cè)肩高”或“右側(cè)腰低”，而是造成這些現(xiàn)象的原因-相關(guān)肌筋膜鏈的紊亂！從而讓你更清楚的了解結(jié)和判斷疼痛、姿態(tài)不良的根源，更加快速簡便的來解決。在該單元，你獲得N多個簡單有效地評

11、估方法，讓你在第一時間就能夠判斷出對方哪個部位可能會發(fā)生疼痛、原因所在，并快速解決！2.動態(tài)評估人體是一個協(xié)同完整的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，當(dāng)某些“鏈條”發(fā)生紊亂的時候，另外一些“鏈條”就會被迫代償，于是會出現(xiàn)動作不協(xié)調(diào)、某些部位的過度使用、下背痛、網(wǎng)球肘、膝關(guān)節(jié)過早退化. 在該單元，我們會通過特定的動作，來判斷人體的”弱鏈“和”強(qiáng)鏈“，并通過快速有效地方法進(jìn)行干預(yù)，讓我們的患者和客戶重獲一個”平衡高效的身體“！3.局部評估在前兩個單元的基礎(chǔ)上，我們會針對身體關(guān)鍵部位進(jìn)行局部的評估，如脊柱側(cè)彎、膝關(guān)節(jié)、肩關(guān)節(jié)、肘關(guān)節(jié)、踝關(guān)節(jié)等，讓你對每一個關(guān)節(jié)在各個方向上發(fā)生疼痛的可能的原因有一個全面的判斷，并快速的處理！

12、課程日期與收費(fèi)：肌筋膜鏈康復(fù)訓(xùn)練課程 2013.6.13-16 4800元/人肌筋膜鏈評估課程 2013.6.17-19 3500元/人 兩課程同報 7000元/人 老學(xué)員復(fù)修政策 800元/人/課程 前幾天在培訓(xùn)中做蹲起，一直有教練像我強(qiáng)調(diào)膝蓋一定不要超過腳尖，而且這也已經(jīng)是很多次聽到了這個說法。好像不知道從何時起，這就成為一個定律了，那我們今天就來分析一下這個說法到底對不對。首先我們來思考一個問題：我們訓(xùn)練的目的是為了什么？是為了推起更大的重量么？是為了向異性展示我們有多強(qiáng)壯么？我想會有這樣的原因，但最主要的原因是：健身訓(xùn)練是為了讓我們的生活變得更輕松、簡單！那么此時我們就要有一個原則：只

13、有與生活動作越相近的練習(xí)，才更能夠幫助我們的生活！那么，試想一下我們在上臺階的時候、跑步的時候、甚至蹲便的的時候，我們都需要腳尖超過膝關(guān)節(jié)。如果我們長期進(jìn)行所謂“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”蹲起練習(xí)，我們的運(yùn)動模式會改變-運(yùn)動中足背屈的能力和幅度會減小。那么，會有什么后果么？1.在下蹲的時候，如果膝關(guān)節(jié)大于90度，那么臀大肌的激活度就要受影響，尤其是對于運(yùn)動員，這將是一個致命的危險；2.走路中，如果足背屈不夠，又要保證步幅不顯著降低，那么身體“后表線”的其余部分就要過度被牽拉，可能會導(dǎo)致大腿后側(cè)、背部，甚至是頸部的肌肉筋膜過度受累，產(chǎn)生勞損和疼痛；3走路時足背屈不夠，還會導(dǎo)致“體測線”的闊筋膜張肌過度使用，而臀中

14、肌廢用，導(dǎo)致骨盆前傾，腰痛、頸痛、臟腑問題可能會發(fā)生。那么什么方法是正確的呢？我經(jīng)常說一句話，叫做“enough but not too much”，也就是“足夠就好，不要過了”。下蹲的時候，我們的腳尖可以少許超過腳尖，但膝關(guān)節(jié)和腳尖的方向一定是一致的，而且是髖、膝、踝協(xié)同運(yùn)動。關(guān)于具體的細(xì)節(jié)，那就要自己載把握了筋膜健康：神經(jīng)肌腱膜網(wǎng)絡(luò)訓(xùn)練-未來健身的大趨勢（畢義明博士原創(chuàng) Fascial Fitness: Training In The Neuromyofascial Web筋膜健康：神經(jīng)肌腱膜網(wǎng)絡(luò)訓(xùn)練-未來健身的大趨勢Research shows why taking a differen

15、t approach to exercise and the movement brain is the wave of the future.肌筋膜訓(xùn)練法If you are interested in the role of fascia in fitness training, the following questions lead to new take-aways:假如你對筋膜在健身訓(xùn)練中的作用感興趣，下面幾點(diǎn)你可以思考一下：Most injuries are connective-tissue (fascial) injuries, not muscular injuriesso

16、 how do we best train to prevent and repair damage and build elasticity and resilience into the system?There are 10 times more sensory nerve endings in your fascia than in your muscles; therefore, how do we aim proprioceptive stimulation at the fascia as well as the muscles?Traditional anatomy texts

17、 of the muscles and fascia are inaccurate, based on a fundamental misunderstanding of our movement functionso how can we work with fascia as a whole, as the “organ system of stability”?大多數(shù)的損傷是結(jié)締組織（筋膜）損傷，而不是肌肉損傷-那么我們?nèi)绾尾拍芡ㄟ^訓(xùn)練來防止和修復(fù)傷害，如何重新建立筋膜系統(tǒng)的彈性呢？筋膜中的感覺神經(jīng)末梢的數(shù)量是肌肉中的10倍，那么我們?nèi)绾尾拍芟裼?xùn)練肌肉的本體感覺訓(xùn)練一樣，訓(xùn)練筋膜的本體感

18、覺呢？傳統(tǒng)的解剖學(xué)課本上關(guān)于肌肉和筋膜的解釋是不正確的，進(jìn)而我們現(xiàn)在的建立于此基礎(chǔ)上的對于運(yùn)動的理解也是不正確的-那么，我們?nèi)绾尾拍芤哉w的觀點(diǎn)來看待肌筋膜呢？這是一個“身體的穩(wěn)定性器官”Consciously or unconsciously, you have been working with fascia for your whole movement careerit is unavoidable. Now, however, new research is reinforcing the importance of fascia and other connective tissu

19、e in functional training (Fascia Congress 2009). Fascia is much more than “plastic wrap around the muscles.” Fascia is the organ system of stability and mechano-regulation (Varela & Frenk 1987). Understanding this may revolutionize our ideas of “fitness.” Research into the fascial net upsets both ou

20、r traditional beliefs and some of our new favorites as well. The evidence all points to a new consideration within overall fitness for lifehence the term fascial fitness. This article lays out the emerging picture of the fascial net as a whole and explores three of the many aspects of recent researc

21、h that give us a better understanding of how best to train the fascial net.無論是有意識的還是無意識的，你在整個運(yùn)動過程中都會使用到筋膜，這是不可避免的?，F(xiàn)在，更多的研究都再次表明了筋膜和其他結(jié)締組織在功能訓(xùn)練中的重要性（Fascia Congress 2009）。筋膜不僅僅是“肌肉的彈性緊身衣”，筋膜是一個關(guān)于穩(wěn)定性機(jī)械規(guī)律性的器官系統(tǒng)。理解這一點(diǎn)也許會革命性的對我們對于健康概念的認(rèn)識-“筋膜健康”。The Neuromyofascial Web神經(jīng)肌筋膜網(wǎng)絡(luò)Fascia is the Cinderella of bo

22、dy tissuessystematically ignored, dissected out and thrown away in bits (Schleip 2003). However, fascia forms the biological container and connector for every organ (including muscles). In dissection, fascia is literally a greasy mess (not at all like what the books show you) and so variable among i

23、ndividuals that its actual architecture is hard to delineate. For many reasons, fascia has not been seen as a whole system; therefore we have been ignorant of fascias overall role in biomechanics. 筋膜就像身體上的灰姑娘-一直受我們的忽視，被分離掉或在解剖中直接刪除掉。但事實(shí)上筋膜是我們身體每一個器官（包括肌肉）的容器和連接線。在解剖中，筋膜實(shí)際上是一個滑滑的，像充滿油脂一樣的“東西”（完全不像書上告

24、訴我們的）。筋膜在不同人身上也是不一樣的，而且是一個用語言很難描述出性狀來的“東西”，因此我們對于筋膜在生物力學(xué)方面的作用一直沒有重視。Thankfully, the integrating mechano-biological nature of the fascial web is becoming clearer. It turns out that it really is all one net with no separation from top to toe, from skin to core or from birth to death (Shultz & Feitis 1

25、996). Every cell in your body is hooked intoand responds tothe tensional environment of the fascia (Ingber 1998). Alter your mechanics, and cells can change their function (Horwitz 1997). This is a radical new way of seeing personal trainingstretching, strengthening and shape-shiftingas part of “spa

26、tial medicine” (Myers 1998). 謝天謝地，筋膜網(wǎng)絡(luò)的整體機(jī)械-生物特性逐漸被人們所認(rèn)清。這個網(wǎng)絡(luò)是完整的、從頭到腳、從皮膚到核心、從生到死沒有間斷的。我們身體中的每一個細(xì)胞都是在筋膜的張力環(huán)境下相互連接、相互反應(yīng)的。改變身體的生物力學(xué)，細(xì)胞就會改變其功能。這個概念讓私人教練的工作-拉伸、力量和形體訓(xùn)練有了新的意義-“空間醫(yī)藥”Given the facts, many would prefer the term neuromyofascial web to the fascia-dissing musculoskeletal system (Schleip 2003)

27、. As accustomed as we are to identifying individual structures within the fascial webplantar fascia, Achilles tendon, iliotibial band, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, nuchal ligament and so onthese are just convenient labels for areas within the singular fascial web. They might qualify as ZIP codes, but

28、they are not separate structures (see the sidebar “Muscle Isolation vs. Fascial Integration”).You can talk about the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Mediterranean oceans, but there is really only one interconnected ocean in the world. Fascia is the same. We talk about individual nerves, but we know th

29、e nervous system reacts as a whole. How does fascia webbing function as a system?我們會說出很多大海的名字，“大西洋”“太平洋”“地中?！?，但無論是哪個海洋，實(shí)際上都是連接在一起的，實(shí)際上整個地球上的水流都是一體的，只有一個海洋。筋膜也是一樣的，筋膜網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個整體的，肌肉會通過收縮來分配整個筋膜的張力調(diào)整，內(nèi)臟器官就像是懸掛在該系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的水母，甚至身體內(nèi)的每一個細(xì)胞都是鑲嵌、懸掛、被包裹與該系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的”小魚“Magically extracted as a whole, the fascial web would sh

30、ow us all the shapes of the body, inside and out. It would be just one big net with muscles squirming in it like swimming fish. Organs would hang in it like jellyfish. Every system, every organ and even every cell lives embedded within the sea of a unitary fascial net.This concept is important becau

31、se we are so strongly inclined to name individual structures and think that way clinically: “Oh, you tore your biceps,” forgetting that “biceps” is our conception. Our common scientific nomenclature gives a false impression, while the New Age shibboleth is more literally true: the bodyand the fascia

32、l net in particularis a single connected unity in which the muscles and bones float.身體-尤其是筋膜-是一個統(tǒng)一的連接體，肌肉和骨骼是漂浮于其中的You can tear this net in injury, cut it with a surgeons scalpel, feed and hydrate it well or clog it with high-fructose corn syrup. No matter how you treat it, it will eventually lose i

33、ts elasticity. In your eyes lens, for instance, the net stiffens in a very regular way, requiring you to use reading glasses at about age 50. In your skin, the net frays to cause wrinkles. Key elements like hip cartilage may fail you before you die, and need replacement, but when you finally breathe

34、 your last breath your fascial web will still be the same single net you started with.Its no small wonder that this system, like the nervous and circulatory systems, would develop complex signaling and homeostatic mechanisms (Langevin et al. 2006). The larger wonder is that we have not really seen o

35、r explored the connective-tissue systems responses until now.A Definition of TermsIn medicine, the term fascia designates tissues with specific topology and histology, as distinct from tendon, ligament or other specified tissues. In this article, however, we are using fascia as an overall name for t

36、his systemic net of connective tissue, because there is no generalized term (Huijing & Langevin 2009). Connective tissue includes the blood and blood cells, and other elements not part of the structural net we are examining. Perhaps the closest term would be extra-cellular matrix (ECM), which includ

37、es everything in your body that isnt cellular (see Figure 3). The ECM has three main elements:也許給與筋膜最貼切的名字是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)（ECM），它是指身體中除細(xì)胞之外的任何事情，主要包括三類：fibers: the strong pliable weaveconsisting primarily of collagen (which has 12 types) and its cousinselastin and reticulinthat both separates compartments and

38、 binds them togetherglue: the variable and colloidal gels like heparin, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid that accommodate change and provide the substrate for other cells like nerves and epitheliawater: the fluid that surrounds and permeates the cells as a medium of exchange; mixes with the glue to m

39、ake materials of differing properties; and keeps the fibers wet and pliable纖維：是一種強(qiáng)韌柔軟的編織物-主要有膠原質(zhì)、彈性蛋白、網(wǎng)狀蛋白組成-他們彼此隔開但又綁在一起。膠合物：是指各種的像膠水一樣的物質(zhì)，如肝磷脂、纖維連接蛋白、玻尿酸等，他們會適應(yīng)變化，并為其他細(xì)胞（如神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞等）提供基質(zhì)。水：圍繞和滲透于細(xì)胞的液體，它承擔(dān)這交換媒介的作用；與膠合物結(jié)合讓筋膜呈現(xiàn)出不同的特性，保持纖維的濕潤和柔軟。Though the ECM will be our topic just below, the term fa

40、scia as we define it also includes fibroblasts andmast cells, which give rise to the fibers and glue and then remodel them in response to the demands of injury, training and habit.筋膜還包括成纖維細(xì)胞和肥大細(xì)胞，他們會引發(fā)纖維和膠合物的再調(diào)整，來面對受傷、訓(xùn)練和運(yùn)動生活習(xí)慣的需要The principal structural element in the ECM comprises the fibers colla

41、gen, elastin and reticulin. Collagen is by far the most common of these, and by far the strongest. This is the white, sinewy stuff in meat. The collagen fiber is a triple helix; if it was a half-inch thick, it would be about a yard long and look like an old three-strand rope (Snyder 1975). Collagen

42、fibers can be arranged in regular directional rows, as they are in tendons or ligaments (dense regular), or in random crisscross ways, like felt (dense or loose irregular).細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的主要組成部分是纖維膠原質(zhì)、彈性蛋白和網(wǎng)狀蛋白，其中膠原質(zhì)是最主要的，也是最強(qiáng)壯的。在肉中發(fā)白的、像腱狀的就是它。它是一種三鏈螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)，假如它有半英寸粗的話，它將會有一英里長，就像跳3股的大繩子。膠原質(zhì)可以是排列整齊的，如韌帶或肌腱（密集而有規(guī)律

43、）；也可以自由的交錯排列，就像粘結(jié)一樣（稠密或疏松，但無規(guī)律）The collagen fibers cannot actually stick to each other but are glued together by other proteins calledglycoaminoglycans (GAGs), which are mucopolysaccharides, both of which are long words for snot. We are held together by mucous, a colloidal substance, which, by varyi

44、ng its chemistry slightly, can display a surprising array of properties, from thick and sticky to fluid and lubricating. The fernlike molecules of mucous open to absorb water (they are hydrophilic) or close and bind to themselves when water is absent. Depending on their chemistry, they either bind l

45、ayers together or allow them to slide on each other (Grinnell 2008).纖維膠原質(zhì)是不能彼此相連的，除非膠狀物將他們連接在一起，這些膠狀物叫做粘多糖。我們的身體使用這種膠狀體粘結(jié)在一起的。這些膠狀物會通過他們化學(xué)成分的細(xì)微改變，而展示出驚人的特性的改變，從固態(tài)到液態(tài)、從黏著到潤滑。這些膠合物的羊齒狀分子會在水分充足的情況下打開吸收水分或當(dāng)水分不足的時候關(guān)閉和分子間彼此捆綁。通過他們的化學(xué)成分的變化，他們既可以使筋膜層之間見膠著，又可以使各層之間相互滑動。The phenomenon we call “stretch” or len

46、gthening (and that scientists call “creep” or hysteresis) is a function not of the collagen fibers lengthening but of the fibers sliding along each other on the glue of the hydrated GAGs (Sbriccoli et al. 2005). Take the water out of the GAGs, and the result is tissue that is mightily reluctant to s

47、tretch (Schleip 2003).我們所謂的伸展或拉長現(xiàn)象，其實(shí)不是纖維膠原質(zhì)被拉長，而是纖維之間產(chǎn)生滑動，但前提條件是粘多糖必須是多水的；但粘多糖缺水的時候，纖維就會黏著在一起，不容易產(chǎn)生伸展。Most injuries occur when connective tissue is stretched faster than it can respond. The less it is hydrated, the less elastic response it has in it.大多數(shù)的損傷的發(fā)生就是發(fā)生在伸展的過快，超出了身體可反映的時間。以及當(dāng)粘多糖缺水，身體的彈性反應(yīng)亦

48、會變差。The Body Electric?Connective-tissue cells produce the fibers and the GAGs, and these materials are then altered to form a remarkable variety of building materials. If you were to try to recreate your structural body out of items you could buy at Home Depot, what would you need? Wood or PVC for t

49、he bones, silicon rubber for the cartilage, lots of string, wire, tubing, plastic sheeting, rubber bands, cotton, nets, grease and oilthe list goes on. Would you try to build a body without duct tape?Your body manufactures all these materials and many more by mixing together various proportions of t

50、he ECMs fibers and glue and altering the chemistry in different ways (Snyder 1975). In bone, the fiber matrix is theremuch like leatherbut the mucousy ground substance has been systematically replaced with mineral salts. Cartilage has the same leathery substrate, but the glue has been dried into a t

51、ough but pliable “plastic” that permeates the fibrous leather. In ligament and tendon, almost all the glue has been squeezed out. In blood and joint fluid, the fiber exists only in a liquid form, until it hits the air, when it forms a scab. This manufactory in your body is fascinating: the dentin in

52、 your teeth, your gums, your heart valves, even the clear cornea of your eyeare all formed in this fashion.Remodeling and Tensegrity 重構(gòu)與張拉整體結(jié)構(gòu)Your muscles may determine your shape in the training sense, but connective tissue determines your shape in the overall sense. It holds the bones together, pu

53、lling in on them as they press out (like a tensegrity system; see Figure 2).The ECM is capable of remodeling itself in a variety of ways (Chen et al. 1997). Just as your muscles remodel themselves in response to training, the fascia remodels itself in response to direct signaling from the cells (Lan

54、gevin et al. 2010); injury (Desmouliere, Chapponnier & Gabbiani 2005); long-held mechanical forces (Iatrides et al. 2003); use patterns (including emotional ones); gravity; and certain chemistry within your body (Grinnell & Petroll 2010). The complexities of remodeling are just now being explored in

55、 the lab; the details will be revealed over the coming decade.The idea of tensegrity (tension and integrity) and the phenomenon of remodeling are the basis for structural therapy, including yoga and the forms of manual therapy commonly known as Rolfing or Structural Integration and its deep-tissue r

56、elatives, including foam rolling. Change the demandas we do in bodywork and personal trainingand the fascial system responds to that new demand. This common theme points to a future where manual therapy and movement training combine to form a powerful method for張拉整體結(jié)構(gòu)和重構(gòu)理論是現(xiàn)在身體結(jié)構(gòu)治療方法的基礎(chǔ)，其中包括瑜伽和其他形式的

57、手法治療，比如”羅夫按摩“或”結(jié)構(gòu)整合“、深層組織療法。在我們做身體療法和私教訓(xùn)練的時候，我們需要改變思維和目標(biāo)，這兩者一定要結(jié)合起來形成一種更強(qiáng)大的方法-肌筋膜療法，它能夠讓我們獲得：restoring natural settings for posture and function;steering small problems away from developing into big ones later on;easing the long-term consequences from injury; andextending functional movement farther

58、 and farther up the age scale.恢復(fù)身體姿態(tài)與功能的自然設(shè)置在細(xì)小的問題變?yōu)榇髥栴}之前就將其”扼殺在搖籃之中“改善源于損傷的長期的慢性問題發(fā)展在患者其年齡階段內(nèi)的功能動作水平How to Train the Neuromyofascial Web如何才能訓(xùn)練神經(jīng)肌筋膜網(wǎng)絡(luò)呢If the fascia is a singular space-organizing adjustable tensegrity that traverses the whole body and regulatesboth locally and as a wholethe biomecha

59、nics of tension and compression, we can then ask: How can we train this system, in conjunction with our work on muscles and neural control, to prevent and repair injury and build resilience into the system?The answer to this question is still developingrapidlyboth in the laboratory and on the traini

60、ng floor. Some research is confirming our images and practices as they have developed and are traditionally applied. Here we focus on a few surprising sets of findings that are (or soon will be) changing our ideas of how the neuromyofascial web really works and what role connective tissue plays in d