高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解之詞義猜測(cè)題解題技巧和練習(xí)

1、高考英語(yǔ)詞義猜測(cè)題解題技巧與練習(xí)做閱讀理解，最怕遇到生詞，不僅影響文章的理解，也會(huì)拖慢閱讀速度，而在閱讀理解當(dāng)中，生詞又是不可避免的，如何解決呢？Part1：知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解1類屬法即通過(guò)類屬來(lái)推測(cè)詞義。如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindsoffruitgrowinwarmareas.說(shuō)明：從句意我們知道pineapples和coconuts與bananas,oranges是同類事物，同屬水果(準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)是“菠蘿”和“椰子”)。2推理法即根據(jù)文章的前后語(yǔ)境推出生詞的詞義。如：Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitw

2、illbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.說(shuō)明：既然一天之內(nèi)看不完所有的展品，那么immense的意思應(yīng)該是“很大”了。Everyoneagreedthatthewomaninthephotowasgorgeous.Itwaseasytoseewhyshehadwonthebeautycontest.說(shuō)明：既然“她在選美比賽中獲勝”，說(shuō)明她“很美麗”(gorgeous)。3列舉法即通過(guò)對(duì)文章所列舉的事物來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。如：Childrenlikesuchcreaturesasdogsandmonkeys.說(shuō)明：像dogs和monkeys之類的“cr

3、eatures”，顯然creatures的意思應(yīng)是“動(dòng)物”。Inyoursparetime,youmaylookthroughanyoftheseperiodicals:TimeMagazine,NewsWeek,orTheNewWorker.說(shuō)明：periodical是生詞，但根據(jù)其后所列舉的例子，我們可以推測(cè)出它的意思可能是“期刊”或“雜志”。4構(gòu)詞法即根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞知識(shí)判斷生詞的詞義。如：Overworkmaycausediseases.說(shuō)明：前綴over-的意思是“過(guò)分的，過(guò)量的”，故overwork的意思應(yīng)為“工作過(guò)度”。Therewasadissatisfiedl

4、ookinthemanagerseyes.說(shuō)明：satisfied的意思是“滿意的”，前綴dis-的意思是“不”，故dissatisfied的意思應(yīng)該是“不滿意的”。5對(duì)比法即根據(jù)文章前后的對(duì)比關(guān)系確定生詞的詞義。如：Hehadbeengettingbetter,butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated.說(shuō)明：句中的but表明deteriorate應(yīng)該與getbetter的意思相反，即“惡化”。Inmanycountriestherearetwofinancialextremes,frompenurytogreatwealth.說(shuō)明：上文說(shuō)兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)上的

5、極端，那么下文中penury應(yīng)與greatwealth相對(duì)，即表示“貧困”。Mrs.Smithisloquaciouswhileherhusbandisthesilenttype.說(shuō)明：while表對(duì)比，意為“而”，所以loquacious應(yīng)是silent的反義，即“多嘴的”。Ifyouagree,drawacircle;andacrossifyoudissent.說(shuō)明：既然畫(huà)圈表示同意，那么畫(huà)叉便是“不同意”(dissent)。6同位法同位語(yǔ)是對(duì)所修飾詞語(yǔ)的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明和解釋，若對(duì)所修飾的詞語(yǔ)不熟悉，可通過(guò)其后同位語(yǔ)的“說(shuō)明或解釋”來(lái)確定其詞義。如：Hisfatherisanexpertinp

6、honetics,thestudyofthesoundsoflanguage.說(shuō)明：同位語(yǔ)thestudyofthesoundsoflanguage表示phonetics的意思應(yīng)該是“語(yǔ)音學(xué)”。Jeanwasbornwithspinabifida,abirthillnessthatdamagesthespine(脊骨).說(shuō)明：同位語(yǔ)abirthillnessthatdamagesthespine表明了spinabifida是一種病，一種對(duì)脊骨有損害的病。7釋義法即根據(jù)文章中所提供的釋義關(guān)系來(lái)確定生詞的詞義。如：Theydescribedhimasaloon,oramadman.說(shuō)明：句中的or

7、是對(duì)loon的解釋，即loon與amadman同義，即表示“瘋子”。Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle,thatis,itwillbreakeasily.說(shuō)明：句中的thatis表明itwillbreakeasily是對(duì)brittle的解釋，從而猜測(cè)出其意為“脆”。Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout500yuanayear.說(shuō)明：定語(yǔ)從句wholooksaftersheep表明herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。Therearethreekindsofsnow.Onekindisafluffysnowthatiss

8、omewhatdryandfeathery?說(shuō)明：定語(yǔ)從句thatissomewhatdryandfeathery(有點(diǎn)兒干、像羽毛似的)表明fluffysnow的意思可能是“鵝毛大雪”。8常識(shí)法即根據(jù)普通常識(shí)推測(cè)生詞的詞義。如：ItssaidthatBillGatesisthemostaffluentpersonintheworld.說(shuō)明：根據(jù)常識(shí)，BillGates為世界首富，所以affluent可能是“富有的”Asascientist,Edisonisveryfamousforhiscontrivances.說(shuō)明：根據(jù)常識(shí)，Edison為發(fā)明大王，他應(yīng)因“發(fā)明”而聞名于世。Part2：例

9、題解析Eg1：Buthesnervous.ImheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushouldshouldChristripsonthe-ld,apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.VoteformeExceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitesth

10、erestoftheclasstopraisehim.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordstumblesinparagraph2referto?A.Improperpauses.B.Badmanners.C.Spellingmistakes.D.Sillyjokes.【答案】A【解析】本題考查詞義猜測(cè)。由第二段中提到的Christripsonthe“-ld”,apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers以及exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell可知這里

11、的劃線單詞stumbles指的是演講中的不足即前文提到的發(fā)音問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的不適當(dāng)?shù)耐ｎD。故此題選A。Eg2：Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialization.thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglo

12、balizationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglishSpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.2.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsdominantunderlinedinparagraph2？A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modem.【答案】C根據(jù)第二段后半部分dominantlanguag

13、essuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover,列舉的英語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、中文等都是使用人數(shù)較多等語(yǔ)言，所以選擇powerful。Eg3：Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildrensparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfr

14、ozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.3.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.【答案】D詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow可知孩子們喜歡把一些水果和冷凍的香蕉放入到機(jī)器的上部，然后看到冰淇淋從下面出來(lái)

15、，可以推斷出ajuicer是一臺(tái)機(jī)器，故選D。Eg4：Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatchersproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsupand

16、outthesideofthehole.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.【答案】B根據(jù)Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatchersproductivity可知最好在潮濕的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率?！敖铀鳌敝傅氖窃诙睗竦牡胤酵诙?，在洞的底部放一個(gè)杯子，杯子上方用膜覆蓋，整個(gè)裝置構(gòu)成接水器，不是某個(gè)部分。這一題很容易錯(cuò)選D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞

17、，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事實(shí)并不會(huì)因?yàn)橹車h(huán)境的變化而變化，杯子的工作效率是不變的。故選B。Part3：課后練習(xí)Exercise1ThiswasthetemperatureinBanak,NorwayonJuly30,thoughsomeNorwegianareasevenreachedacoupledegreeswarmer,accordingtotheEuropeanSevereWeatherDatabase.BanaksitsatopnorthernEurope,over350milesabovethebottomedgeoftheArcticCircle.TheNorthernHe

18、misphereandEuropeitselfhavebeenrepeatedlyscorchedbybothrecordandnear-recordtemperaturesthissummerasaconsequenceofoverallrisingglobaltemperatures.Inthepast40years,Earthsclimatehasexperiencedanacceleratedwarmingtrend,whichaddsanextralevelofbackgroundwarmingtohotspellsmakingheatwavesmoreextreme,climate

19、scientistshavesaid.1.Whichofthefollowingwordscanreplacetheunderlinedword“scorched”?ABurned.BAchieved.CScored.DReached.答案與解析：A考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)“TheNorthernHemisphereandEuropeitselfhavebeenrepeatedlyscorchedbybothrecordandnearrecordtemperatures.”可知，今年夏天，由于全球氣溫總體上升，北半球和歐洲自身不斷受到創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄和接近創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄氣溫的炙烤。因此，畫(huà)線詞的意思是“燒傷；燒焦”，

20、故選A項(xiàng)。Exercise2Inanewreviewofpreviouslypublishedstudies,researchersfromGermanyandDenmarktookalookatthewaysinwhichnoises,suchasanairplanepassingbyorjackhammerdiggingintheground,canaffectourhearts.Perhapsthemostobviousimpactofaloudsoundwhileyouaresleepingisthatitcanwakeyouup.But,evenifyoudontrememberhe

21、aringthenoiseoryoudontphysicallygetoutofbed,itcandisruptyouinwaysyoumaynotrealize.2.Whichwordcanreplacetheunderlinedword“disrupt”?ADefeat.BHarm.CAffect.DDiscourage.答案與解析：B考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第二段中的“But,evenifyoudontrememberhearingthenoiseoryoudontphysicallygetoutofbed,itcandisruptyouinwaysyoumaynotrealize”可知，但是

22、，即使你忘記曾聽(tīng)到這樣的噪聲或者你并沒(méi)有起床，噪聲仍然以你察覺(jué)不到的方式對(duì)你造成傷害，故選B項(xiàng)。Exercise3SchooluniformsarebecomingmoreandmorepopularacrosstheU.S.A.Thatsnosurprise,becausetheyoffermanybenefits.Theyimmediatelyendthepowerfulsocialsortingandlabeling(標(biāo)記)thatcomefromclothing.Ifallstudentsaredressedinthesameway,theywillnotpaytoomuchatten

23、tiontotheirclothing,andsomeofthemwillnotbelaughedatforwearingthewrongclothes.3.InParagraph1,thewordbenefitsprobablymeans_.A.tasksB.messagesC.differencesD.advantages【答案】D猜測(cè)詞義。從下文看，作者例數(shù)校服的諸多好處，顯然“benifits在此有“優(yōu)點(diǎn)，好處”之義。其他三詞tasks(任務(wù))，messages(信息)，differences(不同)，意思相差甚遠(yuǎn)。Exercise4Now,itistimetorealizethata

24、nimalshavethesamerighttolifeaswedoandthatthereisnothingfairorrightaboutapersonwithagunshootingtheharmlessandbeautifulcreatures.Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagonyofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.If,astheywouldhaveyoubelieve,gun-carryingandkillingimprovehumancharacter,thenperhapsweshouldencouragewar.4：Theunderlinedwordagonyinthelas