黑帶應了解的件事情

1、101 Things A Six Sigma Black Belt Should Know一名6西格瑪黑帶應了解的101件事By Thomas PyzdekReproduction permitted providing copyright notice remains in tact and no changes are made to the contentCopyright ? 2003 by Thomas Pyzdek, all rights reservedIn general, a Six Sigma Black Belt should be quantitatively orie

2、nted.通常，。With minimal guidance, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to use data to convert broad generalizations into actionable goals.僅需最低限度的指導，6西格瑪黑帶就應能利用數(shù)據(jù)把泛泛 的概括轉化為可實施的目標。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to make the business case for attempting to accomplish these goals.6西格瑪黑帶應能為完成這些目

3、標提供業(yè)務案例。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to develop detailed plans for achieving those goals.6西格瑪黑帶應能為達到這些目標制定詳細的計劃。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to measure progress towards the goals in terms meaningful to customers and leaders.6西格瑪黑帶應能測量出朝著預期目標進展對顧客和公司領 導的意義。The Six Sigma Black Be

4、lt should know how to establish control systems for maintaining the gains achieved through Six Sigma.6西格瑪黑帶應知道如何建立控制體系來保持通過6西格瑪所取得的收獲。The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand and be able to communicate the rationale for continuous improvement, even after initial goals have been accomplished.6西格瑪黑帶

5、應了解并能夠傳達持續(xù)改進的基本原理，即使 在初始目標已經達到后也應這樣。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be familiar with research that quantifies the benefits firms have obtained from Six Sigma.6西格瑪黑帶應熟悉對通過6西格瑪所獲利益的量化研究。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know or be able to find the PPMrates associated with different sigma levels (e.g.,Si

6、x Sigma = 3.4 PPM)6西格瑪黑帶應知道或能夠找出與不同西格瑪水平相關連的 PPMt匕率（例如，6西格瑪=3.4PPM）。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the approximate relative cost of poor quality associated with various sigma levels （e.g., three sigma firms report 25% COPQ）.6西格瑪黑帶應了解與不同西格瑪水平大致對應的劣質成本 （例如，3西格瑪水平的公司劣質成本約占25%）The Six Sigma Black

7、Belt should know how to quantitatively analyze data from employee and customer surveys. This includes evaluating survey reliability and validity as well as the differences between surveys.6西格瑪黑帶應了解如何定量分析對員工和顧客進行調查所得到的數(shù)據(jù)，包括評估調查結果的可靠性、有效性以及各次調查之間的差異。The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the roles

8、 of the various people involved in change (senior leader, champion, mentor, change agent, technical leader, team leader, facilitator).6西格瑪黑帶應了解參與變革的各種員工所扮演的角色(高 層領導、擁護者、顧問、變革代理人、技術領導、團隊領導、推 動者)。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to design, test, and analyze customer surveys.6西格瑪黑帶應能設計、檢測和分析對顧客進

9、行的調查。Given two or more sets of survey data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to determine if there are statistically significant differences between them.給出兩組或多組調查數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能確定它們之間是否存在統(tǒng)計上的顯著性差異。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to quantify the value of customer retention.6西格瑪黑帶應能量化顧客保持力

10、的數(shù)值。Given a partly completed QFDmatrix, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to complete it.給出完成一個部分的質量功能展開矩陣，6西格瑪黑帶應能將其完成。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the value of money held or invested over time, including present value and future value of a fixed sum.6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出所持資金或者已投資

11、金的價值，包括現(xiàn)值和未來價值的固定總和。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute PV and FV values for various compounding periods.6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出不同復利計算期的現(xiàn)值和未來值。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the break even point for a project.6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出一個項目的得失平衡點。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to com

12、pute the net present value of cash flow streams, and to use theresults to choose among competing projects.6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出現(xiàn)金流轉的凈現(xiàn)值，并把這個結果用于選擇項目。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the internal rate of return for cash flow streams and to usethe results to choose among competing projects.6西格

13、瑪黑帶應能計算出內部現(xiàn)金流轉的利潤率，并將這一結果用于選擇項目。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the COPQrationale for Six Sigma, i.e., he should be able to explain what todo if COPQanalysis indicates that the optimum for a given process is less than Six Sigma.6西格瑪黑帶應了解劣質成本對于6西格瑪?shù)母疽饬x，也即他應能說明如果劣質成本分析顯示出給定過程的最佳值小于6西格瑪時該做些什么。The

14、 Six Sigma Black Belt should know the basic COPQ categories and be able to allocate a list of costs to the correct category.6西格瑪黑帶應了解劣質成本的基礎類別，并且能夠把一份 成本清單正確分類。Given a table of COPQata over time, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a statistical analysis of the trend.給出過去的劣質成本報表，6西格瑪黑

15、帶應能完成趨勢的統(tǒng) 計分析。Given a table of COPQata over time, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a statistical analysis of the distribution of costs among the various categories.給出過去的劣質成本報表，6西格瑪黑帶應能對各類品質成 本的分配情況進行統(tǒng)計分析。Given a list of tasks for a project, their times to complete, and their preced

16、ence relationships, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the time to completion for the project, the earliest completion times, the latest completion times and the slack times. He should also be able to identify which tasks are on the criticalpath.給出一個項目的任務列表、它們的完成時間和它們之間的優(yōu) 先級關系，6西格瑪黑帶

17、應能計算出項目的完成時間、最早完成 時間、最遲完成時間和延遲時間。他還應能識別哪項任務位于關鍵路徑上。Give cost and time data for project tasks, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the cost of normal and crash schedules and the minimum total cost schedule.給出項目任務的成本和時間數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出 正常的和緊急加快的生產費用表以及最小的生產總費用表。The Six Sigma Black Belt sh

18、ould be familiar with the basic principles of benchmarking.6西格瑪黑帶應熟悉標桿的基本原理。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be familiar with the limitations of benchmarking.6西格瑪黑帶應熟悉標桿的局限性。Given an organization chart and a listing of team members, process owners, and sponsors, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be abl

19、e to identify projects with a low probability of success.給出一份組織圖和團隊成員名單、過程負責人和發(fā)起人，6西格瑪黑帶應能識別出哪些是成功機率小的項目The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify measurement scales of various metrics (nominal, ordinal, etc).6西格瑪黑帶應能識別各種度量標準的測量標度(名義的、 順序的等等)。Given a metric on a particular scale, the Six Si

20、gma Black Belt should be able to determine if a particular statistical method should be used for analysis.給定一種特定標度的度量標準，6西格瑪黑帶應能確定采用 什么特定的統(tǒng)計學方法進行分析。Given a properly collected set of data, the Six SigmaBlack Belt should be able to perform a complete measurement system analysis, including the calculat

21、ion of bias, repeatability, reproducibility, stability, discrimination (resolution) and linearity.給出一組適當?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能完成測量系統(tǒng)分析， 包括計算偏倚、重復性、再現(xiàn)性、穩(wěn)定性、辨別力(分辨率)和 線性。Given the measurement system metrics, the Six Sigma Black Belt should know whether or not a given measurement system should be used on a given

22、 part or process.給出測量系統(tǒng)的度量標準，6西格瑪黑帶應了解給定的測量 系統(tǒng)能否用于給定的零件或過程。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the difference between computing sigma from a data set whose production sequence is known and from a data set whose production sequence is not known.6西格瑪黑帶應了解從已知生產次序的數(shù)據(jù)組和未知生產 次序的數(shù)據(jù)組計算出的西格瑪之間的不同。Given the

23、results of an AIAG Gage R&R study, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to answer a variety of questions about the measurement system.給出一份AIAG （汽車工業(yè)行動集團）量具雙性研究結果，6西格瑪黑帶應能回答各種關于該測量系統(tǒng)的問題。Given a narrative description of as-is and should-be processes, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to prepa

24、re process maps.給出一個“不予改變”和“應”的過程敘述性描述，6西格瑪黑帶應能作出過程圖。Given a table of raw data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to prepare a frequency tally sheet of the data, and to use the tally sheet data to construct a histogram.給出一份原始數(shù)據(jù)表，6西格瑪黑帶應能作出一份數(shù)據(jù)頻次 表，并且能使用這頻次表構建一份直方圖。The Six Sigma Black Belt shou

25、ld be able to compute the mean and standard deviation from a grouped frequency distribution.6西格瑪黑帶應能從一組頻次分布數(shù)據(jù)計算出均值和標準偏 差。Given a list of problems, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct a Pareto Diagram of the problem frequencies.給出一份問題列表，6西格瑪黑帶應能構建出一個問題發(fā)生 頻次的排列圖。Given a list which des

26、cribes problems by department, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct a Crosstabulation and use the information to perform a Chi-square analysis.給出一份按部門描述問題的清單，6西格瑪黑帶應能構建一份交叉表，并且能利用此信息進行卡方分析。Given a table of x and y data pairs, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to determine if th

27、e relationship is linear or non-linear.給出一份XY配對的數(shù)據(jù)表，6西格瑪黑帶應能確定 XY之間 的關系是線性的還是非線性的。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know how to use non-linearities to make products or processes more robust.6西格瑪黑帶應了解如何利用非線性來使產品或過程更加穩(wěn) 固。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct and interpret a run chart when

28、 given a table of data in time-ordered sequence. This includes calculating run length, number of runs and quantitative trend evaluation.當給定一份時間序列數(shù)據(jù)表時，6西格瑪黑帶應能構建并解 釋趨勢圖，包括計算運行長度、運行數(shù)量以及定量趨勢評估。When told the data are from an exponential or Erlang distribution the Six Sigma Black Belt should know that th

29、e run chart is preferred over the standard X control chart.當被告知數(shù)據(jù)來自于指數(shù)函數(shù)或服從厄蘭分布，6西格瑪黑帶應了解這時候趨勢圖優(yōu)于標準的X控制圖。Given a set of raw data the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify and compute two statistical measures each for central tendency, dispersion, and shape.給出一組原始數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能識別并計算出兩種統(tǒng) 計測量的中心

30、趨向、離散和形狀。Given a set of raw data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to construct a histogram.給出一組原始數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能構建一份直方圖。Given a stem & leaf plot, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to reproduce a sample of numbers to the accuracy allowed by the plot.給出一份莖葉圖，6西格瑪黑帶應能復制出一個能夠達到該 圖允許準確度的數(shù)字樣本。Gi

31、ven a box plot with numbers on the key box points, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identify the 25th and 75th percentile and the median.給定一份標出關鍵點數(shù)字的箱圖，6西格瑪黑帶應能識別Q1 和Q3和中位數(shù)。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know when to apply enumerative statistical methods, and when not to.6西格瑪黑帶應了解什么時候用計數(shù)統(tǒng)

32、計法、什么時候不用。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know when to apply analytic statistical methods, and when not to.6西格瑪黑帶應了解什么時候用分析統(tǒng)計法、什么時候不用。The Six Sigma Black Belt should demonstrate a grasp of basic probability concepts, such as the probability of mutually exclusive events, of dependent and independent

33、events, of events that can occur simultaneously, etc.6西格瑪黑帶應掌握基礎的概率概念，比如互斥事件的概率、 關聯(lián)和獨立事件的概率、同時發(fā)生事件的概率等等。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know factorials, permutations and combinations, and how to use these in commonly used probability distributions.6西格瑪黑帶應了解析因、置換、合并等方法，以及它們在概率分布中的一般應用The Six Sigma Bl

34、ack Belt should be able to compute expected values for continuous and discrete random variables.6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出連續(xù)或離散隨機變量的期望值。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute univariate statistics for samples.6 西格瑪黑帶應能計算出樣本的單變量統(tǒng)計量The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute confidence intervals f

35、or various statistics.6西格瑪應能計算出各種統(tǒng)計的置信區(qū)間。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to read values from a cumulative frequency ogive.6西格瑪黑帶應能從累計頻次尖頂部讀出數(shù)值。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be familiar with the commonly used probability distributions, including: hypergeometric, binomial, Poisson, normal, e

36、xponential, chi-square, Students t, and F.6西格瑪黑帶應熟悉常用的概率分布，包括超幾何分布、二 項式分布、 泊松分布、正態(tài)分布、指數(shù)分布、卡方分布、學者 t分布和F分布。Given a set of data the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to correctly identify which distribution should be used to perform a given analysis, and to use the distribution to perform the analys

37、is.給定一組數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能正確地識別應用哪種分布 來進行分析，并且能利用其進行分析。The Six Sigma Black Belt should know that different techniques are required for analysis depending on whether a given measure (e.g., the mean) is assumed known or estimated from a sample. The Six Sigma Black Belt should choose and properly use the corre

38、ct technique when provided with data and sufficient information about the data.6西格瑪黑帶應了解，根據(jù)所給量值（例如，平均值）是假 設的，還是按樣本估計的，在分析時需要不同的方法。當提供了 數(shù)據(jù)以及和數(shù)據(jù)有關的足夠信息時，6西格瑪黑帶應能選擇并正確地使用這種技術。Given a set of subgrouped data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to select and prepare the correct control charts and to

39、determine if a given process is in a state of statistical control.給出一組分組數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能選擇和作出正確的控 制圖，并且確定給定的過程是否處在統(tǒng)計控制狀態(tài)。The above should be demonstrated for data representing all of the most common control charts.6西格瑪黑帶應能示范所有最常用控制圖的數(shù)據(jù)表現(xiàn)形式。The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the assumptions that u

40、nderlie ANOVA,and be able to select and apply a transformation to the data.6西格瑪黑帶應了解作為方差分析基礎的各種假設，而且能夠選擇一種轉換把它應用于數(shù)據(jù)。The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to identifywhich cause on a list of possible causes will most likely explain a non-random pattern in the regression residuals.6 西格瑪黑帶應能識別在各種可能原因

41、的列表中，哪一個原 因最合適解釋在回歸殘差中出現(xiàn)的非隨機分布。If shown control chart patterns, the Six Sigma BlackBelt should be able to match the control chart with thecorrect situation (e.g., an outlier pattern vs. a gradualtrend matched to a tool breaking vs. a machine gradually warming up).如果觀看一份控制圖，6西格瑪黑帶應能將控制圖與正確的 情況匹配(例如，把

42、超出控制限的圖形一漸進的趨勢與工具損壞 -設備逐漸發(fā)熱相匹配)The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the mechanics of PRE-Control.6西格瑪黑帶應了解預控制的機制The Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to correctly apply EWMA charts to a process with serial correlation in the data.6 西格瑪黑帶應能正確的將指數(shù)加權移動平均圖應用到一個 在數(shù)據(jù)上連續(xù)相關的過程。Given a stable set of

43、subgrouped data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a complete Process Capability Analysis. This includes computing andinterpreting capability indices, estimating the %failures, control limit calculations, etc.給出一組穩(wěn)定的分組數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能完成完整的過 程能力分析。包括計算和解釋過程能力指數(shù)、估計故障百分率、 控制限計算等。The Six Sig

44、ma Black Belt should demonstrate an awareness of the assumptions that underlie the use of capability indices.6 西格瑪黑帶應示范應用過程能力指數(shù)的基本假設的注意事 項。Given the results of a replicated 22 full-factorial experiment, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to complete the entire ANOVA table.給出22全析因試驗的結果，6西格瑪黑帶應能完

45、成整個方差 分析表。The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the basic principles of planning a statistically designed experiment. This can be demonstrated by critiquing various experimental plans with or without shortcomings.6西格瑪黑帶應了解統(tǒng)計設計一種實驗方案的基本原理，這可以用批評各種個實驗方案有沒有缺點來證明。Given a clean experimental plan, th

46、e Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to find the correct number of replicates to obtain a desired power.給定一個空白的實驗方案，6西格瑪黑帶應能找出為取得期 望結果所需復制的正確數(shù)字The Six Sigma Black Belt should know the difference between the various types of experimental models (fixed-effects, random-effects, mixed).6西格瑪黑帶應了解不同實驗模型之

47、間的差異(固定后果、 隨機后果、混合后果)。The Six Sigma Black Belt should understand the concepts of randomization and blocking.6西格瑪黑帶應了解隨機化和分塊的概念。Given a set of data, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to perform a Latin Square analysis and interpret the results.給定一組數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能夠進行拉丁方分析并解釋 其結果。Ditto for one way AN

48、OVAtwo way ANOVAwith and without replicates）, full and fractional factorials, and response surface designs.給定一組數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能進行一維方差分析、二維 方差分析（有或沒有重復），全部析因，部分析因和響應曲面設 計。Given an appropriate experimental result, the Six Sigma Black Belt should be able to compute the direction of steepest ascent.給定一份合適的實驗

49、結果，6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出其最速 上升的方向。Given a set of variables each at two levels, the Six Sigma Black Belt can determine the correct experimental layout for a screening experiment using a saturated design.給定一組兩水平的變量，6西格瑪黑帶應能用飽和設計篩選 實驗來確定正確的實驗方案oGiven data for such an experiment, the Six Sigma Black Belt can iden

50、tify which main effects are significant and state the effect of these factors.給出一組實驗數(shù)據(jù)，6西格瑪黑帶應能識別哪種要因是主要 因子并能說出這些因子的影響。Given two or more sets of responses to categorical items (e.g., customer survey responses categorized as poor, fair, good, excellent), the Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to perfo

51、rm a Chi-Square test to determine if the samples are significantly different.給出兩組或以上分類項目的響應結果(例如，顧客調查結果分類為差、一 般、好、出色)，6西格瑪黑帶應能進行卡方檢驗 以確定樣本是否有顯著差異。The Six Sigma Black Belt will understand the idea of confounding and be able to identify which two factor interactions are confounded with the significant

52、 main effects.6西格瑪黑帶應了解混淆的概念，并能識別出哪兩個因子的交互作用與重要影響相混淆。The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to state the direction of steepest ascent from experimental data.6 西格瑪黑帶應能根據(jù)實驗數(shù)據(jù)說出最快上升的方向The Six Sigma Black Belt will understand fold over designs and be able to identify the fold over design that will clear

53、a given alias.6西格瑪黑帶應了解設計上的交疊并能夠識別出明顯給出假信號的交疊設計。The Six Sigma Black Belt will know how to augment a factorial design to create a composite or central composite design.6 西格瑪黑帶應了解如何將析因設計擴展為復合設計或中心 復合設計。The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to evaluate the diagnostics for an experiment.6西格瑪黑帶應能評價針對實驗的診

54、斷。The Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to identify the need for a transformation in y and to apply the correct transformation.6西格瑪黑帶應能識別y的轉換需要并能應用正確的轉換 方法。Given a response surface equation in quadratic form, the Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to compute the stationary point.給出一個二次方程式形式的響應曲面公式，6西格瑪黑帶應能計算出駐點。Given data (not graphics), the Six Sigma Black Belt will be able to determine if the stationary point is a maximum, minimum or saddle point.給定數(shù)據(jù)(不是圖形)，6西格瑪黑帶應能確定駐點是最大 值、最小是還是馬鞍點。The S