西方文明史復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè) 西方文明史復(fù)習(xí)資料備注:所有名詞解釋和論述題第二題各帶中文，英文翻譯是百度翻譯而來，肯定有語法錯誤，請注意！名詞解釋：文藝復(fù)興（Renaissance）文藝復(fù)興是14世紀(jì)在意大利各城市興起，16世紀(jì)在歐洲盛行的一場思想文化運(yùn)動，帶來一段科學(xué)與藝術(shù)革命時期，揭開了現(xiàn)代歐洲歷史的序幕，被認(rèn)為是中古時代和近代的分界。馬克思主義史學(xué)家認(rèn)為是封建主義時代和資本主義時代的分界。（下面是翻譯）The Renaissance was fourteenth Century the ri

2、se in Italy City, an ideological and cultural movement that flourished in Europe in sixteenth Century, brought a period of revolution of science and art, opened a prelude to modern European history, is considered to be the middle ages and modern dividing line. Marxs historians believe is the divisio

3、n between the age of feudalism and capitalism era.啟蒙運(yùn)動（Enlightenment）啟蒙運(yùn)動是發(fā)生在17、18世紀(jì)歐洲的一場反封建、反教會的資產(chǎn)階級思想文化解放運(yùn)動，它為資產(chǎn)階級革命作了思想準(zhǔn)備和輿論宣傳，是繼文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動之后歐洲近代第二次思想解放運(yùn)動。（下面是翻譯）The Enlightenment was occurred in 17 in Europe in eighteenth Century, an anti feudal, anti church bourgeois ideology liberation movement, t

4、he bourgeois revolution made ideological preparation and propaganda, is following the Renaissance of modern European second ideological liberation movement.光榮革命（Glorious Revolution）1688年英國資產(chǎn)階級和新貴族發(fā)動的一次政變。1685年詹姆士二世即位后，企圖恢復(fù)天主教會和專制統(tǒng)治，遭到人民反對。資產(chǎn)階級和新貴族害怕人民運(yùn)動再度興起，便向封建貴族妥協(xié)，邀請詹姆士二世的長女瑪麗和她丈夫、荷蘭執(zhí)政威廉來英國當(dāng)女王和國王，

5、詹姆士二世被迫逃亡。瑪麗和威廉即位后批準(zhǔn)國會提出的權(quán)利法案，從而確立了君主立憲制。由于這次政變沒有引起內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，所以資產(chǎn)階級史學(xué)家稱之為“不流血革命”或“光榮革命”。（下面是翻譯）A coup in 1688 the British bourgeoisie and new nobility launched. In 1685 James S came to the throne, in an attempt to restore the Catholic Church and autocratic rule, was against the people. The bourgeoisie and

6、new nobility is afraid of peoples movement to rise again, the feudal aristocracy compromise, invited James Ss daughter Marie and her husband William, Hollands ruling to Britain when the queen and the king, James S was forced to flee. Marie and William ascended the throne after the approval of Congre

7、ss bill of rights, which established the constitutional monarchy. Because of the coup did not cause a civil war, so bourgeois historians called the bloodless revolution or the glorious revolution.地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)（Geographical discovery）西方歷史學(xué)中對1517世紀(jì)歐洲航海者發(fā)現(xiàn)新航路的通稱。或以哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲新大陸等事件為代表的1517世紀(jì)歐洲國家進(jìn)行的海上新航路的開辟和對其已知世界以

8、外的地球上新的地理單元的發(fā)現(xiàn)。（又稱大航海時代，即新航路的開辟），歐洲航海者開辟新航路和“發(fā)現(xiàn)”新大陸的通稱，它是地理學(xué)發(fā)展史中的重大事件.(下面是翻譯)In 15 seventeenth Century European navigators found in western history known as the new air route. With the discovery of the Americas or Kolumb events such as the representative of the 15 to the new route sea seventeenth Ce

9、ntury European countries opened up and outside of the known world earth unit of the new geographical discoveries. (also known as the age of sail, namely, the opening of new routes), European navigators to open up new routes and the discovery of the new continent is known, it is a major event in the

10、history of the development in geography.簡答：三次工業(yè)革命中的一次進(jìn)行描述(三選一)第一次工業(yè)革命（The first industrial revolution）The industrial revolution first appeared in the workshop handicraft industry emerging cotton textile industry. In 1733, the mechanic Kay invented the flying shuttle, greatly improving the weaving sp

11、eed, cotton was in short supply. In 1765, the weaver Hargreaves invented the spinning Jeanne, greatly increased production of cotton yarn. Jeanne spinning machine appeared firstly in the cotton textile industry in the machine of the invention, innovation of chain reaction, opened in the industrial r

12、evolution. Thereafter, in the cotton textile industry has emerged in the mule machine, water conservancy machine weaving machine. Soon, in the mining, metallurgical and many other industrial sectors, also have the machine production. With the increase of machine production, original power such as an

13、imal, hydro and wind have been unable to meet the needs of. Bermingham in the UK, 1785, Watt made improved steam engine put into use, and provide more convenient power, get be popularized quickly, greatly promoted the spread and development of machine. The human society enters the age of steam. The

14、first industrial revolutionAlong with the industrial production of machine production gradually replaced manual operation, a new production organization form - bourgeois factory was born. Around 1840, the British big machines has been largely replaced by factories and handicraft production, the indu

15、strial revolution completed. The British became the world s first industrial nation.第二次工業(yè)革命（The second industrial revolution）The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until . It is cons

16、idered to have begun around the time of the introduction of in the 1860s and culminated in early factory , and the .The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by the build out of railroads, large scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased

17、 use of steam power, and by electrical communications.The Second Industrial Revolution saw rapid industrial development, primarily in , and the , but also in , the and . It followed on from the that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe and North Americ

18、a.第三次工業(yè)革命（The third industrial revolution）（不推薦寫第三次工業(yè)革命）The Digital Revolution is the change from analog mechanical and electronic technology to digital technology that has taken place since c. 1980 and continues to the present day. Implicitly, the term also refers to the sweeping changes brought abo

19、ut by digital computing and communication technology during the latter half of the 20th century. Analogous to the Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution, the Digital Revolution marked the beginning of the Information Age.Central to this revolution is the mass production and widespread use

20、 of digital logic circuits, and its derived technologies, including the computer, digital cellular phone, and fax machine.英國資產(chǎn)階級革命（English bourgeois revolution）Bourgeois revolution in Britain from 1640 Charles I held three meetings of the beginning to the abdication of James II in 1688 ended the eve

21、nt in order to overthrow the new aristocracy of the feudal ruling class, represented by established British social revolution in the capitalist system, also known and said the English Civil War, the Puritan Revolution.Reason(1) the economic development of British capitalism, the bourgeoisie, the gro

22、wth of a new aristocracy, so they asked the political power, economic development and capitalism. (2) Stuart James I, Charles Is feudal autocratic rule a serious impediment to the development of capitalism, the bourgeoisie damage, the new aristocracy of the interests of the intensification of class

23、contradictions in a number of new students.OverviewTime: 1640 Charles reconvene the Estates of James II abdicated in 1688 (the Glorious Revolution) root cause: Stuart serious obstacle to the rule of the feudal towards the development of capitalism, class conflicts intensified. Mission: the overthrow

24、 of the feudal autocratic rule, the development of British capitalism. Leading the class: the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy. Two representatives: Cromwell, Charles I the main revolution: peasants, artisans and urban poor. Results: 1689s bill of rights that the British established a constitutio

25、nal monarchy dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Because this is a struggle between the bourgeoisie and feudal autocracy.論述題一戰(zhàn)與二戰(zhàn)的區(qū)別與關(guān)聯(lián)性（World War and difference and relevance）Difference:Different backgrounds: Before the outbreak of the First World War, the worlds only capitalist system; major capitali

26、st countries form the two wars of aggression Group continues to manufacture a crisis; Balkan region is the focus of the two sides compete and become the arsenal of war. Before World War II broke out, with the exception of the capitalist system, there is a socialist country. The purpose and nature of

27、 the war is different: a wartime belligerents main purpose is to divide the colony, competing markets and sources of raw materials, the two sides of the unjust imperialist predatory war. When World War II fascist countries not only want to beat each other, but also to establish a fascist regime in t

28、he world; contrast, countries and peoples of the world liberal capitalism, carried out in the defeat of the fascist compete for human security and social progress for the purpose of the anti-fascist just war.Relevance:1.The First World War, the imperialist built up Versailles - Washington System and

29、 cannot handle the relationship between the victors of the vanquished punishment is too intense, overly restrictive measures in Germany is certainly unlikely to last long. This is a political reason for the outbreak of World War II. 2. The late 1930s led to the global economic crisis to go the way o

30、f different countries to resolve the crisis, the economy nearly collapsed in the rise of fascism in Germany make Germany a step onto the road of militarism, is bound to provoke a war, the most drastic means to solve economic problems. This is the outbreak of World War II economic reasons. 3. When Ge

31、rmany, Japan, Italy, the fascist state in local wars waged after a few large countries adopted a policy of appeasement that the three countries have nothing to fear, and gradually escalating the war, eventually leading to the evolution of local war into a world war.2.冷戰(zhàn)后的恐怖主義（Terrorism after the Col

32、d War）首先，從經(jīng)濟(jì)方面上分析，貧富分化的加劇是恐怖主義賴以滋生的經(jīng)濟(jì)根源。隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的“雙刃劍”效應(yīng)使國際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的不平等性質(zhì)更加突出，經(jīng)濟(jì)落后的弱勢群體面臨被邊緣化的危險。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的嚴(yán)重不平衡和貧富懸殊的擴(kuò)大，極大地刺激了民族主義情緒的增長，為恐怖主義泛濫提供了某種社會基礎(chǔ)。其次，從政治方面上講，霸權(quán)主義、強(qiáng)權(quán)政治是國際恐怖主義蔓延的政治誘因。霸權(quán)主義者干涉他國內(nèi)政、對別國進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁或軍事打擊的行為所招致的廣泛不滿，客觀上為極端民族主義者進(jìn)行恐怖活動提供了便利?？植婪肿涌衫帽久褡鍖ν鈦砀缮娴姆纯骨榫w，輔之宗教手段展開恐怖犯罪活動，并使國際恐怖主義行為具

33、有了某種反西方強(qiáng)權(quán)的色彩。冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國成為世界上惟一的超級大國，美為建立以其為主導(dǎo)的單極世界，大搞霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治，其行徑越發(fā)遭到國際社會的反感和憎惡，在一定程度上助長了現(xiàn)代國際恐怖主義的發(fā)展。因此，美國成為世界恐怖主義的主要矛頭絕非偶然。再次，從文化方面上看，現(xiàn)代恐怖活動的發(fā)展表現(xiàn)出一定的“文化沖突”的特點(diǎn)，這與西方國家強(qiáng)行推行西方價值觀，在熱點(diǎn)問題上奉行雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從而激發(fā)了阿拉伯世界等廣大發(fā)展中國家的民族情緒有直接聯(lián)系。第四，從科技方面上講，隨著以科學(xué)技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展為標(biāo)志的知識時代的來臨，恐怖主義贏得了更加便利的條件。許多現(xiàn)代化的高技術(shù)手段在恐怖活動中得以運(yùn)用，其造成的破壞力也更加嚴(yán)重

34、。(下面是翻譯)First of all, from the analysis of the economy, the increased differentiation between rich and poor is economic source for breeding terrorism. With the development of world economic integration, economic globalization is a double-edged sword effect of the international economic relations of

35、inequality properties is more prominent, vulnerable groups with backward economy faces the danger of being marginalized. The development of the world economy is seriously unbalanced and the gap between the rich and the poor expansion, greatly stimulated the growth of nationalist sentiment, provided

36、a social basis for the spread of terrorism.其次，從政治方面上講，霸權(quán)主義、強(qiáng)權(quán)政治是國際恐怖主義蔓延的政治誘因。霸權(quán)主義者干涉他國內(nèi)政、對別國進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁或軍事打擊的行為所招致的廣泛不滿，客觀上為極端民族主義者進(jìn)行恐怖活動提供了便利。恐怖分子可利用本民族對外來干涉的反抗情緒，輔之宗教手段展開恐怖犯罪活動，并使國際恐怖主義行為具有了某種反西方強(qiáng)權(quán)的色彩。冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國成為世界上惟一的超級大國，美為建立以其為主導(dǎo)的單極世界，大搞霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治，其行徑越發(fā)遭到國際社會的反感和憎惡，在一定程度上助長了現(xiàn)代國際恐怖主義的發(fā)展。因此，美國成為世界恐怖主義的

37、主要矛頭絕非偶然。Secondly, from the political aspect, hegemonism, power politics is the political cause of spread of international terrorism. Widespread dissatisfaction with the hegemonists to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, economic sanctions or military action incurred, the objective for the extreme nationalist terrorist activities provide convenience. The terrorists can use the national resistance to outside interference, auxiliary means of religious terror crime, and the act of international terrorism ha