英語代詞的指稱一致性

1、第四講代詞及其指代一致2022/9/11 4.1代詞的指代 4.1.1 that的指代作用 that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如 2022/9/12 1.Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both. 這里that指代前面的the role。 2022/9/13

2、2.No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 此處that指代前面的bread.2022/9/14 4.1.2 one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。 如： 2022/9/15 A good writer is _ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. A that B he C one D this 2022/9/16 4.1.3 do的替代作用do代替動詞，注意

3、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。 如： For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 2022/9/174.2 代詞指代一致問題 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致 4.2.1 指示代詞的一致 指示代詞that 和those 的用法之一是代替上文中的名詞，此時，that和those 所對應(yīng)的分別為單數(shù)形式的名詞和復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。2022/9/18The diameter

4、of this star is nearly ten times that of the Earth. 這顆恒星的直徑差不多是地球直徑的十倍。 Compare Chopins waltzes with those of today. 將肖邦的華爾茲舞曲同今天的華爾茲舞曲進 行比較。2022/9/19 4.2.2 人稱代詞的一致 人稱代詞應(yīng)該與它在句中所對應(yīng)的名詞或代詞在數(shù)、人稱、性、格等方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from it

5、s effect. 這里he指代前面的person。 （人稱的一致）2022/9/110It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。2022/9/111Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me. 這里me必須用賓格形式。（格的一致） 2022/9/112 4

6、.2.3 不定代詞的一致 1）當(dāng)不定代詞everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one 等作主語時，與其對應(yīng)的人稱代詞的主格、賓格、和所有格形式，在正式文體中分別為he (or she ),him ( or her) 和his( or her ),在非正式文體中分別為they, them和their: 如：2022/9/113 Anyone can do it if he or she tries/if they try. 如果大家都肯試試，人人都能做的。 If somebody calls, te

7、ll him/them I am out. 要是有人打電話來，告訴他/他們我出去了。 Has everyone finished his or her/their drink? 每個人都喝完酒了嗎？2022/9/114 2）當(dāng)不定代詞one 作主語時，與其對應(yīng)的人稱代詞的主格、賓格和所有格形式，在英國英語中分別為one, one和ones,在美國英語中分別為he, him和his: 2022/9/115 If one wants to be a success, one/he must work diligently.想要成功，就必須勤奮工作。 What ought one to do whe

8、n a beggar asks one/him for money?當(dāng)一個乞丐向一個人討錢時，這個人該怎么辦？ One should do ones/his duty.每個人都應(yīng)當(dāng)盡職。 2022/9/1163）當(dāng)不定代詞everything, something, anything, nothing等作主語時，與其對應(yīng)的人稱代詞的主格、賓格和所有格形式分別為it, it和its:2022/9/117Nothing has been damaged, has it?什么都沒損壞，是不是？Something has happened ,and I want you to tell me abou

9、t it.出事了，我要你告訴我是怎么回事。Everything is good in its season.當(dāng)令果子趁鮮賣。2022/9/118 4）當(dāng)具有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種意義的集體名詞作主語時，與其對應(yīng)的人稱代詞的主格、賓格和所有格形式分別為it, it, its和they, them, their: 2022/9/119 This committee is/are very proud of its/their achievements, isnt it/arent they?委員會對取得的成就感到自豪，是不是？The public says/say that nobody cares ab

10、out it/them and its/their problems.公眾認(rèn)為沒有人關(guān)心他們和他們的問題。2022/9/120 4.2.4反身代詞的一致 1）反身代詞應(yīng)該在人稱和數(shù)上與它所對應(yīng)的名詞或代詞一致： 如： You shouldnt always think of yourself.你不應(yīng)該總為自己著想。 The wounded horse could not raise itself from the ground.那批受傷的馬無法從地上站起來。 2022/9/1212）當(dāng)不定代詞one 作主語時，與其對應(yīng)的反身代詞形式，在英國英語中為oneself,在美國英語中為himself.

11、 如： One should wash oneself/himself regularly. 一個人應(yīng)該經(jīng)常洗澡。 One cant enjoy oneself/himself if one/he is too tired. 一個人要是太疲勞就無法開心。2022/9/122 4.3代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規(guī)律： 4.3.1 鄰近和靠近原則 由either or, neithernor, not onlybut (also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。 202

12、2/9/123Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination .If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink .2022/9/124 4.3.2 當(dāng)no one, everyone, each, everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing

13、, something ,everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如： 2022/9/125Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isnt it? 2022/9/126 4.3.3 當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。 如： They each have two coats .we are each responsible for his own family .2022/9/127Exercise Four 1.The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _. A. of last years B. those of last years C. of those of last year D. that of last years 2022/9/128 2.Ant