2016年12大學(xué)英語四級真題及答案第一套

1、2016年12月大學(xué)英語四級考試真題(第1套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision.Youshouldwriteatleast120w

2、ordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoice

3、smarkedA,B,CandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A.Itwasdangeroustolivein.Itwasgoingtoberenovated.Hecouldnolongerpaytherent.Hehadsoldittotheroyalfamily.A.Astrike.Astorm.Aforestfire.Aterroristattack.Questions3

4、and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A.Theylostcontactwiththeemergencydepartment.Theyweretrappedinanundergroundelevator.Theywereinjuredbysuddenlyfallingrocks.Theysentcallsforhelpviaaportableradio.A.Theytriedhardtorepairtheelevator.Theyreleasedthedetailsoftheaccident.Theysentsuppliestokeepthem

5、inerswarm.Theyprovidedtheminerswithfoodandwater.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A.Raisepostagerates.Improveitsservices.Redesigndeliveryroutes.Closesomeofitspostoffices.A.Shorteningbusinesshours.Closingofficesonholidays.StoppingmaildeliveryonSaturdays.Computerizingmallsortingproc

6、esses.A.Manypostofficestaffwilllosetheirjobs.Manypeoplewillbegintocomplain.Taxpayerswillbeverypleased.Alotofcontroversywillarise.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce

7、.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A.Hewillbekeptfrompromotion.Hewillgothroughretraining.Hewillbegivenawarning.Hewilllos

8、epartofhispay.A.Heisalwaysontime.Heisatrustworthyguy.Heisanexperiencedpressoperator.Heisongoodtermswithhisworkmates.A.Sheisatradeunionrepresentative.Sheisinchargeofpublicrelations.Sheisaseniormanageroftheshop.Sheisbetterathandlingsuchmatters.A.Heisskilledandexperienced.Heisveryclosetothemanager.Heis

9、alwaystryingtostiruptrouble.Heisalwayscomplainingaboutlowwages.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A.Open.Friendly.Selfish.Reserved.A.Theystayquiet.Theyreadabook.Theytalkabouttheweather.Theychatwithfellowpassengers.A.Shewasalwaystreatedasaforeigner.ShewaseagertovisitanEnglishcas

10、tle.Shewasneverinvitedtoacolleagueshome.Shewasunwillingtomakefriendswithworkmates.A.Housesaremuchmorequiet.Housesprovidemoreprivacy.Theywanttohavemorespace.Theywantagardenoftheirown.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Bothth

11、epassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyyouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A.Theydonthavemuchchoiceofjobs.Theyarelikelytogetmuchhig

12、herpay.Theydonthavetogothroughjobinterviews.Theywillautomaticallybegivenhiringpriority.A.Asktheirprofessorsforhelp.Lookatschoolbulletinboards.Visittheschoolcareersservice.Gothroughcampusnewspapers.A.Helpingstudentsfindthebooksandjournalstheyneed.Supervisingstudyspacestoensureaquietatmosphere.Helping

13、studentsarrangeappointmentswithlibrarians.Providingstudentswithinformationaboutthelibrary.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A.Ittastesbetter.Itiseasiertogrow.Itmaybesoldatahigherprice.Itcanbettersurviveextremeweathers.A.Itishealthierthangreentea.Itcangrowindriersoil.Itwillreplacegr

14、eenteaoneday.Itisimmunetovariousdiseases.A.Ithasbeenwellreceivedbymanyteadrinkers.Itdoesnotbringthepromisedhealthbenefits.Ithasmadeteafarmerslifeeasier.Itdoesnothaveastablemarket.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A.Theyneeddecorationstoshowtheirstatus.Theypreferuniqueobjectsofhighq

15、uality.Theydecoratetheirhomesthemselves.Theycaremoreaboutenvironment.A.Theywereproudoftheircreations.Theycouldonlytrytocreateatnight.Theymadegreatcontributionstosociety.Theyfocusedonthequalityoftheirproducts.A.Makewisechoices.Identifyfakecrafts.Designhandicraftsthemselves.Learntheimportanceofcreatio

16、n.A.Toboostthelocaleconomy.Toattractforeigninvestments.Toarousepublicinterestincrafts.Topreservethetraditionalculture.PartIIIReadingComprehension（40minutes）SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowi

17、ngthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whensomeone

18、commitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchthewhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes-animalfighting-things26workoutthatvictimsare27andkilledforprofitandsport,yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobat

19、ion（緩刑）.Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution（起訴）ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuideLineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30The.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposi

20、ngtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwedliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.Alongwiththiseffort,wereworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto33anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthat

21、assistoverburdenedanimal34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis35importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.convenientcreatescriticallydeterminedirectionhesitateinadequateinspiredmethodminimalrarelyshelter

22、sstrengthensufferingstorturedSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanparagraphismarkedwithathequestionsbymarkin

23、gthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.WhenWorkBecomesaGameWhatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.Increasingly,companiesaretappingintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownasgamificati

24、on:essentially,turningworkintoagame.Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchastheworkplaceandeducation,explainsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSc

25、hoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinner,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainactivities.Itcouldalsomeantrainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughvideogameplatforms.Compan

26、iesfromGoogletoLOrealtoIBMtWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkplaces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$billionin2015to$billionby2020.Theconceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersand

27、teachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeoplesreward-seekingorcompetitivespirits.CrackerJackshasbeengamifyingitssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centurysteelmagnate(巨頭)CharlesSchwabissaidtohaveoftencomeintohisfactoryandwrittenthenumberoftonsofsteelprod

28、ucedonthepastshiftonthefactoryfloor,thusmotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.Butthewordgamificationandthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinparttovideogames,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkforceisespeciallyopentotheideaofh

29、avingtheirworkgamified.Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupplayingvideogames,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultsplaythesevideogamestoo,Werbachsays.Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup-GamEffective,BunchbailandBadgeville,tonameafew-inrecentyearsofferinggamificat

30、ionplatformsforbusinesses.Theplatformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployeesordinaryjobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative.Whatmakesagamegame-likeisthattheplayeractuallycaresabouttheoutcome,Werbachsays.Theprincipleisaboutunderstandingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofplayers,whichrequiressomeunderstandingo

31、fpsychology.Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbypeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsaiespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderboardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycollaborationandsocialexperience

32、s.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployeesmorale(士氣).Whenemployeeslogintotheircomputers,theyreshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthatpersonsname.Gamificationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsacompanythatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Somet

33、imesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasaiestrainingcompanywithastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformedstormchaserteamsandcompetedinstorm-themededucationalexercisestoearnvariousrewards.Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,Cornettisays.Rewardscanbeflexibleworkinghour

34、s.Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme.SnowWhiteisavailableforeveryonetouse,butthedwarfsarestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters(GrumpyGus,DopeyDan)toillustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.Somepeopledonottakenaturailytogamifiedworkenvironmen

35、ts,Cornettiherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerorpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword.Ifwearedesigningforengineers,Imnottalkingaboutagameatall,Cornettisays.Imtalkingaboutasimulation(模擬),Imtalkingaboutbeingabletosolvethisproblem.Gamificationisnotamagicbullet,Werbachgamificat

36、ionstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsplayersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitative,especiallywhenusedwithvulnerablepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidworkers,whodesperatelyneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyrep

37、laced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhotelsinAnaheim,Caiifornia,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisplayhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkingcomparedtooneemployeesfoundtheboardmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantostoptakingbathr

38、oombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasadigitalwhip.Itactuallyhadaverynegativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,Werbachsays.K）Still,gamificationonlystandstobecomemorepopular,hesays,asmoreandm

39、orepeoplecomeintotheworkforcewhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitaigames.Wearefarfromreachingthepeak,Cornettiagrees.Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway.Somefamouscompaniesarealreadyusinggamificationandmorearteryingtodothesame.Gamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkplacesasitmayhavenegative

40、results.Toenhancemorale,onecompanyasksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheircomputers.Theideaofgamificationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyago.Thereisreasontobelievethatgamificationwillbeheretostay.Videogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.Whent

41、urningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesinteresting.Gamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedtechnology.Themostsuccessfulgamificationplatformstransformdailyworkassignmentsintofunexperiences.Itisnecessarytousetermsotherthangamificationforsomeprofessions.SectionCDirections:The

42、reare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Recen

43、tlyIattendedseveralmeetingswherewetalkedaboutwaystoretainstudentsandkeepyoungerfacultymembersfromgoingelsewhere.Itseemshighereducationhasbecomeanindustryofmeeting-holderswhosetaskitistosolveproblems-realorimagined.Andinmypositionasaprofessoratthreedifferentcolleges,theactualproblemsineducatingouryou

44、ngpeopleandolderstudentshavedeepened,whilethenumberofpeoplehired-nottoteachbuttoholdmeetings-hasincreasedsignificantly.Everynewproblemcreatesanewjobforanadministrativefixer.TakeourCenterforTeachingExcellence.Contrarytoitstitle,thecenterisaclearinghouse（信息交流中心）forusingtechnologyinclassroomsandinonlin

45、esanadministrativesham（欺詐）ofthekindthathasmultipliedoverthelast30years.Iofferasimplepropositioninresponse:Manyofourproblems-classattendance,educationalsuccess,studenthappinessandwell-being-mightbeimprovedbycuttingdownthebureaucratic（官僚的）mechanismsandmeetingsandinsteadhiringanarmyofgoodteachers.Ifwer

46、eplacedhalfofouradministrativestaffwithclassroomteachers,wemightactuallygetamajorityofourclassesbackto20orfewerstudentsperteacher.Thiswouldbeanenvironmentinwhichteachersandstudentsactuallykneweachother.Theteachersmustbefreetoteachintheirownway-thecurriculumshouldbeflexibleenoughsothattheycanusetheir

47、individualtalentstoachievethegoalsofthecourse.Additionally,theyshouldbeallowedtoteach,andberewardedfordoingitwell.Teachersarenotpeoplewhoaregreatatandconsumedbyresearchandhappentoappearinaclassroom.Goodteachingandresearcharenotexclusive,buttheyarealsonotautomaticcompanions.Teachingisanartandacraft,t

48、alentandpractice;itisnotsomethingthatjustanyonecanbegoodat.Itisutterlyconfusingtomethatpeopledonotrecognizethis,despitethefactthatprettymuchanyonewhohasbeenastudentcantellthedifferencebetweentheirbestandworstteachers.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpresent-dayuniversities?Theyareeffectivelytacklingrealorim

49、aginedproblems.Theyoftenfailtocombineteachingwithresearch.Theyareover-burdenedwithadmirestrativestaff.Theylacktalenttofixtheirdeepeningproblems.Accordingtotheauthor,whatkindofpeopledouniversitieslackmost?Goodclassroomteachers.Efficientadministrators.Talentedresearchers.Motivatedstudents.Whatdoesthea

50、uthorimplyabouttheclassesatpresent?Theyfacilitatestudentsindependentlearning.Theyhelpstudentsformcloserrelationships.Theyhavemoreolderstudentsthanbefore.Theyaremuchbiggerthanisdesirable.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofteachingability?Itrequirestalentandpractice.Itiscloselyrelatedtoresearch.Itisachieffactora

51、ffectingstudentslearning.Itcanbeacquiredthroughpersistentpractice.Whatistheauthorssuggestionforimprovinguniversityteaching?Creatinganenvironmentforteacherstosharetheirteachingexperiences.Hiringmoreclassroomteachersandallowingthemtoteachintheirownway.Usinghightechnologyinclassroomsandpromotingexchang

52、eofinformation.Cuttingdownmeetingsandencouragingadministrativestafftogotoclassrooms.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thesecrettoeatinglessandbeinghappyaboutitmayhavebeencrackedyearsago-byMcDonalds.AccordingtoanewstudyfromCornellUniversitysFoodandBrandLab,smallnon-foodrewards-li

53、kethetoysinMcDonaldsHappyMeals-stimulatethesamerewardcentersinthebrainasfooddoes.Theresearchers,ledbyMartinReimann,carriedoutaseriesofexperimentstoseeifpeoplewouldchooseasmallermealffitwaspairedwithanon-fooditem.Theyfoundthatthemajorityofbothkidsandadultsoptedforahaft-sizedportionwhencombinedwithapr

54、ize.Bothoptionswerepricedthesame.Evenmoreinterestingisthatthepromiseofafuturerewardwasenoughtomakeadultschoosethesmallerportion.Oneoftheprizesusedwasalotteryticket（彩票）,witha$10,$50or$100payout,andthiswasaseffectiveasatangiblegiftinpersuadingpeopletoeatless.Thefactthatparticipantswerewillingtosubstit

55、utepartofafooditemforthemereprospectofarelativelysmallmonetaryawardisinteresting,saysReimann.Hetheorizesthatitistheemotionalcomponentoftheseintangibleprizesthatmakethemfact,vaguely-statedpossibilitiesofwinningaprizeweremoreeffectivethanoptionswithhardoddsincluded.Oneexplanationforthisfindingisthatpo

56、ssibleawardsmaybemoreemotionallyprovokingthancertraintyReimann.Theofaddedattractionandawards,saysuncertaintywinningprovidesdesirabilitythroughemotionalthrills.Thepossibilityofreceivinganawardalsoproducesastateofhope-astatethatisinitselfpsychologicallyrewarding.Inotherwords,theresareasonwhypeoplelike

57、togamble.Howmightthisknowledgebeusedtohelppeopleeatmorehealthily?Onepossibilityisahealthyoptionthatoffersthechancetowinaspa（溫泉療養(yǎng)）weekend.Ormaybetherewardofahalf-sizedportioncouldbeahalf-sizeddesserttobeclaimedonlyonafuturedate.Thatwouldgetyoubackintherestaurant-andmakeyoueatalittleless.Whatdowelearn

58、aboutMcDonaldsinclusionoftoysinitsHappyMeals?Itmayshedlightonpeoplesdesiretocrackasecret.IthasprovedtobekeytoMcDonaldsbusinesssuccess.Itappealstokidscuriositytofredoutwhatishiddeninside.Itmaybeapleasantwayforkidstoreducetheirfoodintake.WhatisthefindingoftheresearchersledbyMartinReimann?Reducingfoodi

59、ntakeisnotthatdifficultifpeoplegotoMcDonaldsmore.Mostkidsandadultsdontactuallyfeelhungrywhentheyeathalfoftheirmeal.Eatingasmallerportionoffooddoesgoodtothehealthofkidsandadultsalike.Mostkidsandadultswouldchooseasmallermealthatcamewithanon-fooditem.WhatismostinterestinginMartinReimannsfmding?Kidspref

60、erredanawardintheformofmoneytooneintheformofatoy.Adultschosethesmallerportiononthemerepromiseofafutureaward.Bothkidsandadultsfeltsatisfiedwithonlyhalfoftheirmealportions.Neitherchildrennoradultscouldresistthetemptationofafreetoy.HowdoesMartinReimanninterprethisfinding?Theemotionalcomponentoftheprize