醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)資料：enzymes in the clinical diagnosis

1、Replenish Exocrine Intermittence Coagulation thrombokinase dissolutionPseudocholinesterase Inactivation Disposal lysosome Mitochondria Rupture complement Differentiate Transaminase oxaloacetate myocardial infarct alanine necrosis hepatobiliary osteomalacia hyperparathyroidism metastasisleukaemiapern

2、icious polypeptidecrystallinephysiology permeablepostoperative glutamate谷氨酸, 谷氨酸鹽aspartate天(門(mén))冬氨酸鹽SGOT: Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 血清谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶Aspartate transaminase (AST) 天門(mén)冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶, 天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶SGPT Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase 血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶ALT alanine aminotransferase丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶 Alkaline phospha

3、tase 血清堿性磷酸酶（ALP）ACP acid Phosphatase Amylase 淀粉酶Pagets disease佩吉特病 mumps lactate dehydrogenaseEnzymes in the clinical diagnosis Enzymes are synthesized by the cells of all living organisms. They act like catalysts and accelerate the multitude of metabolic reactions upon which life depends. without

4、exception, all enzymes are proteins and their catalytic activity depends on the presence of a precise conformational structure in the folded polypeptide chains.酶是由活的生物體細(xì)胞所合成，可以作為催化劑加速生命相關(guān)的物質(zhì)代謝反應(yīng)。毫無(wú)例外，所有的酶都是蛋白質(zhì)，它的催化能力取決于折疊的多肽鏈所形成的精確空間結(jié)構(gòu)。catalyst: 催化劑metabolic reactions :代謝反應(yīng)catalytic activity :催化活性pr

5、ecise conformational structure: 精確構(gòu)象結(jié)構(gòu)folded polypeptide chains ：折疊的多肽鏈 Even minor alterations in this structure may result in the loss of activity. In living organisms, enzymes are rapidly degraded and their supply is replenished by new synthesis. Over 700 enzymes have been isolated in a pure or cr

6、ystalline form. minor alterations: 輕微（小）的改變r(jià)esult in：導(dǎo)致，引起 rapidly degraded：快速降解crystalline form：晶體形式 The enzymes present in plasma can be grouped as (1) Functional i.e., plasma active and (2) Nonfunctional i.e., (a) Enzymes of exocrine secretions and (b) Intracellular enzymes.（1）Functional Enzymes

7、(Plasma active enzymes) exocrine secretions：外分泌 Intracellular enzymes：胞內(nèi)酶 These enzymes are present at all times in the circulation of normal individuals. Their substrates are also present in the circulation, either continuously or intermittently. The “functional” enzymes, which perform a physiologi

8、c function in blood, substrate：底物 intermittently：間歇地；斷斷續(xù)續(xù) physiologic function：生理功能 include the proenzymes of blood coagulation (thrombokinase) and of blood clot dissolution, lipoprotein lipase and pseudocholinesterase etc. They are generally synthesized in the liver, but are present in equivalent o

9、r higher concentrations than in enzyme：酶原lipoprotein lipase：脂蛋白酯酶 LPL包括凝血激酶，血塊溶解，脂蛋白酯酶與假膽堿酯酶等酶原。他們通常在肝臟合成，濃度大于等于組織中的濃度。Nonfunctional Enzymes These enzymes perform no known physiologic function in blood. Their substrates frequently are absent from plasma. The enzymes are present in the blo

10、od of normal individuals at levels up to a million fold lower than in tissues. These enzymes are (a) the enzymes of exocrine secretions and no known: unknownsubstrates: 底物 at levels up to：水平達(dá)到非功能酶在血液中完成未知的生理功能。它們的底物通常在血漿中不存在。在正常個(gè)體中，血液中非功能酶的濃度比組織低百萬(wàn)倍，這些酶都是外分泌酶。(b) intracellular enzymes. The nonfuncti

11、onal enzymes enter the plasma in small amounts due to the continuous aging of cells or due to the diffusion through damaged cell membrane. The low levels of nonfunctional enzymes found ordinarily in plasma arise apparently from the routine, normal destruction of erythrocytes, leuocytes and other cel

12、ls. continuous aging：不斷老化damaged cell membrane：受損細(xì)胞膜胞內(nèi)酶，這種非功能酶由于細(xì)胞不斷老化或透過(guò)受損細(xì)胞膜少量進(jìn)入血漿中。Vigorous exercise also results in the release of small quantities of muscle enzymes. The plasma concentration of most enzymes remains fairly constant in the case of a normal individual. It will be altered if there

13、is a)change of synthesis of enzymes within the cell.release: 釋放fairly constant:相當(dāng)恒定的 劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致少量的肌酶的釋放。在正常的個(gè)體中，大多數(shù)酶血漿濃度維持恒定，若發(fā)生以下情況會(huì)改變a)細(xì)胞內(nèi)酶合成發(fā)生改變b) Change in the size of enzyme forming tissue.c) Cellular damage.d) An alteration in the rate of inactivation and disposal of enzymes.e) An obstruction to a

14、 normal pathway of enzyme excretion. inactivation: 滅活、失活 disposal：處理、清除 obstruction：阻礙、受阻酶形成組織的大小改變。細(xì)胞受損。酶滅火和降解率發(fā)生改變。酶分泌正常途徑的障礙。 The enzymes of cellular metabolism are located within the tissue cells and are present there at high concentrations. Some exist free in the cellular and others are contain

15、ed in the intracellular structures such as lysosomes and mitochondria. If the cell activity is impaired or damaged in some way, the cell membrane becomes permeable or it ruptures. lysosome：溶酶體 mitochondria：線粒體permeable：可滲透的 rupture：斷裂、破裂細(xì)胞代謝的酶位于組織細(xì)胞內(nèi)，且濃度較高。一些游離存在于細(xì)胞中，而另一些則包含在細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)如溶酶體與線粒體中。若細(xì)胞活性以某種方式

16、受損，細(xì)胞膜則變得通透或破裂。The cell contents including their enzyme complements are released into intracellular fluid and eventually reach the plasma. If a large volume of cells is affected, the plasma levels of these “nonfunctional” enzymes increase suddenly. It has not been practical to assay enzymes in a tis

17、sue on a routine basis.enzyme complements：酶補(bǔ)充物 on a routine basis：在常規(guī)的基礎(chǔ)上 Instead, changes in enzyme concentrations in the blood can be studied by using photometric and spectrophotometric methods. The serum non-functional enzyme determinations may be helpful to: 1) Assess the severity of the organ d

18、amage,photometric：光度測(cè)定的 spectrophotometric：分光光度測(cè)定的assess：評(píng)定、評(píng)價(jià) 2) follow the trend of the disease, 3) differentiate a particular type of disease and 4) determine postoperative risk. Normally the serum transaminase levels are low but after extensive tissue destruction these enzymes are liberated into

19、 the serum.differentiate：區(qū)分、區(qū)別、鑒別postoperative risk：術(shù)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn)serum transaminase：血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶An example is heart muscle, which is rich in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT of Aspartate transferase, i.e., AST). Consequently, myocardial infarcts are followed by rapid and striking increases in SGOT levels.

20、SGOT starts increasing by second day of the infarct and reaches peak volue by fifth day and drops to normal by eight day. glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase谷氨酸草酰乙酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶Aspartate transferase：天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶myocardial infarcts：心肌梗塞Liver tissue is rich in both transaminases, but it contains more of SGPT (or Ala

21、nine transferase, i.e., ALT) than of SGOT. Although both transaminases are elevated in sera of patient with acute hepatic diseases, SGPT, which is only slightly elevated in cardiac necrosis, is therefore a more specific indicator of liver damage.Alanine transferase：丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶cardiac necrosis：心肌壞死 In bot

22、h hepatic and post-hepatic conditions high levels of SGPT are observed. Serum alkaline phosphatase estimations are of interest in the diagnosis of two groups of conditions (a) Hepatobiliary disease and (b) bone disease associated with increased osteoblastic activity. alkaline phosphatase：堿性磷酸酶 Hepat

23、obiliary disease：肝膽疾病increased osteoblastic activity：增加成骨細(xì)胞活性 Moderately elevated levels are observed in hepatic condition and the elevation tends to be more marked in post hepatic conditions. Among the bone diseases the highest levels of serum ALP activity are encountered in Pagets disease. Pagets

24、disease：佩吉特病 Only moderate rises are observed in osteomalacin. In rickets, levels two to four times to the normal are observed which drop to normal values after treatment with vitamin D. Very high levels of S. ALP are found in bone cancer, slight to moderate elevations of the enzyme are found in hyp

25、erparathyroidism.hyperparathyroidism：甲狀旁腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)Elevations of the acid phosphatase are found in the sera of the males with prostatic cancer with metastases. Slight or moderate elevations in total ACP activity often occur in Pagets disease and in hyperparathyroidism.acid phosphatase：酸性磷酸酶prostatic cance

26、r：前列腺癌Serum amylase determination is carried out clinically in relation to diseases of the pancreas and in the evaluation of pancreatic function. Very high values are observed in acute pancreatitis. Considerable increases are found at 24 to 48 hours after onset of the attack with a correspondingly l

27、arge increase in urinary amylase.Serum amylase：血清淀粉酶 acute pancreatitis：急性胰腺炎 The rise starts within an hour of onset of pain and usually returns to normal in 4 to 8 days. High values are also obtained in carcinoma of the pancreas, mumps and in renal failure.An increase in serum lactate dehydrogenas

28、e is found in myocardial infarction, beginning within 6-12 hrs, then the infarct and reaching a maximum at about 48 hrs.mumps: 腮腺炎 serum lactate dehydrogenase:血清乳酸脫氫酶 The increase is roughly similar to SGOT, but normal values are reached after 12 to 16 days. An increased activity has been found in l

29、iver diease, particularly in infective hepatitis. The increase is not as great as that of transaminases. Increases have also been found in leukemia, pernicious anemia and in renal disease.infective hepatitis:傳染性肝炎 pernicious anemia:惡性貧血 血清酸性磷酸酶活性增高主要見(jiàn)于：前列腺癌，特別是有轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)，血清酸性磷酸酶可明顯增高。心肌梗塞時(shí)，常見(jiàn)乳酸脫氫酶的增高；心肌梗塞

30、后6-12h開(kāi)始升高，48h達(dá)到高峰。急性胰腺炎發(fā)病后812小時(shí)血清的淀粉酶開(kāi)始升高；12-24小時(shí)到達(dá)高峰；2-5天下降至正常。目前，可同時(shí)檢測(cè)多腫瘤標(biāo)志物的蛋白芯片系統(tǒng)已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。滅菌是指用物理或化學(xué)等方法，殺死物體上的一切微生物，以及它們的芽胞。臨床檢驗(yàn)人員通過(guò)尿樣標(biāo)本的測(cè)試來(lái)確定是否存在尿道感染或腎臟的損傷。At present, protein chip system is widely applied in clinical practice which can quantitatively measured multi-tumor marker simultaneously.Clinical laboratory practitioners perform testing on urine samples to detect disorders such as urinary tract infections or damage to the kidneys. A.歡迎Barlow教授來(lái)我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室參觀。Barlow 教授來(lái)自美國(guó)太平洋大學(xué)，近幾年來(lái)