歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件

1、歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleALecture 3: The Middle Ages In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times

2、and modern times. To be specific，from the 5th century to 15th century. The transitional period is called the 17th century， between the middle ages and modern times.Lecture 3: The Middle Ages In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西羅馬476

3、滅，東羅馬1653年滅. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼)Manor and Church 1. Feudalism Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding-a system of holding

4、land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. a)Growth of feudalism most of peasants became serfs (attacks from invaders and robbers-sought protection from powerful landowners-gave their land and freedom) Manor and Church 1. Feudali

5、sm very few peasants were freemen-workers (made ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnnesses) In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as reward for their service. b)Manor : The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the

6、 fiefs of the lords (農(nóng)場(chǎng)主)。 By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles. very few peasants were free歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件Medieval CastleMedieval Ca

7、stle歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件c) Knighthood and code of chivalry: Almost all nobles were knights in the medieval days. But they had to experienced a long and hard training. As a knight，he were pledged to protect the weak，to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women

8、of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed. c) Knighthood and code of chivAfter a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (選擇) to award him with a title， knight. This special cere

9、mony is called dubbing. knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模擬戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)) 2. The Church After 1054， the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.After a knight was successful 歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件歐洲文化入門Europ

10、eCulture3TheMiddleAges課件歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件 a) The organization of Church The word “catholic” means “universal” The Catholic Church was a highly centralized and disciplined international organization. b) Church Fathers and Early Monasticism St. Jerome Augustine of Hippo St. Benedict

11、Benedictine Rule c) the power and influence of the Catholic Church under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. a) The organization of ChurchKings, nobles and church officials worked together to rule the people.Clergymen were the only

12、teachers, as they were the best-educated men in their day.People pay taxes to churches.nobles and Kings often gave lands, crops or cattle to support the church.Many high church officals were themselves big landowners and influencial nobles.The pope not only ruled Rome and part of Italy as a king, he

13、 was also Kings, nobles and church offic the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. The church set up a church court- the inquisition to stamp out heresy. The Medieval Church was the center of daily life in the country and town alike, and it had a part in all important events. the head of

14、 all Christian chThe Crusades Many religious people in this time went on pilgrimages to holy sites such as Jerusalem. In 1071, however, Jerusalem fell from the hands of Arabs who allowed Christian pilgrims and in to the hands of Turkish Muslims who killed many pilgrims and sold others as slaves. New

15、s of this kind enraged many people in Western Europe and so they waged holy wars known as Crusades which lasted for 200 years. The soldiers in these wars fought with a red cross on their tunic symbolizing their allegiance to God. The Crusades Many religiou There were 8 chief crusades: 1096 1099, 114

16、7 1149, 1189 1192, 1202 1204, 1218 1221, 1228 1229, 1248 1254 and the eighth crusade in 1270. By 1291 the last Christian stronghold in Palestine fell and the Christians had lost the crusades but despite this they were incredibly influential on the path of European Culture. There were 8 chief crusade

17、s:歐洲文化入門EuropeCulture3TheMiddleAges課件Effect of the Crusades: Closer contact between the East and the West leading to a revival in the study of the works of philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle whos works had been preserved in Arabic. While many feudal lords went to fight in Palestine knights who

18、 were left at home strengthened their power base. Contact with the different cultures of Byzantines and Muslims the Western Europeans changed many of their ideas. The crusades renewed peoples interest in learning and invention. Effect of the Crusades: Closer By C13th universities (e.g. Oxford and Ca

19、mbridge) which developed from cathedral schools spread all over Europe. There was new interest in science and mathematics such as algebra. There was a greater demand for eastern luxuries such as silk and the increase in trade caused by this led to bigger cities and thus stronger national governments

20、 leading to a further break down in feudalism. By C13th universities (e.g. Learning and Science: 1) Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance: Charlemagne (742-814) temporarily restored order to Western and Central Europe and wanted to be crowned “Emperor of the Romans and the pope gave him this t

21、itle in 800AD.加洛林文藝復(fù)興 2) Alfred the Great and the Wessex Centre of Learning: Learning and Science: 1) Char Alfred the Great (849 -899 AD) was dismayed by what he called the decay of learning among Englishmen that he set up new schools in the kingdom of Wessex (in south west England) and encouraged s

22、cholarly activities such as translating popular works from Latin into the vernacular (the common language). He also inspired the creation of Anglo-Saxon chronicles. 3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism: St Thomas Aquinas (1225 1274 AD) was an Italian scholar and a supreme figure in scholasticism

23、which was the philosophy attempting to reconcile faith and reason Alfred the Great (849 -899 A4) Rodger Bacon and Experimental Science: Science was largely superstition in the middle ages and very few advances were made (Much knowledge from the classical period was even lost!). Real scientific progr

24、ess did not begin until the 12th and 13th centuries (coinciding with establishment of universities). Rodger Bacon (C. 1220 1292 AD) was a Monk and one of the earliest advocates of scientific research. He called for careful observation and experimentation and his main work was the Opus Maius which wa

25、s an encyclopedia of scientific knowledge in his time. 4) Rodger Bacon and ExperimentLiterature of the Middle Ages: National Epics: These are legends which were written in the national languages which came into being in the Middle Ages (what would become English, French, German, Spanish etc.). They

26、mark a move from Latin literature to the literature of different European languages each with their own distinctive national characterisitics. Literature of the Middle Ages: Beowolf: An Anglo-Saxon (English from Angle Land) epic in alliterative verse which is set in Denmark and Sweden. It tells how

27、the hero kills the monster Grendel and then Grendels mother (a sea monster) and goes on to be killed when fighting a fire dragon.Songs of Roland (La Chanson De Roland): The most well known of the French epics known as La Chanson De Gestes. Beowolf: It tells of how Roland (one of Charlemagnes soldiers) fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees (Mountains on the border between modern France and Spain): Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: Dante Ali