初中英語語法英語從句計(jì)劃

1、初中英語語法總結(jié)（從句）從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限制性和非限制性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞指引，修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、退步、原由、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包含主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及therebe句型。主系表構(gòu)造、主謂（賓）構(gòu)造、therebe構(gòu)造是英語的三大基本句式，不論一個(gè)句子有多長、多復(fù)雜，它老是屬于這三大句式中的一種。學(xué)習(xí)基本句式，句子成分是一個(gè)重點(diǎn)的見解，它是指句子的構(gòu)成單位，不同樣的句式由不同樣的句子成分構(gòu)成。如：主系表構(gòu)造的成分有主語、系動(dòng)詞、表語；主謂（賓）構(gòu)造的成分有主語、謂語、賓語；therebe構(gòu)造

2、的主要成分是主語。英語中的句子成分主要有：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、同位語，等等。這些句子成分可以由單詞、詞組或句子充任，當(dāng)這些成分由句子充任時(shí)，我們就有了相應(yīng)的從句，如：充任主語成分的句子為主語從句，充任賓語成分的句子為賓語從句，等等。英語從句三大種類按一般說法，可分為三大類14種從句。一,名詞性從句1主語從句Whetheritsrightornotremainstobeseen.2賓語從句Iwonderwhetheritsrightornot.3同位語從句Thisisaquestionwhetheritsrightornot.4表語從句Thequestioniswhetherit

3、srightornot.二,定語從句1限制性定語從句SheisthestudentwhocanspeakEnglishwell.2非限制性定語從句Sheisthestudent,whocanspeakEnglishwell.三,狀語從句1時(shí)間狀語從句Thefactwillcomeoutwhenhecomeshere.2地址狀語從句Youcangowhereveryoulike.3原由狀語從句Paymoreattentiontoyourlessonsbecauseyouareastudent.4方式狀語從句Hewalksasifhewereaking.5目的狀語從句ShewenttoJapans

4、othatshecouldlearnJapanesewell.6結(jié)果狀語從句ShewenttoJapansothatshelearnedJapanesewell.7條件狀語從句Iwillunderstanditifhetellsme.8退步狀語從句Heknowsalotthoughheislittle.1定語從句Therearesomeoldbooksinthebox.TheboydressedinblueisfromAmerica.分清幾個(gè)見解：先行詞與關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。先行詞是指定語從句所修飾的中心詞；關(guān)系代詞主要有who,whom,whose,which,that;關(guān)系副詞主要有whe

5、n,where,why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個(gè)作用，一是連結(jié)主句和從句的作用，二是在定語從句中做成分。定語從句分為：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,限制性定語從句假如去掉會(huì)影響句子意義的圓滿性，非限制性定語從句即便去掉也不會(huì)影響句子意義的圓滿性，如：Julyisthemonthwhenwehavealotofrain.Therearemanyplays(that)Idliketosee.Themeetingwasputoff,whichsurprisedusalot.ThisnoteisleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago.非限制性定語從句，其作用為：對所修飾的成

6、分作進(jìn)一步的說明，它與主句用逗號分開。此類從句省略后其他部分仍可建立。在非限制性定語從句中，which可代表前面的整個(gè)句子；代表人時(shí)只好用who，whom，而不可以用that；as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。比方:1.Thetelephone，asweknow，wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell2.FranklinDRoosevelt，whodiedthereonApril12，19453.Livinginadamp（濕潤的）houseforalongtimeisharmfultoonewhichisknowntoeveryone，shealth限制性定語從句中th

7、at可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語經(jīng)?？墒÷?，which則不可以，并且此后的“不及物動(dòng)+介詞中的介詞不可以省略。which作賓語時(shí)，先行詞與which之間的介詞不可以省。比方：1.Thefirstdollthatcouldsay“mama”wasinventedin18302.Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart，duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn合恩角代表all，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時(shí)，用that而

8、不用which，that作賓語可省略。比方：1.Icareanythingthathassomethingtodowithit2.Youdbetterdosomethinghepreferstodotopleasehim3.Thatisthelasttimewemeteachother4.Icameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterdaywho和whom指引的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地址的定語從句，而when用來表示時(shí)間。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。比方:1.HenryFordisthepersonwho

9、ismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction2.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg3.Thenextmorning，whenshecamedowntobreakfast，Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew，greatdiscovery4.Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment注意幾點(diǎn)：that可代替who,wh

10、om（指人），也可代替which（指物）whose既可指人又可指物指引定語從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞做從句的賓語時(shí)，不用that,只which/不可以用which,只好用that的狀況.幾個(gè)例子：Isshethegirlthat/whosellsflowers?Thetrainthat/whichhasjustleftisforXian.Thepeople(who/that/whom)youweretalkingtowereRussians.ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Ihavenevermettheboywhosemotherisafamousactress.My

11、bookisonthetablewhoselegsarebroken.HewenttoChinain1945,whentheWarWorldIIwasover.Look,thisisthehousewherethewriterwasborn.Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench(扳手).2狀語從句Heswimsfast.Nervous,heopenedtheletter.Legsbroken,thesoldiercrawledbackhome.Sheusedtostayupuntilmidnight.Withabookinhishand,thet

12、eachercamein.狀語從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語從句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，since，once，until，while等連詞指引)，結(jié)果狀語從句(由sothat和suchthat連結(jié))，退步狀語從句(由though，although，nomatter，evenif，however，whatever等詞指引)，原由狀語從句(由as，because，since和for指引)，條件狀語從句(由if，whether，aslongas，providedthat等詞指引)，地址狀語從(由where指引)，行為方式狀語從句(由as指引)。有時(shí)條件狀語從句中，主

13、句不可以夠用未來時(shí)，而用一般時(shí)代替。狀語從句中的“主語+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致，且從句謂語“be省”略后的構(gòu)造為“連詞+此刻分詞過去分詞介詞短語形容詞名詞短語”。)比方：1.Ifnecessary，Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice.2.Althoughseriouslywounded，henevercomplained條件狀語從句：1）Letsgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.(除非,若不；相當(dāng)于if-not)即：Ifyouaretootired,wellnotgooutforawalk.2）Youmaybo

14、rrowmybookaslongasyoukeepitclean.(只需，表示條件的獨(dú)一性)3）Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains.（以防-，免得-）4）Icantellyouthetruthonconditionthatyoupromisetokeepasecret條.(件是-)5）Supposingitrains,shallwecontinuethesportsmeeting?(假如,假如)6）Hewontbeagainstusinthemeetingprovided/providingthatweaskforhisadviceinadvance.(假如,除非以為條

15、件)7）Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterviewonceyouhaveconfidence.(一旦-就-)方式狀語從句方式狀語從句平常由as,(just)asso,asif,asthough指引。1）as,(just)as引so導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句平常位于主句后，但在(just)asso構(gòu)造中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文體，比方：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家如何待你，你就要如何待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我們離不開空氣，仿佛魚兒離不開水。2

16、）asif,asthough二者的意義和用法同樣，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛假語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語氣，表示所討狀況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作憂如似的，憂如似的，比方：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.他們圓滿忽視了這些事實(shí)，就憂如它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛假語氣。）Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛假語氣。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupvery

17、soon.看來天氣很快就會(huì)好起來。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳說語氣。）說明：asif/asthough也可以指引一個(gè)分詞短語、不定式短語或無動(dòng)詞短語，比方：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不斜視地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。比較狀語從句1）Youseemtoknowmusicaswellasyouknowastronomy(天文學(xué)).(as-as構(gòu)造)2）Therewasnogardensolovelyashisinthiscity.(nos

18、o-as構(gòu)造)3）Finallyhehasmadeasmuchmoneyashewanted.(as+adj+n.+as構(gòu)造)4）Yourwatchisnotthesameashis.(thesameas構(gòu)造)5）Inevermetsuchamanasyouryoungerbrother.(such-as構(gòu)造)6）Shestudiesmorediligentlythanherclassmates.(morethan構(gòu)造)7）Nootherbookhashadagreaterinfluenceonmylife.(否認(rèn)詞和比較級連用表示最高等含義。)8）Thisteacherexplainedth

19、eproblemmoreclearlythananyotherteacher.(比較級與“anyotherone”連用表示最高等含義。)9）Themoreyouread,thebetterwillyouwrite.(themore-themore構(gòu)造)11)Heearnednomorethan800dollarsamonth.他一個(gè)月只掙800美元。（no比較級+than構(gòu)造）.3名詞從句名詞從句包含主語從句、賓語從句，此中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1）主語從句Heisateacher.LearningEnglishwellcouldtakeyoualotoftime.由

20、what、wh-ever等代詞指引的主語從句,一般放在句首，不可以用it做形式主語：WhatIwanttoknowishisaddress.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Whatevershedidwasright.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.由連詞that指引的主語從句,在大部分狀況下，這個(gè)從句都放在句子后部，而用代詞it作形式上的主語：ThatImaynotbeabletocomeispossible.=ItispossiblethatImaynotbeabletocome.Thatweneedmoreequipmentis

21、quiteobvious.=Itisobviousthatweneedmoreequipment.Thathewillrefusetheofferisunlikely.=Itisunlikelythathewillrefusetheoffer.三個(gè)固定句型(屬于此類)：It+名稱+that：Itisapitythatwecantgo.It+形容詞+that：ItisclearthatTomhasreturned.It+過去分詞+that：Itissaid/believed/reported/knownthat.由連結(jié)代詞或連結(jié)副詞（或whether）指引的主語從句,這個(gè)從句可以直接放在句首作主

22、語，也可放到句子后部去，前面用it作形式主語：Whichisthebetterchoiceisobvious.=Itisobviouswhichisthebetterchoice.Whowillgoforthemeetinghasnotbeendecided.=Ithasnotbeendecidedwhowillgoforthemeeting.Wherehelosthisgoldwatchremainedamystery.=Itremainedamysterywherehelosthisgoldwatch.Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetisstillaquestion

23、.=Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.Whetherhewilljoinuswontmakemuchdifference.=Itwontmakemuchdifferencewhetherhewilljoinus.Whytheoldmanwenttothecastleisstillunknown.=Itisstillunknownwhytheoldmanwenttothecastle.Howhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungagefascinatedmanypeople.=Itfascinat

24、edmanypeoplehowhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungage.2)賓語從句HelikesChineseverymuch.Imsurprisedathisyoungage.a.由that指引的賓語從句，一般做動(dòng)詞的賓語，that可以省略thThelettersays(that)theyareleavingonthe13.Idontdoubt(that)theywillbeabletoovercomethedifficulties.SheremindedmethatIhadameetingtoattendthatevening.由what，wh

25、o，which,how，where，when,whether(if)等指引的賓語從句，既可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語，又可以做介詞的賓語Idontknowwhetherthesefiguresareaccurate.Illreadwhicheverbookyourecommend.IllshowyouwhatIhaveputdowninmynote-bookHassheinformedyouwhentheyaretoholdthemeeting.Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachieved.Whetherthatisagoodsolutiondependsonhow

26、youlookatit.在某些句型中，特別是帶符合賓語的句子中，that指引的從句經(jīng)常移到后部去，前面用it做形式賓語Weallthoughtitapitythattheconferenceshouldhavebeencancelled.Itookitforgrantedthattheywerenotcoming.在“be+形容詞”這種構(gòu)造后，that指引的從句，有些在見解上湊近賓語，而在構(gòu)造上卻湊近狀語ImafraidthatIhavemadeamistake.Wearesurethatweshallsuccess.Wearefullyconfidentthatwecanovercometh

27、edifficulties.Imnotsurewhethershewouldliketheidea.一些表語性的形容詞，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished，certain，confident，disappointed，glad，pleased，proud，sad，shocked，sure，surprised，worried，ect.做表語時(shí)，后邊可跟由that，how等指引的賓語從句。比方：1.Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures2.Heisconfidentthathewill

28、passtheBand6examination3.Shewassurprisedhowsimplehisproblemis4.Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3)表語從句Heiskind./Heisateacher.TheSmithsarefromAustralia.Thisiswhereourbasicinterestlies.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.WhatIreallywhattoknowishowyouhavemanagedtoremember

29、1000wordswithinanhour.表語從句對主語的內(nèi)容起解說和論述的作用；若表語從句用that惹起，that起連結(jié)作用，不可以省略。表語從句也可用連結(jié)詞how，when，where，why，what引起。由because惹起的表語從句平常只用在“thisthatitisbecause結(jié)”構(gòu)中。比方：1.OnethingIadmiremostaboutthemisthattheyarehospitable2.Sheworkstoohard；Thatiswhysheisexhausted3.Imustpointoutthatwhereyouintendtobuildasupermarke

30、tiswheretheelderlydoexerciseeveryday4)同位語從句同位語從句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一層次語言單位構(gòu)成的構(gòu)造，此中前項(xiàng)與后項(xiàng)所指同樣，句法功能同樣。同位語從句由that指引，也可由whether，how，why，where，when等來指引。比方：1.Sheignoredtheteachersinstructionthatshemuststudyhard2.ThequestionwhetherornotIshouldhelphiminsuchacasetroubledmegreatly定語從句與同位語從句的差別：從連結(jié)詞上來說，定語從句的連結(jié)詞有很多，但同位語從

31、句的連結(jié)詞只有that；從主從句間的關(guān)系來說，定語從句與主句是隸屬關(guān)系，而同位語從句與主句是并列關(guān)系。在英語中，只有一部分名詞可以跟同位語從句，如：idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt.;probability,certainty,likelihood,evidence;oncondition只需,inspiteofthefact比方：Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.IvecomefromMr.Whitewithamessagethathewontbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.Thereisnodoubtthatheisqualifiedforthisjob.Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfled（逃脫）fromthecity.Obviously,therewaslittleprobabilitythattheywouldsucceed,buttheydontmind.3、經(jīng)過活動(dòng)，使學(xué)生養(yǎng)成博學(xué)多才的好習(xí)慣。比率分析法和比較分析法不可以測算出各要素的影響程度。采納約當(dāng)產(chǎn)量比率法，分派原資料開銷與分派加工開銷所用的竣工率都是一致的。C采納直接分派法分派協(xié)助生產(chǎn)開銷時(shí)，應(yīng)試慮各協(xié)助生產(chǎn)車間之間互相供給產(chǎn)品或勞務(wù)的狀況。錯(cuò)產(chǎn)品的實(shí)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)成本包含廢品