科學問題提煉與SCI文章撰寫課件

1、美麗而漫長的科研之路 科學問題提煉和SCI文章撰寫 任旭東 美麗而漫長的科研之路The beautiful city where I was born The beautiful city where I wasThe beautiful school where I studied The beautiful school where I s科學問題提煉與SCI文章撰寫課件What Is the Scientific Paper1 哲學 從認識和改造客觀世界的過程中，通過足夠的、可以重復(fù)的實驗，揭示事物的本質(zhì)，并用文字表達出來。2 通俗 科技論文是科學工作者對創(chuàng)造性成果進行理論分析和科學總結(jié)

2、，并進行發(fā)表或答辯的文字表達形式。What Is the Scientific PaperWhy We Discuss Scientific WritingResearchers today are all under great pressure to publish MORE (For funding, career success, etc)We are obliged to publish our results, but lets considerWhy do we have to publish?Why We Discuss Scientific WritWhy We Discus

3、s Scientific WritingEverything measured, detected, invented, orarrived at theoretically in the name of sciencemust, as soon as possible, be made publiccomplete with all the details.任何含有科學的新成果都需要以文字的形式表達出來In the complexities of contemporary existence the specialist who is trained but uneducated, tech

4、nically skilled but culturally incompetent, is a menace. David B. Truman, Previous Dean of Columbia College不會說話、不會寫文章，行之不遠，存之不久。Why We Discuss Scientific WritWhy Do We PublishWe are doing scientific research Publishing is one of the necessary steps embedded into scientific research process. To prese

5、nt new, original results or methodsTo rationalize (refine, reinterpret) published resultsTo review the field or to summarize a particular subjectWhy Do We PublishWe are doinWhy We Discuss Scientific WritingAt least, we should provide something that advances, not repeated, knowledge and understanding

6、 in a certain scientific field. Why We Discuss Scientific Writ Almost all publication companies are not supposed to create garbageReports of no scientific interestWork out of data Duplications of previous-published workIncorrect/unacceptable conclusionsWhy We Discuss Scientific Writing Almost all pu

7、blication comPapers from ChinaPapers from China科學問題提煉與SCI文章撰寫課件 A large number of papers from Chinese authors are rejected simply because the papers are not well written.For instance:the paper is poorly written; there are many spelling and grammatical errors. I have to guess what the authors mean, a

8、nd therefore it is difficult to judge the contribution of the paper.We Should Pay Attention to A large number of papers fromCheck the originality of your ideas (檢查科研思想原創(chuàng)性)Write the manuscript (怎樣寫作科技論文)Main complaints of Editors (論文寫作的常見問題)Reviewing process & response to reviewers comments (審稿流程及對審稿

9、人的意見回復(fù))OVERVIEWCheck the originality of your By help rulesSubmissionPublicationFrom an idea1. Originality of your ideasBy help rulesSubmissionPublicaHow to Check the Originality of Your IdeasHave you done something new and interesting?Is there anything challenging in you work？Is the work related to

10、a current hot topic?Have you provided solutions to some different problems?Maybe, you can searchHow to Check the Originality oStart from a broad search to get the full list of articles on a topicWhen you have no ideaOriginality of your ideas Case 11063 RECORDSStart from a broad search to gRefined th

11、e search44 RECORDSRefined the search44 RECORDSRefined the search againReading as enough as possible and finding some interesting phenomena.30 RECORDSRefined the search againReadiYou can find The measured data are highly scatteredNo reproducible results at the similar processing parametersDont negate

12、 the results from the previous work optionally Maybe, the porosity data of the residual stress followed some distribution, such as Weibull, etc. You can find The measured daA new idea may be “born” Porosity measurements of the coatings were made by using the image analysis method. For each coating s

13、ample, twenty readings of porosity were randomly taken and then adjusted by subtracting the two largest and two smallest readings. Both data sets were statistically analysed to assess whether they followed the Weibull distribution or Gaussian distribution. Results showed that the porosity value of t

14、he coating was related to the microstructure of the coating. A new idea may be “born” In the above case, you have not idea prior to the starting the researches. But, you want to do some workIn another case, you find some interesting result, but you should present more explanation. Your results may b

15、e opposite to what you thought. 2Originality of your ideas Case 2In the above case, In another A new result which is opposite to previous results. Why?In incubationShould know what are the main parameters that control residual stress within a coating.Should search more previous resultsMaybe, should

16、perform more experimentsA new result which is oppositeFind a way or reason to explainEstablish a relationship between the residual stress and elastic modulusMaybe, you give upFind a way or reason to explaiYou find an idea from the publications which are not presented by yourselfTrack the latest lite

17、rature on a subjectAn idea may be “born”O(jiān)riginality of your ideas Case 3You find an idea from the TracResults from previous workHowever, the research by Eischen et al. indicated that some of the existing approximations for the interfacial stresses did not yield good results; and sometimes, they erre

18、d in a fundamental manner in the stress distributions.What Should we doResults from previous workHoNumerous experiments have been made;Numerous modeling have been performed;Maybe, you think it is not necessary to do anything.ModelingExperimentMaybe, you canmodelDont hesitateYOU WILL EXPLORE A SUCCES

19、SFUL WAY Originality of your ideas Case 4Numerous experiments have beenEstablishing an analytical model Maybe, you can accomplish a high-quality publication.A new resultEstablishing an analytical modNOTE: Adding you original idea into your manuscript at a proper location.You should point out the dif

20、ference of your idea from the ideas of others.NOTE: Content is essential, but presentation is critical.2. How to write a manuscriptContent is essential, but presPlanning a manuscriptWrite your manuscript so that it tells a clear story with a purpose 論文目的清楚明確You want people to learn about your work m

21、ake it easy for them 論文內(nèi)容通俗易懂Use the spell checker and grammar checker 使用拼寫檢查和語法檢查來避免拼寫和語法錯誤Make it easy for reviewers and editors 論文格式便于編輯和審稿人閱讀評審Make neat breaks between pages and sections 合理使用分頁和分節(jié)Planning a manuscriptWrite yGeneral construction Title Abstract KeywordsMake them easy for indexing

22、and searching!(Informative, Attractive, Effective)Main textIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionJournal space is precious. Make you article as brief as possible. If clarity can be achieved in N words, never N+1. Acknowledgement References Supplementary materialsConclusionsGeneral construction TitleMak

23、eGeneral constructionWe often use the following order for writing:Title and main text.Introduction and ConclusionsAbstract and KeywordsGeneral constructionWe often uPreparing the figuresSelecting the journalReading the guidelineWriting the titleWriting the main-textWriting the introductionWriting th

24、e conclusionsWriting the abstractPreparing the figuresSelectingNote: With words and pictures 2.1 Preparing the figuresNote: With words and picturesIllustrated by the arrows2.1 Preparing the figuresIllustrated by the arrows2.1 PNote:Symbols clear to seePhotograph with a professional quality (dpi)Use

25、color ONLY when necessary2.1 Preparing the figuresNote:Symbols clear to see2.1 P科學問題提煉與SCI文章撰寫課件Choose only one right journal for your work.You must get help from your supervisor or colleagues.Note the articles in your references which will likely lead you to the right journal.Read recently related

26、publications.Learning carefully from the guidelines from the journal.2.2 Selecting the journalChoose only one right journal Know your manuscript is applicable to what journal Know the layout of the manuscriptKnow the database of the KeywordsKnow editorial boardYou canAll editors hate wasting time on

27、 poorly prepared manuscripts. They may well think that the author shows no respect.2.3 Knowledge from the guidelineKnow your manuscript is applicconcise and clearproperties and residual stresses changing on 00Cr12 alloy by nanoseconds laser shock processing at high temperatures X.D.Ren, et al. Mater

28、ials Science and Engineering: A Simple straightforward titleTwo-part titleResidual stresses in the elastoplastic multilayer thin film structures：the cases of Si/Al bilayer and Si/Al/SiO2 trilayer structuresX.C. Zhang, et al. J. Appl. Phys.2.4 Titleconcise and clearproperties anShort (簡潔)Specific (明確

29、)Eye-catching (醒目)Descriptive words (描述性語言)2.4 TitleShort (簡潔)2.4 TitleYou opportunity to attract the readers attention.Editors hate title that makes no sense or fail to represent the subject matter adequately;Avoid technical jargon and abbreviations if possible.Discuss with your co-authors.2.4 Titl

30、eYou opportunity to attract the2.4 Title2.4 TitleGenerallyWe often use the following order when writing the main-textMethods, such as Experimental, Finite element mode, Analytical modeling, etc.ResultsDiscussion2.5 Main textGenerallyMethods, such as ExpeEnough information must be given so that the e

31、xperiments could be reproduced (給出足夠信息，確保方法可重復(fù)) Avoid adding comments and discussion（避免加入結(jié)果部分內(nèi)容）Usually with subheadings（適當采用小標題）You can use references and supporting materials to indicate the previously published procedures（如與先前成果相同，可引文獻，省略部分內(nèi)容）Reviewers will criticize incomplete or incorrect descr

32、iptions.（應(yīng)該非常的具體）2.5.1 MethodsYou shouldEnough information must be givClarity and brevity: display of data with logical development showing how your findings satisfy your objectives (簡明扼要，合理展示數(shù)據(jù)，并能證明研究結(jié)果與目的一致)Data should be meaningful (where possible give illustrative examples and compare those with

33、 known results from literature)(數(shù)據(jù)要有意義，如必要可與文獻中數(shù)據(jù)做對比)Use appropriate statistics, error analysis, check for accuracy and internal consistency(合理運用統(tǒng)計，誤差分析；檢查數(shù)據(jù)的準確性和一致性)Pay considerable attention to best way to present data (use tables and figures) (合理運用圖表)2.5.2 ResultsClarity and brevity: display oOnl

34、y representative results should be presented. (只顯示正確的結(jié)果)Use sub-headings to keep results of the same type together easier to review and read.(適當采用小標題,便于審稿和閱讀)2.5.2 Results2.5.2 Results2.5.2 Results2.5.2 ResultsBackground for understanding the discussionWhat you did, found, thought and what it means

35、for the disciplineCommentsComparison to previous researchHow your results were unique or different from previous researchLimitations2.5.3 DiscussionBackground for understanding tBe rigorous about comments （表述需嚴格客觀） Suggests vs. Proves; may be instead of is Unspecific expressions such as higher tempe

36、rature; at a lower rateSummarize evidence supporting each conclusion （總結(jié)結(jié)果，支持結(jié)論）Statements that go beyond what the results can support. Sudden introduction of new terms or ideas that were not found in the Results. Discuss problems, uncertainties regarding your work （討論該研究存在的問題及不確定性） Sometimes you ca

37、nnot clarify your idea in words because some critical items have not been studied substantially.2.5.3 Discussion: Pay Attention toBe rigorous about comments 2.5Compare your findings with other studies （對比其他人的研究結(jié)果） Maybe, the comments from the reviewers indicated that the result in Fig.X should be co

38、mpared to the results obtained by Ren. et al. Ref. x.Theoretical or practical implications, importance （理論或?qū)嶋H的應(yīng)用及其重要性）2.5.3 Discussion: Pay Attention toCompare your findings with othNote:It is the most important section of your article.A huge numbers of manuscripts are rejected because the discussio

39、n is weak.2.5.3 DiscussionNote:2.5.3 DiscussionHelpful discussions with Profs., BUT these Profs. should be very famous in the research fields.Technical assistanceFinancial Assistance2.5.3 AcknowledgementsHelpful discussions with ProfsEngineering application and backgroundResearch situationWhat are t

40、he key problems now (Unsolved)How we tackled the problemsAssess the effectiveness of the present research2.6 IntroductionEngineering application and ba2.6 IntroductionBackgroundPrevious workUnsolvedEffectivenessTackling problem Corresponding author: Tel.: +86 511 88797898; fax: +86 511 88780241. E-m

41、ail address: (X.D. Ren).2.6 IntroductionBackgroundPrev2.6 Introduction: Pay attention to BE HONEST: Plagiarism and stealing work from colleagues can lead to serious consequences. Never use more words than necessary. Never make this section into a history lesson. Citing the more recent w

42、ork. BUT the work should be widely cited. Do not mix Introduction with Results, Discussion, Conclusions. Expressions such as novel, first time, first ever, paradigm changing are not preferred. 2.6 Introduction: Pay attentioReferences-Typically, there are more mistakes in the references than any othe

43、r part of the manuscript. It is one of the most annoying problems, and causes great headaches among editors2.7 ReferencesReferences-Typically, there arInclude the main scientific publications on which your work is based typically 20-50 papers, include review articles.Make sure the list is up to date

44、Check the formatCiting the highly cited papers, such as Science, Nature, etc.Avoid excessive citations of publications from the same region.Avoid excessive self-citations.Note: The referees may be existing in your refs.2.7 ReferencesInclude the main scientific pu2.8 Conclusions2.8 Conclusions2.8 Con

45、clusions Without a clear conclusion section, reviewers and readers will find difficult to judge the work, and whether or not it merits publication in the journal. Dont REPAET THE ABSTRACT, or just list the results. You can point out the further work.Using the same state in English.2.8 Conclusions Wi

46、thout a cleaNote: The sentences in Conclusions must not be same to those in Abstract.2.9 AbstractNote: The sentences in Conclus2.9 AbstractTell the prospective readers what you did and what were the important findings. This is the advertisement of your article. Make it interesting, and easy to be un

47、derstood without reading the whole article. You must be accurate! Use words which reflect the precise meaning. A clear abstract will strongly influence whether or not you work is further considered. Keep it as brief as possible. Using the past-time state in English.2.9 AbstractTell the prospectiLang

48、uage, if numerous badly worded sentences in the manuscript, MUST BE REJECTED.Do you read Guide for authors?Do you send the Cover letter?3. Main complaints of EditorsLanguage, if numerous badly woAbstracts, titles vague/unscientificKeywords missing, or not according to journal specificationsReference

49、 lists limited/outdatedLow quality figures and meaningless CaptionsGrammatical and spelling mistakes ( two, your paper)Wrong usage of wordsBadly constructed sentencesLong sentencesIf it is the case, intravenous administration should result in that emulsion has higher intravenous administration reten

50、tion concentration, but which is not in accordance with the result, and therefore the more rational interpretation should be that SLN with mean diameter of 46nm is greatly different from emulsion with mean diameter of 65 nm in entering tumor, namely, it is probably difficult for emulsion to enter an

51、d exit from tumor blood vessel as freely as SLN, which may be caused by the fact that the tumor blood vessel aperture is smaller. 903.1 English writingAbstracts, titles vague/unscie NOTEMAYBE, learning for modeling before submitting your manuscript.3.1 English writing NOTE3.1 English writingLength o

52、f the manuscript: 25-30 pages is the ideal length for a submitted manuscript. 3.2 Special technical aspects Title Abstract1 paragraph Introduction1.5-2 ms pages Methods2-4 ms pages Results and discussion10-12 ms pages Conclusions1-2 ms pages Figures6-8 Tables1-3 Reference20-50 papers Ordering you pa

53、gesLength of the manuscript:3.2 SMake use of supporting material Supporting material will be available online to readers if the paper is eventually published. It helps to keep the main manuscript clear and concise. you can put as many material as you wish in this section. However, all the informatio

54、n should be related and supportive to your article.3.2 Special technical aspects Make use of supporting materiaText layout Keep consistent throughout the manuscript.Double line spacing and 12 font is preferred: Male is convenient for reviewers.3.2 Special technical aspects Text layout3.2 Special tec

55、hnicAbbreviations Abbreviations should be defined on the first use in BOTH abstract and the main text. Some journals even forbid the usage of abbreviations in the abstract. Refer to the Guide for Authors to see the requirements for abbreviations. Look at the following 2 pieces of information from tw

56、o journals in materials science.Abbreviations for instruments (e.g., SEM) should not be used for methodology (e.g., scanning electron microscopy) Materials Characterization There is no need to define the commonly used abbreviations such as SEM, TEM, etc.Carbon3.2 Special technical aspects Abbreviati

57、ons3.2 Special technOthers Overusing con conjunctive words or phrases such as “However”, “in addition”, “Moreover”. Keep the usage of these words to a minimum! Dont use repeating words such as “Schematic diagram”, “Research work”, etc! Spoken abbreviations: “its”, werent, hasnt : Never using them in

58、 the scientific writing ! Dont use “I”, “We” in your paper! Dont change the author list after the review! Using English throughout the manuscript! 3.2 Special technical aspects Others3.2 Special technical as3.2 Special technical aspects 3.2 Special technical aspects cover letterDear Editor, I wish t

59、o submit the manuscript, Rolling contact fatigue mechanism of plasma-sprayed coatings partially remelted with laser, for consideration and publication in the journal of Acta Mater. The final manuscript has been seen and approved by all authors and authors have taken care due to ensure the integrity

60、of the work. Our manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is been considered solely by your journal. In the past decade, the laser treatment has been used in the surface engineering to improve the performance of the components. However, the laser treatment was mostly used for surface modifica