試談英語研究論文寫作常識

1、45/45HYPERLINK /英語研究論文寫作常識(僅供參考)：I摘要寫作要點： 中心論題、研究背景、研究目的、理論支撐、研究對象、方法、步驟、樣本抽取、研究發(fā)覺、研究意義。2. APA 論文格式的摘要寫作要求（供參考）In writing the abstract, use no more than 120 words. (Remember that the whole point of abstracting is to condense.) The abstract always falls on page 2, the page after the title page. It sh

2、ould have a running head and page number. Center the title “Abstract” (without quotation marks) one inch from the top of the page. The abstract should observe the following conventions:1)Reflect accurately the purpose and content of your paper.2)Explain briefly the central issue or problem of your p

3、aper.3)Summarize your papers most important points.4)Mention the major sources used.5)State your conclusions clearly.6)Be coherent so that it is easy to read.7) Remain objective in its point of view.II.目錄寫作要點： 體現(xiàn)論文的結(jié)構(gòu)及論證過程：ContentsPart One Introduction 11.1 Research Background（研究背景）11.2 Theories on

4、Language and Culture (理論與方法簡要介紹) .21.3 Research Purpose, Significance and Structure of the Thesis.（研究目的、意義.及論文結(jié)構(gòu)） 2Part Two Kinship-term Differences in Chinese and English .32.1 Theories on Language and Culture.（理論支撐?能夠獨立成章）. .32.1.1 Relation between Language and Culture 42.1.2 Culture at the Materi

5、al, Institutional and Psychological Levels 42.2 Specific Kinship Terms VS. General Kinship Terms . 62.3 Extended Family VS. Nuclear Family（研究對象，樣本抽?。? 9Part Three Cultural Interpretation at the Three Levels 123.1 Geographical Distinction at the Material Level 12 3.1.1 A Continental Economy 12 3.1.2

6、An Oceanic Economy 133.2 Ethical Inclination at the Institutional Level 14 3.2.1 Moral-Orientation in China 143.2.2 Law-Orientation in Western Countries 153.3 Spiritual Support at the Psychological Level 16 3.3.1 Confucianism: a Hierarchical Doctrine 16 3.3.2 Christianity: an Equal Conception.（論證） 1

7、7Part Four Conclusion（研究發(fā)覺） 19Notes 21Bibliography 22Acknowledgements 24Appendix 25III正文寫作要點：（The text）1 IntroductionThe introduction may contain a few paragraphs, including:1） Defining your specific topic；2） Suggesting the significance of your research；3） Developing a brief discussion of relevant l

8、iterature on the topic; 4） Historical background； 5） Stating your position to establish the direction of the study to point towards your conclusions；Briefly introducing each part of your thesis；（注意：要緊是提出問題和觀點；關(guān)于上述的引言要點和敘述順序能夠依照情況靈活運用）2. Body A logical development of your outline subdivisions and req

9、uires orderly presentation of ideas, well-developed arguments and proper documentation, which together guarantee unity, coherence, clarity and accuracy of your paper with a thorough analysis, bringing a conclusion from known facts, premises, data, etc. 3. ConclusionFocus on your topic, a summary of

10、your whole thesis or restatement of your thesis, but it is not a simple repetition, but a concise well-organized conclusion in theory, including statement of the subjects significance, to let readers know the value of your study; put forward a solution of a problem, etc. (Remember to avoid additiona

11、l ideas, irrelevant information, or asking questions that raise new issues，etc注意：在結(jié)論部分，幸免提出論文以外的觀點，不相干內(nèi)容、問題等)IVDocumentation and Bibliography1. Basic conceptsDocumentation: Documentation refers to furnishing the paper with exact references to authoritative supporting informationAll academic papers s

12、hould be well documented to credit each and every source material that is borrowed or referred to in the textDocumentation consists of two parts in different forms: in-text documentation and extra-text documentation；the former taking the form of in-text citation or in-text numbering，while the latter

13、 taking the form of notes and a bibliography attached to the text as integral partsIn-text citationIn-text citation means quoting or mentioning in the text other source materials (put in parentheses) as evidence to the paper writers ideas or arguments on certain issuesIn-text numberingIn-text number

14、ing means referring to the source materials by superscript (Arabic) numerals arranged consecutively within the text, which are always supplemented by footnotes or endnotesNotesNotes are brief comments or explanations or references giving evidence or support to the paper writers arguments in the text

15、They may be classified into documentation notes and content notes according to their meanings or functions，footnotes and endnotes according to their locationsAs mentioned above, notes may be divided into documentation notes and content notes according to their functions, or footnotes and endnotes ac

16、cording to their locationsFootnotes and endnotes are both used in the traditional style of documentation, but as endnotes are more manageable to the paper writer and less distracting to the reader，they are preferable to footnotes and are quite popular with university students in their academic resea

17、rch paper writing. Both footnotes and endnotes must match the numbering of in-text citationsNotes provide the following items of information about the source materials, and are put in the given ordera. Name(s) of the author(s) (Given names precede family names for Western authors whereas family name

18、s precede given names for Chinese authors)；b. Title of the cited articlepoemstorychaptersection of a book (in quotation marks)；c. Title of the cited bookjournalperiodicalmagazinenewspaper (in italics if printed or underlined if handwrittentyped)；d. Name(s) of the editor(s) (preceded by “ed.”)，transl

19、ator(s) (preceded by “trans.”)，or compiler(s) (preceded by “comp.”);e. Edition of the book；f. Number of volumes of a book if all the volumes are cited；g. Place of publication followed by a colon，name of the publisher followed by a comma, and date of publication (all together put in parentheses)；h. V

20、olume number if the reference is a multi-volume work；i. Page number(s), with “page(s)” abbreviated to “p.” “pp. ” followed by a space and the number or the hyphenated numbers (e.g. pp. 10-20)Rules for the numbering of in-text citationsa. In-text citations are numbered consecutively beginning withb.

21、The number is put right after the part of the sentence where the citation ends c. Superscript Arabic numerals are usedd. The number is put after all punctuation marks5) Documentation notesThey are brief notes that acknowledge the source materials borrowed in the text，mostly taking the form of in-tex

22、t citation, especially in the MLA style and the APA styleBut they may also be listed at the bottom of the page or at the end of the paper in the traditional style of documentationContent notesContent notes are put either at the bottom of the page as footnotes, or at the end of the paper as endnotes.

23、 They provide whatever supplementary information needed to reinforce evidence or clarify the sources referred to in the text, giving matters related to the research, explaining some point of view, offering statistics, acknowledging assistance or support, etc.For example： a.“AustraliaS Folk Songs”，Tw

24、entieth Century：An Australian Quarterly Review, Vol1，No1(Specifying the source) b. A phrase used by literary and social critic AAPhilips in his article，“The Cultural Cringe，”Meanjin，IV1 950，to describe a sense of inferiority felt by Australian writers and artists when faced with the intimidating mas

25、s of Anglo-Saxon culture”(Giving explanation) c. See JDLang，Transportation and Colonization，etcLondon，1837，ppiv- vi：RTherry，Reminiscences，etc，London，1863，p146；and TPotter Macqueen，Australia As She Is and As She May Be，London，1840，p17 (Giving related matters) d. For details of the Gardiners“case”and

26、its treatment in Parliamentsee Votes and Proceedings Legislative Assembly of New South Wales，18731874，vo12，pp189-245；and Sydney Morning Herald and Empire files for June 1874 (Supplying further references) e. EGR Cunningham，Two Years in New South Wales，etc，2 vo1sLondon (3rd ed1828)，vo11，pp57-58(Citin

27、g examples, 作者名在前，姓在后)f. Between 1871 and 1891 the distribution of the population in New South Wales changed as follows： Sydney & Suburbs Other Towns Rural1871 137,776=27.5 97,037=1 9.3 266,766 = 53.21891 383,283=343 346,736=3 1.0 388,231 = 34.7 (Providing statistics) g. CfJames Baird who argues tha

28、t the whiteness of Melvilles whale is“the sign of the all-encompassing God” (p.257)(“cf.” means making comparison)h. Funds to finance this research were graciously provided by the Thompson-Monroe Foundation(Acknowledging support)BibliographyA bibliography is a list of works referred to in the text o

29、r consulted by the paper writer in the production of the paper. Bibliography is indispensable to all academic research papers. It lists in the alphabetical order all the reference materials you have used in your research. It follows the Endnotes section of the paper Bibliography provides almost the

30、same information about the source materials as the notes, but it abides by somewhat different conventions. In-text citations in the MLA or APA style make notes omissible while bibliography entries can never be omitted Rules for bibliography entries:a. This section is put on a separate page following

31、 the Endnotes sectionb. It adopts the heading Bibliography(a fairly complete listing of all works related to the subject under investigation)or Works Cited fan inclusion of only those printed works quoted or paraphrased in the paper)or References(an inclusion of all works that contributed to the res

32、earch even though you did not quote or paraphrase from them all)c. Triple space is used between the heading and the first entryd. All the entries are arranged alphabetically by the authors family name or, if anonymous, by the title of the work with the initial article Janthe ignorede. Single space i

33、s used within an entry but double space, between entriesf. Periods are used instead of commas or parentheses that are used in notes, except after the place of publication, where colon is used，and after the publisher or between co-authors，where comma is usedTwo spaces are left after each period and a

34、 capital letter is used after the period as if beginning a sentenceg. The complete title of a work, including the subtitle, is givenh. The entries, arranged alphabetically, are not numberedi. Hanging indentation is used for each entryj. Page number of the reference is not necessarily provided except

35、 for articles from periodicals or newspapers.Since the MLA and APA styles make full use of the in-text citations, they need only content notes, but no documentation notes. It is supplemented by a bibliography at the end of the paper, giving all details of the source materialsForms of documentation1.

36、 CMSChicago Manual Style (Traditional style)This style is characterized by the use of superscript (Arabic) numerals within the text，namely the in-text numbering, and documentation notes at the foot of each page or at the end of the paper: one for in-text numbering plus footnotes；the other for in-tex

37、t numbering plus endnotesFor example:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion. The traditional style is still widely adopted in English-speaking countries for academic paper writing in fine arts and some fields of humanities.APA American Psychology

38、 Association (Author-date style) This style features brief in-text citations to the sources，indicating the author and the year of publication of hisher workIf more than one work by the same author is cited, the title of the work is also givenObviously，this style puts more emphasis on the date or up-

39、to-datedness of the source materials，and it is mainly used for social sciences such as education, linguistics, politics, psychology, business, etcFor example： The approach begins with the before-reading activities, which are planned for two purposes：(1) To interest and motivate studentsAccording to

40、Goodman (1967)，reading is“a complex process by which a reader reconstructs, to some degree, a message encoded by a writer in graphic language”This psycholinguistic view of reading assumes reading to be an active processin which the“reader is an active information processor”(2) .(Widdowson，l 983) Aut

41、hor-datestyle: For example:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin, 1984, p. 2).Nowadays，many scholars get the two styles combined in their academic writing，indicating the author，the work (page number) and the publication date in the orde

42、r of author-datenumberFor example： For example:“For many students, reading is by far the most important of the four skills in a second language, particularly in English as a second language or foreign language”(Carrell，1989：1)For students in China，where English is learned as a foreign language and f

43、ace-to-face communication with native speakers of English is still largely confined, reading is paramount. This is not just because English is learned primarily as a means of gaining information through the written language, but also because reading provides the most efficient and hence the most imp

44、ortant channel of linguistic input through which students improve their linguistic competenceThe teaching of reading in such a context is, therefore，indispensable from two objectives：to develop both reading proficiency and linguistic competence. According to Clark(1987: 38-40), reading skills, from

45、the methodological viewpoint, include scanning, skimming, reading for thorough comprehension and critical reading while language skills refer to vocabulary, structure and discourse. Examples of bibliography of APA:Book by one authorJones, E. (1931). On the nightmare. London:Hogarth.Book by two or mo

46、re authors:Terman, L.M., & Merrill, M.A.(1937). Measuring intelligence. Cambridge, MA: Riversides Press.Edited book:Friedman, R. J., &Katz, M.M. (Eds.).(1974). The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. New York: Wiley.3. MLA Modern Language Association (Author-work style) This

47、style applies to the study of language and literature. MLA is characterized by brief in-text citations to sources，indicating the author and the work，especially the chapter and page number from which the source material is taken.For example:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mecha

48、nics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin 2).The following passage shows the use of the author-work styleYou can use the page numbers instead of the chapter numbers or add the page numbers to the chapter numbers within the parentheses to achieve greater precision of the citationsFor example： Far fro

49、m the Madding Crowd is less concerned with the external influences that shape our lives than with actions that spring from characters and with the conflicts between the charactersYet in this novel, too, Hardy repeatedly hints at some external force or forces at work，and several important development

50、s are made to hinge on those whimsical coincidences (ch. 2, 27) which assume such large proportions in others of his novelsExamples of Bibliography of MLA:References to a bookBook by one author：Philips，AAThe Australian Tradition. Melbourne：Robertson and Mullens.1958Wright，JudithPreoccupations in Aus

51、tralian PoetryMelbourne：Oxford University Press，1965Book by two or more authors：（第一作者姓在前，名在后; 第二作者名在前，姓在后; 以此類推）Barnard，MF and FSP Eldershaw. Essays in Australian Fiction. Melbourne：Melbourne University Press，1938(Note：The second authors name follows the normal order.)Quirk，R. et a1A Comprehensive G

52、rammar of the English Language. London：Longman，1985Anonymous book：The Church and the Law of Nullity of MarriageLondon：Society for Promoting Christian, 1955.Multivolume book：Churchill，Winston SThe Age of RevolutionV01III of A History of the English-Speaking PeoplesNew York：Dodd，Mead，1 957GreenHMA His

53、tory of Australian Literature Vol. II. Sydney：Angus and Robertson, 1961.Book by an editor：HillDC“Who Is Communicating What?”in Essays for StudyEdJames L._McDonald and Leonard R DoanNew York：Appleton Hall, 1973JohnstonF (ed)Australian Literary CriticismMelbourne：Oxford University Press, 1962Book by a

54、 translator：HomerThe OdysseyTransGHPalmerBoston：Houghton Mifltlin Company, 1929Book in other edition than the first：Joyce，AA Homestead HistoryEdJames, GF2nd edMelbourne：Melbourne University Press, 1949Book reprinted：Willey，BasilThe Eighteenth-Century Background. London：Longman, 1943; rptabbreviation

55、 of“reprinted” Boston：Beacon, 1961Book with no place of publication or publisher，or no date of publication：Segal，AnnetteThe Question of RightsNp：Bell Press，1 983Segal，AnnetteThe Question of WrongsSan Francisco：Bell Press，nd.References to part of a bookjournalAfterword of a book：Quackenbush，ColbyAfle

56、rwordThe Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel HawthorneNew York：Donne Bros., Inc., 1984Introduction of a book：Hashell，JQIntroductionThe Dogs Eye by Sarah KettlePhiladelphia：Bleak House, Inc., 1983Article from a periodicalnewspaper：BaughamErnest W“Public Confession and The Scarlet Letter.”The New England Quar

57、terly 40 ( l967)：548-49“English Project 3”AnonSydney Daily TelegraphMonday，24 July，1967：Co1. 1, p.16“The Trouble with Fiction”(editorial)AnonNew York Times10 April 1984：Sec.4，p1Essay from a collection：Mansfield, Katherine“Bliss.” A Study of the Short. EdHenry SLanky and Alfred DashiellNew York：Henry

58、 Holt and Company，Inc., 1935Review of a book：Clignet, RemiRevof Urban Poverty in a Cross-Cultural Context, by Edwin Eames and Judith Granich GoodeAmerican Journal of Sociology 80(1 974)：58990VI. Acknowledgements and Finalizing the paper1. Acknowledgements “Acknowledgements” are expressions of gratit

59、ude by the author of the book or paper to be published to those who have rendered their help and contribution to the accomplishment of the research project and the making of the book or paper. The word “Acknowledgements”is usually in the plural form，though it may be otherwise, just because the autho

60、r is more often indebted to a number of people or institutions rather than a single one“Acknowledgements”，however, should always be very succinct，clear-cut, and to the point，stating the objects of gratitude and the reasons for itThanks should go direct to those whose effective and specific help has