跨文化商務(wù)溝通Chapter3課件

1、Chapter 3Comprehending Verbal CommunicationChapter 3Comprehending Verbal Learning ObjectivesBy this end of this chapter, you should be able to:Understand how language and culture are closely linkedUnderstand cultural influences on some commonly observed differences between English and ChineseDisting

2、uish denotational and connotational meanings of wordsLearning ObjectivesBy this endLearning ObjectivesDistinguish linear and nonlinear language, deductive and inductive patternsMake cross-cultural comparisons of different pragmatic rules used in various speech acts and verbal stylesLearning Objectiv

3、esDistinguishMeans of Human CommunicationVerbal communicationUsing words that have mutually understood meanings and a set of rulesNonverbal communicationEdward T. Hall refers to it as the “silent language”Means of Human CommunicationVeThe Relationship Between Language and Culture1. The influence of

4、culture on language2. The influence of language on cultureThe Relationship Between LanguThe Influence of Culture on Language1. Language as a reflection of the environmentLanguage reflects the environment in which we live. We label things that are around us. (examples)The environment influences the d

5、evelopment of technology, products, and the appropriate vocabulary. (examples)The Influence of Culture on LaThe Influence of Culture on Language2. Language as reflection of valuesLanguage reflects cultural values.Language is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human relationships, reflect

6、s the way the society operates. Example: Chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system.The Influence of Culture on LaLinguistic DeterminismLinguistic RelativitySapir-Whorf HypothesisThe Influence of Language on CultureLinguistic DeterminismLinguistSapir-Whorf HypothesisLanguage n

7、ot only serves as a mechanism for communication , but a guide to social reality.Reality for a culture is discoverable in its languageSapir-Whorf HypothesisLanguageLinguistic DeterminismLanguage structure controls thought and cultural normsThe world as each of us knows it is to a large extent predete

8、rmined by the language of our cultureThe differences between languages represent basic differences in the worldview of diverse cultures.Linguistic DeterminismLanguageLinguistic RelativityLinguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other.Culture is controlled by and controls language

9、.Language provides the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers perception are encoded and stored.Linguistic RelativityLinguistiCultural Impact onVerbal CommunicationAt lexical levelAt discourse levelAt pragmatic levelCultural Impact onVerbal Comm1. At lexical level1. At lexical levelDe

10、notational meaningConnotational meaninga wordMeanings of WordsDenotational meaningConnotatioMeanings of WordsDenotational meaningIt refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word selection.Denotation means a dictionary definition.Connotational meaningIt refers to extended meaning

11、s or associated meanings.Connotational meanings have developed over time through use by people and especially by poets and writers.Meanings of WordsDenotational Comparison between English and Chinese Some words have the same denotational and conntational meanings.There are also many words with the s

12、ame denotational meanings but different connotational meanings.Both denotational and connotatinal meanings are different in many other words.Comparison between English andExamples Dove: peaceFox: cunningOwl: wisdomBat: an evil animalCricket: a happy insectDragon: fierceness鴿子：和平鴿狐貍：像狐貍一樣狡猾貓頭鷹：壞運氣蝙蝠：

13、福，幸福，洪福蟋蟀：哀愁龍：龍袍，龍的傳人(Chinese Dragon)Examples Dove: peace鴿子：和平鴿Culture Red Yellow Green Blue Europe and North AmericaDanger CautionCowardiceSafetyGrowth and rebirthMasculinitySweetnesscalmJapan Anger Danger GraceNobilityChildish gaietyFuture Youth Energy villainyChina Joy Celebration Power Honor Roy

14、alty No special associationNo special associationArabic countriesNo special associationHappinessprosperityFertilityvirtueStrengthFaithTruth Cultural Associations of ColorCulture Red Yellow Green Blue Business ImplicationsInternational businesspersons may encounter problems with such connotational me

15、anings of colors.International marketers need to know what associations certain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design, packaging, and advertising messages.Business ImplicationsInternati2. At discourse levelLinear and nonlinear languageDeductive an inductive patterns

16、2. At discourse levelLinear VS. Nonlinear LanguageLinear has a beginning and an endLogical and objectiveNonlinear CircularTradition-orientatedSubjective Linear VS. Nonlinear LanguageLStyles of Paragraph Development直線型（英語）平行對仗型（閃族語）螺旋型（東方語言）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（拉丁語系）更自由的迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（俄語）Styles of Paragraph DevelopmenStyles

17、 of Paragraph Development直線型English平行對仗型Semitic閃族語螺旋型Oriental東方語言迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型Romance拉丁語系迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（更自由的）Styles of Paragraph DevelopmenDeductive VS. Inductive thought patternsDeductiveFrom the general to the specificWestern Inductive From the specific to the generalEastern Deductive VS. Inductive thoughExample 1

18、 Because of most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decisio

19、n until after Legco makes its decision. Example 1 Because of most of oExample 2I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. Thats because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. In addition to tha

20、t, most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999.Example 2I suggest that we delDeductive vs. InductiveXComment, main point, or action suggestedBecause ofY Topic, background, or reasonBecause of Y topic, background, or reas

21、on Xcomment, main point, or action suggested Deductive vs. InductiveXBecau3. At pragmatic level3. At pragmatic levelPragmatics definedpragmatics is defined as “l(fā)anguage in use” (Thomas)Pragmatics definedpragmatics iPragmatic transfer definedThe use of rules of speaking from ones own native speech co

22、mmunity when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language is known as sociolinguistic or pragmatic transfer.Pragmatic transfer definedThe pragmalinguistic failuresociolinguistic failurepragmatic failurePragmatic Failure(Pragmatic Transfer) pragma

23、linguistic failuresociolPragmalinguistic Failure DefinedPragmalinguistic failure occurs when the pragmatic force mapped by speaker onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by native speaker of the target language, or when speech act strategies

24、are inappropriately transferred from the first language to the second language.Pragmalinguistic Failure DefinExamples “豈有此理” as a compliment response“sorry, sorry” for “I am very sorry”Examples “豈有此理” as a complimenSociolinguistic Failure DefineSociolinguistic failure stems from cross-culturally dif

25、ferent perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior.Sociolinguistic Failure DefineExamples 白象牌電池芳芳牌唇膏大寶SOD蜜金雞牌鞋油龍牌卷閘White ElephantFang FangDabao SODGolden CockDragon Examples 白象牌電池White ElephantAnalysis of Speech ActAddressGreeting and leaving-takingOffer and thanksInvitation and

26、responseApologiesCompliment and responseAnalysis of Speech ActAddresscountryAppropriate topicsTopics to avoidAustralia Professions, cars, skiing, musicMoney, religion, divorceGermany Travel abroad, international politics, hobbiesWorld War Two, questions about personal lifeGreat BritainHistory, archi

27、tecture, gardeningPolitics, money/priceFrance Music, books, sports, the theatrePrice of items, persons work, income, ageMexico Family, social concernsPolitics, debt, inflation problems, border violationsJapanHistory, culture, artWorld War TwocountryAppropriate topicsTopicVerbal StyleAmerican verbal styleJapanese verbal styleChinese verbal styleVerbal StyleAmerican verbal stAmerican Verbal StyleDirect Hon