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住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-西安建筑科技大學考試名師押題精選卷I(帶答案詳解)(圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.不定項選擇題
ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid-1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.
TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessesheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1910s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patient’sfightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.
Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingdaytodaycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.
1.Whichofthefollowinghappenedinmentalinstitutionsaftereconomicdepression?
2.Itcanbeinferredthat,hadtheCivilRightsmovementnotpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,().
3.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychangedbecauseof().
4.Accordingtothepassage,whoisresponsibleforsurveillanceofgoodpatientcare?
5.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto().
問題1選項
A.Patientsbecameinflexibleandinsensitive.
B.Fewerpatientsledtoshortageoffundsandinhumanecare.
C.Morepatientswerereluctanttogethelpfromphysicians.
D.Patientsweredisappointedtoliveinasylums.
問題2選項
A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill
B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested
C.theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective
D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny
問題3選項
A.agroupofyoungangrymeninthe1900s
B.activeyounglawyersinthe1910s
C.innocentinsanepatient’sprotest
D.powerfulcourtinterventions
問題4選項
A.Thestatecourts.
B.Thepublicinterestlawyers.
C.Thestatementalhealthadministrators.
D.Thehospitals.
問題5選項
A.provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare
B.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill
C.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums
D.describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:D
第3題:B
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.精神病院變得人滿為患,像監(jiān)獄一樣?!焙汀癕entalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.精神病院成了令人恐懼和沮喪的地方,病人的權利幾乎被遺忘。”可知D項與原文相符。A項“病人變得僵硬和麻木”,與原文不符;B項“病人減少導致資金短缺和不人道的護理”,與原文不符;C項“更多的病人不愿意得到醫(yī)生的幫助”,與原文不符;D項“病人住在精神病院里很失望”,因此D選項正確。
第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當時,民權運動促使律師們調(diào)查美國的監(jiān)獄,那里的黑人比例不成比例,他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機構——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院?!笨芍狣項與原文相符。A項“國家將永遠不會為精神病人建立精神病院”,與原文不符;B項“針對主要精神病的新治療將可能仍然未被檢驗”,與原文不符;C項“美國的民權運動在政治上是無效的,與原文不符;D項“精神病院的條件可能逃脫了司法審查”,因此D選項正確。
第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當時,民權運動促使律師們調(diào)查美國的監(jiān)獄,因為那里的黑人比例不成比例,他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機構——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院?!焙汀癟heyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.這些年輕的公益律師骨干喜歡他們在精神病院的角色?!笨芍狟項與原文相符。A項“20世紀一群憤怒的年輕人”,與原文不符;B項“20世紀10年代活躍的年輕律師”;C項“無辜的精神病患者的抗議”,與原文不符;D項“強大的法院干預”,與原文不符,因此B選項正確。
第4題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“...administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.……管理人員必須承諾制定規(guī)則和標準,并提供培訓和監(jiān)督,以確保給予治療和尊重患者的權利。”可知C項與原文相符。A項“州法院”;B項“公益律師”;C項“國家精神衛(wèi)生行政人員管理員”;D項“醫(yī)院”,因此C選項正確。
第5題:主旨大意題。全文主要講述了美國對于精神患者治療的發(fā)展進程,可知A項與原文相符。A項“提供精神衛(wèi)生保健問題的歷史視角”;B項“提高公眾對精神病患者困境的認識”;C項“對精神病院的生動描述使讀者震驚”;D項“描述一種新的精神疾病治療方法的發(fā)明”,因此A選項正確。
2.單選題
Thereceptionwasattendedbyvariousprominentmembersoftheidealcommunityandrepresentativesofregionalindustries.
問題1選項
A.congested
B.projecting
C.conspicuous
D.outstanding
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。橫線單詞prominent意為“突出的,顯著的;杰出的;卓越的”;A選項“congested”意為“堵塞的,擁擠的”;B選項“projecting”意為“突出來的;伸出的”;C選項“conspicuous”意為“顯著的;顯而易見的”;D選項“outstanding”意為“杰出的;顯著的;未解決的;未償付的”。句意:出席招待會的有理想社區(qū)的杰出人士和區(qū)域行業(yè)代表。由題干可知,and是并列連詞,and前后意思相近。所以可推測出prominentmembers與representatives(代表)意思相近。由此可知,prominent在此處最可能是“杰出的,卓越的”的意思,四個選項中outstanding具有“杰出的”的意思,與此相近。因此D選項符合題意。
3.翻譯題
Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetII.
Thehypothesisofnaturalselectionmaynotbeacompleteexplanation,butitledtoagreaterthingthanitself—anacceptanceofthetheoryoforganicevolution,whichtheyearshavebutconfined.Yetatfirstsomenaturalistsjoinedtheopposition.Tothemany,whowereunabletojudgethebiologicalevidence,theeffectofthetheoryofevolutionseemedincredibleaswellasdevastating,toruncountertocommonsenseandtooverwhelmallphilosophicandreligiouslandmarks.Eveneducatedman,choosingbetweentheBookofGenesisandtheOriginofSpecies,proclaimedwithDisraelithathewas“onthesideoftheAngels”.
【答案】自然選擇的假說可能不是一個完整的解釋,但它引出了一個比它本身更偉大的東西——對有機進化理論的接受,這一理論多年來一直受到限制。然而,起初有些博物學家加入了反對陣營。對許多無法判斷生物學證據(jù)的人來說,進化論的影響似乎難以置信,而且是毀滅性的,它與常識背道而馳,壓倒了所有哲學和宗教的里程碑。即使是受過教育的人,在《創(chuàng)世紀》和《物種起源》中做出選擇時,也會和迪斯雷利一起宣稱自己“站在天使一邊”。
4.單選題
Toomuchsunlightmightimpressuponmetheideaofhowmuchmoreagreeableitwouldbeoutofdoorsratherthanhunchedoverasheetofalmostblankpaper.
問題1選項
A.sympathetic
B.enjoyable
C.amendable
D.approving
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。agreeable“令人愉快;適合的;和藹可親的”;A選項sympathetic“同情的;贊同的”;B選項enjoyable“快樂的;有樂趣的;令人愉快的”;C選項amendable“可修正的”;D選項approving“贊成的,滿意的”。句意:太多的日光或許讓我產(chǎn)生了這種想法,即去戶外而不是弓著腰對著一張幾乎空白的紙張會是更令人愉快的。題干說到“Toomuchsunlight太多的日光”與“outofdoors去戶外”,由此可知agreeable在這里有“令人愉快的”的意思,因此B選項正確。
5.單選題
Thegovernment’sstrongactiondemonstratedits()tocrushtherebellion.
問題1選項
A.energy
B.resistance
C.courage
D.determination
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項energy“能量;精力;活力”;B選項resistance“阻力;電阻;抵抗”;C選項courage“勇氣;膽量”;D選項determination“決心”。句意:政府強有力的行動表明了它粉碎叛亂的決心。根據(jù)句中“strongaction強有力的行動”可知“決心”符合語境,因此D選項正確。
6.不定項選擇題
Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5000people,somesince1956.Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalstimulation.Similarly,thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.
Educationhelpstoo.Researcherssaybecauseitinstillstheconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaie-Willisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintainintellectualvigor.
Flexibilitycountstoo.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychologicalterms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays.
Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourstutorialsoninductivereasoningorspatialskillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.Thatadvantageheldupsevenyearslatewhentheywereretested.
Otherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,aredoingjigsawpuzzlestohonevisuo-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,andplayingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.
Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.
1.Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscusses().
2.Theword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(paragraph1)refersto().
3.Accordingtotheresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging?
4.Fromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthat()mighthelppreventmentaldeclines.
5.Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat().
問題1選項
A.theroleofmentalstimulationinpreventingmentalaging
B.graduallossofmentalskillswithnormalaging
C.therelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialskills
D.effectivewaystokeepintellectualvigor
問題2選項
A.brainpower
B.cognitivedevelopment
C.mentalsimulating
D.intellectualfunction
問題3選項
A.Education
B.Chronicillness
C.Standardofliving
D.Alloftheabove
問題4選項
A.physicalexercises
B.socialinterconnections
C.rigiddailyroutines
D.ahealthydiet
問題5選項
A.wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompletelydevelopedwithlifeexperience
B.wisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalagingstarted
C.wisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchinductivereasoningandspatialskills
D.wisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpower
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:A
第3題:D
第4題:B
第5題:C
【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“thereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines有證據(jù)表明,保持思維活躍可以減緩與年齡有關的衰退”,可知A項與原文相符。A項“智力的刺激在防止智力老化方面的作用”;B項“隨著年齡的增長心智能力逐漸喪失”,與原文不符;C項“智力功能和空間技能之間的關系”,與原文不符;D項“保持智力活力的有效方式”,與原文不符,因此A選項正確。
第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe‘useitorloseit’philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.研究人員對‘要么使用它,要么失去它’的理論是否適用于認知老化持不同意見,但有證據(jù)表明,保持思維活躍可以減緩與年齡有關的衰退。”可推知it在這里指代“智力的能力”。A項“腦力”;B項“認知的發(fā)展”;C項“腦力的模擬”;D項“智力功能”,因此A選項正確。
第3題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction幸運地沒有患慢性疾病的人在智力功能方面可能進展得更好”可知B項“慢性疾病”與原文相符;由第一段中“thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter那些足夠幸運的相對富裕的人也過得更好”可知C項“生活水平”與原文相符;由第二段中“Educationhelpstoo教育也有幫助”可知A項“教育”與原文相符,A、B、C選項均正確。A項“教育”;B項“慢性疾病”;C項“生活水平”;D項“以上所有各項”,因此D選項正確。
第4題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第五段中“Otherwaystostaysharp…playingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.還有其他保持思維敏捷的方法……比如靠記憶打橋牌,或者在家與電視游戲節(jié)目中的玩家斗智?!笨芍狟項“社會聯(lián)系”與原文相符。A項“身體鍛煉”;B項“社會聯(lián)系”;C項“固定的日常生活”;D項“健康的飲食”,因此B選項正確。
第5題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.雖然隨著年齡的增長,你可能會失去一些心智能力,但你也會在一個關鍵領域獲得收獲:智慧。在40、50,甚至60歲,心智力都在不斷增長。”,可知A項“智慧可以被認為是完全由生活經(jīng)驗發(fā)展而來的能力和知識的一種特殊形式”、B項“即使大腦開始老化,智慧仍然會增長”及D項“智慧是腦力的重要組成部分”均與原文相符;而C項“智慧的重要性高于歸納推理和空間技能等心理技能”原文并未提及,因此C選項符合題意。
7.單選題
TheEuropeanCommissionissueda____decisiononOct.29permittinganalliancebetweenUnitedAirlines,DeutscheLufthansaandScandinavianAirlinesSystemthatallowsthemtocoordinateprices,schedulesandroutesinthetransatlanticmarket.Itturnedouttobewellreceived.
問題1選項
A.automatic
B.landmark
C.obsolete
D.outgrown
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項“automatic”意為“自動的;無意識的;必然的”;B選項“l(fā)andmark”意為“有重大意義或影響的”;C選項“obsolete”意為“廢棄的;老式的”;D選項“outgrown”意為“過大的”。句意:10月29日,歐盟委員會發(fā)布了一項具有里程碑意義的決定,允許美國聯(lián)合航空公司、德國漢莎航空公司和斯堪的納維亞航空公司建立聯(lián)盟,在跨大西洋市場協(xié)調(diào)價格、航班和航線。結果很受歡迎。由題干可知,decision(決定)后的內(nèi)容是允許三家不同國家的航空公司建立聯(lián)盟,并且反響很好,所以可以推測出這個決定具有重大意義和影響。因此B選項符合題意。
8.單選題
Imustgonow.(),ifyouwantthatbookI’llbringitnexttime.
問題1選項
A.Incidentally
B.Accidentally
C.Occasionally
D.Subsequently
【答案】A
【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項incidentally“順便說一句;偶然地;附帶地”;B選項accidentally“意外地;偶然地”;C選項occasionally“偶爾;間或”;D選項subsequently“隨后,其后;后來”。句意:我現(xiàn)在必須離開了。順便說一句,如果你想要那本書,那么我下次將把它帶來。根據(jù)句中“Imustgonow我現(xiàn)在必須離開了”可知“順便說一句”符合語境,因此A選項正確。
9.翻譯題
Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishonyourANSWERSHEET.
你可能有很高的學術才智,但缺乏社會能力,即虛心聽取意見、熱忱待人、批評與接受批評的能力。社會能力強的人能夠承認自己的錯誤,勇于承擔責任并繼續(xù)努力。他們知道如何取得集體的支持。而人際關系差的人不太善于接受批評。遇到錯誤,首先想到的是自己,拒絕承認自己有錯,喜怒無?;虮┨缋?。
【答案】Youmayhavegreatacademictalent,butyoulacksocialskills,whichreferstotheabilitytolistentoideaswithanopenmind,cordiallytreatpeopleandacceptcriticism.Peoplewithstrongsocialskillsareabletoadmittheirmistakes,acceptresponsibilitybravely,andcontinuetoworkhard.Theyknowhowtogetcollectivesupport.Andpeoplewithpoorrelationshipsarelessreceptivetocriticism.Whentheymakemistakes,theyalwaysthinkofthemselvesfirstandrefusetoadmitthattheyarewrong,beingmoodyorfurious.
10.單選題
I’msurprisedtheyarenolongeronspeakingterms.It’snotlikeeitherofthemtobeara().
問題1選項
A.disgust
B.curse
C.grudge
D.hatred
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項disgust“厭惡,嫌惡”;B選項curse“詛咒;咒罵”;C選項grudge“怨恨;不滿”;D選項hatred“憎恨;怨恨;敵意”。由本句“I’msurprisedtheyarenolongeronspeakingterms”(我很驚訝他們不說話了)可知他們之前的關系是很好的,所以這里的語義最有可能是不滿,沒有到有敵意那么嚴重。句意:我很驚訝他們不再說話了,他們倆不像是對對方不滿。因此C選項正確。
11.單選題
Itisfutiletodiscussthematterfurther,because()goingtoagreeuponanythingtoday.
問題1選項
A.neitheryounorIare
B.neitheryounormeis
C.neitheryounorIam
D.neithermenoryouare
【答案】C
【解析】語法題——考查neither...nor...的用法。當neither…nor…連接兩個主語時,需要遵循就近原則,即主謂一致,以靠近謂語動詞的,做主語的名詞作為人稱和數(shù)的參考標準,由此可排除A選項。在英語中一般將“我”放在后面,排除D選項;而B選項中的“me”錯在賓語形式,此處需要主語形式“I”。因此C選項正確。句意:這件事再討論也沒用了,因為今天你我都不會達成一致意見的。因此C選項正確。
12.單選題
Thecoalitionpartieshaveaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderusingmorefundstohelpsupporttheailingmarket.
問題1選項
A.rapidlyexpanding
B.steadilyimproving
C.makingchanges
D.havingdifficulties
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。橫線單詞ailing意為“生病的,身體不舒服的;病態(tài)的;處境困難的”;A選項“rapidlyexpanding”意為“迅速擴大的”;B選項“steadilyimproving”意為“穩(wěn)定提高的”;C選項“makingchanges”意為“交換;更改”;D選項“havingdifficulties”意為“有困難的”。句意:聯(lián)合政黨已要求政府考慮動用更多資金,幫助支撐低迷的市場。由題干可知,thegovernmenttoconsiderusingmorefundstohelpsupportthemarket(政府考慮動用更多資金幫助支撐市場),可以推測出市場的情況不好,出現(xiàn)了困難。由此可知,ailing在此處最可能是“處境困難的”的意思。因此D選項符合題意。
13.單選題
Weaponsofmassdestructionmustbestrictlyforbidden.Otherwise,ifanuclearwarstarted,itwouldbethecataclysmforallhumankind.
問題1選項
A.termination
B.destruction
C.devastation
D.calamity
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。橫線單詞cataclysm意為“災難;大洪水,地震;(社會政治的)大變動”;A選項“termination”意為“結束,終止”;B選項“destruction”意為“破壞,毀滅;摧毀”;C選項“devastation”意為“毀壞,荒廢”;D選項“calamity”意為“災難;不幸事件”。句意:必須嚴格禁止大規(guī)模毀滅性武器。否則,一旦核戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā),將是全人類的大災難。由題干可知,ifanuclearwarstarted(一旦核戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā))對全人類而言肯定是一場災難。由此可知,cataclysm在此處最可能是“災難”的意思。因此D選項符合題意。
14.單選題
Itisimperativethatstudents()papersontime.
問題1選項
A.handin
B.wouldhandin
C.havetohandin
D.handedin
【答案】A
【解析】語法題——考查虛擬語氣。在表示“要求、建議、命令”等動詞后面的賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣。imperative表示必須的,是一種要求,所以后面的從句要用虛擬語氣,即should+動詞原形(should可省略)。句意:學生們必須按時交作業(yè)。因此A選項正確。
15.單選題
OnthisbarrenplaceonAikhanomHill,overlookingfieldspepperedwithlandmines,soldierscometolayastoneorsayaprayerforfriendslostinyearsofwar.
問題1選項
A.infertile
B.disastrous
C.plausible
D.impeccable
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。橫線單詞barren意為“貧瘠的;不生育的;無益的”;A選項“infertile”意為“不肥沃的;不毛的;不結果實的”;B選項“disastrous”意為“災難性的;損失慘重的;悲傷的”;C選項“plausible”意為“看似可信的;花言巧語的;貌似真實的”;D選項“impeccable”意為“無瑕疵的,完美的;不會犯罪過的”。句意:在Aikhanom山上這個貧瘠的地方,可以俯瞰布滿地雷的田野,士兵們前來為在多年戰(zhàn)爭中失去的朋友們放置石塊或祈禱。由題干可知,fieldspepperedwithlandmines(布滿地雷的田野)還有士兵前來悼念自己逝去的朋友,可以推測出這里曾經(jīng)是一個戰(zhàn)場。被戰(zhàn)爭摧殘過的土地應該是荒蕪貧瘠的。由此可推知,barren在此處是“貧瘠的”的意思。因此A選項符合題意。
16.單選題
Theintegrationofstafffortraininghasledtoagoodexchangeofideas,greaterenthusiasm,andhigherstaff().
問題1選項
A.moral
B.mortal
C.morale
D.mores
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項moral“道德;寓意”;B選項mortal“人類,凡人”;C選項morale“士氣,斗志”;D選項mores“習慣;風俗;道德觀念”。句意:員工集中培訓已帶來了更好的思想交流、更大的熱情和更高的員工士氣。由題干中的“staff員工”、“agoodexchangeofideas更好的思想交流”和“greaterenthusiasm更大的熱情”可知“士氣”符合語境,因此C選項正確。
17.單選題
Themotionpictureoriginatedwhenaseriesofstillphotographwereslicedandviewedinrapidsuccessiontocreatetheillusionofmovementandcontinuity.
問題1選項
A.reduced
B.joined
C.revised
D.titled
【答案】A
【解析】考查動詞辨析。橫線單詞sliced意為“切下;把……分成部分;將……切成薄片”;A選項“reduced”意為“減少;縮小;使處于;把……分解”;B選項“joined”意為“參加;結合;連接”;C選項“revised”意為“修正;復習;校訂”;D選項“titled”意為“加標題于;賦予頭銜;把……稱為”。句意:電影起源于將一系列靜止的照片切成薄片,快速連續(xù)地觀看,以創(chuàng)造移動和連續(xù)性的幻覺。由題干可知,motionpicture(電影)最開始是以一系列靜止照片的形式觀看,可以推測出應該是將這些照片切成薄片,也就是膠片的樣子。由此可知,sliced在此處最可能是“將……切成薄片”的意思,四個選項中reduced具有“縮小,分解”的意思,與此相近。因此A選項符合題意。
18.不定項選擇題
AtimelystudyinthejournalHumanFactorssuggestswhytextingwhiledrivingisriskierthantalkingonacellphoneorwithanotherpassenger.Ergonomics(人類工程學)researchersattheUniversityofUtahfoundthattextersinadrivingsimulatorhadmorecrashes,respondedmoreslowlytobrakelightsoncarsinfrontofthem,andshowedmoreimpairmentinforwardandlateralcontrolthandiddriverswhotalkedonacellphonewhiledrivingordrovewithouttexting.ResearchersFrankDrewsandcolleaguesfoundevidencethatattentionpatternsdifferfordriverswhotextversusthosewhoconverseonacellphone.Inthelattercase,theresearcherssay,“driversapparentlyattempttodivideattentionbetweenaphoneconversationanddriving,adjustingtheprocessingpriorityofthetwoactivitiesdependingontaskdemands.”Buttextingrequiresdriverstoswitchtheirattentionfromonetasktotheother.Whensuchattention-switchingoccursasdriverscompose,read,orreceiveatext,theiroverallreactiontimesaresubstantiallyslowerthanwhenthey’reengagedinaphoneconversation.Thetypeoftextingactivityalsoappearstomakeadifference;inthisstudy,readingmessagesaffectedbrakingtimesmorethandidcomposingthem.
Thehazardsoftextingwhiledrivingcontinuetoreceivebroadnationalandinternationalattentionasaccidentratesattributedtothispracticeincrease.Asaresult,agrowingnumberofU.S.citiesandstates,aswellasCanadianprovinces,bantextingwhileoperatingavehicle.Drewsetal,notedthataccordingtoCTIA,morethan1trilliontextmessagesweresentin2008intheUnitedStatesalone.Tofindwhyandhowmuchdriversareimpairedduringtexting,theresearchersengaged20menand20womenbetweentheagesof19and23inbothasingletask(straightdriving)andadualtask(drivingandtexting)inahigh-fidelitysimulator.Theparticipants,experiencedtexterswithanaverageof4.75yearsofdrivingexperience,receivedandsentmessageswhiletheresearchersobservedtheirbrakeonsettime,followingdistance,lanemaintenance,andcollisions.
Thecrashriskattributabletotextingissubstantial.Onepossibleexplanationisthatdriverswhotexttendtodecreasetheirminimumfollowingdistanceandalsoexperiencedelayedreactiontime.Forexample,intheDrewsetal.study,drivers’medianreactiontimeincreasedby30%whentheyweretextingand9%whentheytalkedonthephone,comparedwiththeirperformanceinadriving-onlycondition.
Notwithstandingthesafetyriskoftextingwhiledriving,previousresearchbyDrewsandcolleaguesattheUniversityofUtah―nottomentioncrashdataandwidespreadlegislation―makesclearthatusingaphonewhiledrivingisdangerous.
1.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
2.Atexterwhiledrivingintendsto().
3.Whytextingwhiledrivingismoredangerousthanconversingonacell-phone?
4.Theunderlinedphraseinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto().
5.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?
問題1選項
A.Comparedwithtalkingonacell-phone,itismoredangeroustotalkwithanotherpassenger.
B.Whiledriving,textingisriskierthantalkingonacell-phone.
C.Moreaccidentshappenedduetotextingwhiledriving.
D.Whiledriving,peopletendtoreactmoreslowlywhentheyaretexting.
問題2選項
A.beabletopayenoughattentiontocarscomingfrombothsidesofhis/hercar
B.keepproperdistancewiththecarinfrontofhis/hers
C.besteadyindrivingalongtheproperlane
D.belessconsciousofthebrakelightsoncarinfrontofhim/hers
問題3選項
A.Becausetextingmaytendtoslowdownthedriver’sreaction.
B.Becausereadingmessagesaffectedbrakingtime.
C.Becauseattention-switchingfortextingisriskierthanisattention-dividingforconversing.
D.Becausecomposingamessagewhiledrivingmaybemorerisky.
問題4選項
A.torepairtheroad
B.keepingtheroadingoodcondition
C.tosticktotheroad
D.drivingsteadilyalongthesamedrivinglane
問題5選項
A.Manycarscrashedduetotheuseofacell-phonewhiledriving.
B.Relativelawsshouldbemade.
C.Textingisasdangerousasistalkingonacell-phone.
D.Textingmayleadtosafetyproblems.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:D
第5題:D
【解析】第1題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到第一段的第一句話“…whytextingwhiledrivingisriskierthantalkingonacellphoneorwithanotherpassenger”(為什么開車時發(fā)短信比打電話或與其他乘客通話更危險)可知,本文是將發(fā)短信與其他兩者之間進行相比,而不是將“與用手機交談相比,與其他乘客交談更危險”這兩者之間相比,所以A選項符合題意。B選項“開車時發(fā)短信比打電話更危險”、C選項“更多的事故是由開車時發(fā)短信造成的”、D選項“開車時,人們在發(fā)短信時反應往往更慢”三項內(nèi)容文中都有提及,所以說法是正確的。因此A選項符合題意。
第2題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到第一段的第二句話“…UniversityofUtahfoundthattextersinadrivingsimulatorhadmorecrashes,respondedmoreslowlytobrakelightsoncarsinfrontofthem,andshowedmoreimpairmentinforwardandlateralcontrolthandiddriverswhotalkedonacellphonewhiledrivingordrovewithouttexting”(猶他大學發(fā)現(xiàn),與邊開車邊打電話或開車時不發(fā)短信的司機相比,在駕駛模擬器中發(fā)短信的人發(fā)生的車禍更多,對前面汽車的剎車燈反應更慢,在前進和橫向控制方面表現(xiàn)出更大的障礙)可知他們不太在意他/她前面車上的剎車燈。A選項“能夠?qū)乃?她的車的兩邊來的車給予足夠的注意”、B選項“與他/她前面的車保持適當?shù)木嚯x”、C選項“在正確的車道上開車要穩(wěn)”三項內(nèi)容沒有原文依據(jù)。因此D選項正確。
第3題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到第一段的第三、四句話“ResearchersFrankDrewsandcolleaguesfoundevidencethatattentionpatternsdifferfordriverswhotextversusthosewhoconverseonacellphone.Inthelattercase,theresearcherssay,‘driversapparentlyattempttodivideattentionbetweenaphoneconversationanddriving,adjustingtheprocessingpriorityofthetwoactivitiesdependingontaskdemands.’”(研究人員FrankDrew及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)短信的司機和打電話的司機注意力模式不同。研究人員說,在后一種情況下,“司機顯然試圖將注意力分散在打電話和開車之間,根據(jù)任務需求調(diào)整這兩種活動的處理優(yōu)先級”)可知因為在發(fā)短信時轉(zhuǎn)移注意力比在交談時分散注意力風險更大。A選項“因為發(fā)短信可能會減慢司機的反應速度”、B選項“因為讀取信息會影響制動時間”、D選項“因為邊開車邊寫信息可能更危險”三項內(nèi)容說法也都是開車時發(fā)短信的危害,但是不夠全面。因此C選項正確。
第4題:語義推測題。由題干定位到第二段最后一句話“Theparticipants,experiencedtexterswithanaverageof4.75yearsofdrivingexperience,receivedandsentmessageswhiletheresearchersobservedtheirbrakeonsettime,followingdistance,lanemaintenance,andcollisions”(參與者是有經(jīng)驗的短信用戶,平均有4.75年的駕駛經(jīng)驗,他們接收和發(fā)送信息,同時研究人員觀察他們的剎車開始時間、跟車距離、沿路行使和碰撞情況)可知lanemaintenance為不變地沿著同樣的駕駛道路駕駛。A選項“修護道路”、B選項“保持道路狀況良好”、C選項“不偏離道路”語義錯誤。因此D選項正確。
第5題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到最后一段“Notwithstandingthesafetyriskoftextingwhiledriving,previousresearchbyDrewsandcolleaguesattheUniversityofUtah―nottomentioncrashdataandwidespreadlegislation―makesclearthatusingaphonewhiledrivingisdangerous”(盡管開車時發(fā)短信存在安全風險,但德魯和他在猶他大學的同事之前的研究——更不用說撞車數(shù)據(jù)和廣泛的立法——明確表明開車時使用手機是危險的)可知駕駛時發(fā)短信會導致安全問題。A選項“許多汽車因開車時使用手機而發(fā)生撞車事故”、B選項“應該制定相關的法律”沒有原文依據(jù);C選項“發(fā)短信和打電話一樣危險”錯誤,這兩者之間本文沒有明確表述。因此D選項正確。
19.單選題
Whenitbecameclearthatmanagementandtheunioncouldnotsettletheirdifferences,thepresident_______tosettletheargument.
問題1選項
A.interacted
B.intervened
C.interconnected
D.interviewed
【答案】B
【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項“interacted”意為“交流;溝通;合作;相互影響”;B選項“intervened”意為“干涉;調(diào)停;插入”;C選項“interconnected”意為“使互相連接”;D選項“interviewed”意為“采訪;接見;對……進行面談;對某人進行面試”。句意:當資方和工會顯然無法解決分歧時,主席出面解決了爭論。由題干可知,資方和工會無法解決分歧,需要一個第三方來干涉調(diào)停以解決爭論。因此B選項符合題意。
20.不定項選擇題
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemory?Canyourememberlearningtowalk?Ortalk?Thefirsttimeyou(71)thunderorwatchedatelevisionprogram?Adultsseldom(72)eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool,justaschildrenyoungerthanthreeorfour(73)retainanymemoryofspecific,personalexperiences.Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen(74)bypsychologistsforthis“childhoodamnesia”(兒童失憶癥).Onearguesthatthehippocampus,theregionofthebrainwhichisresponsibleforformingmemories,doesnotmature(75)abouttheageoftwo.Butthem
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