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住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-國(guó)防科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I(帶答案詳解)(圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題
Thereisnodoubt______thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesaleproject.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.why
B.that
C.whether
D.when
【答案】B
【解析】考查固定句型。A項(xiàng)why為疑問副詞,表示“為什么”;B項(xiàng)that為關(guān)系代詞,可指代某人或某物;C項(xiàng)whether為疑問副詞,表示“是否”;D項(xiàng)when為疑問副詞,表示“何時(shí)”。根據(jù)句子可知,thereisnodoubtthat…為固定句型,表示“毫無疑問”。句意:毫無疑問,公司在銷售項(xiàng)目上做出了正確的決定。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
2.單選題
Ahumanisquitea______creature,fortheglossofrationalitythatcovershisorherfearsandinsecurityisthinandofteneasilybreached.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.valiant
B.alternate
C.frail
D.alleviate
【答案】C
【解析】考查詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)valiant“英勇的,勇敢的”,B項(xiàng)alternate“交替的,輪流的”,C項(xiàng)frail“脆弱的,虛弱的”,D項(xiàng)alleviate為動(dòng)詞,表示“減輕;緩和”。根據(jù)句子可知for是表原因,句子的意思是“因?yàn)檠谏w恐懼和不安全感的理性外表很薄弱,并且經(jīng)常很容易被打破”,所以推知空格處表示“脆弱的”,C項(xiàng)符合。句意:人類是一種非常脆弱的生物,因?yàn)檠谏w恐懼和不安全感的理性外表很薄弱,并且經(jīng)常很容易被打破。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)。
3.單選題
Therelativeswhoreceivedlittleornothingsoughttoinvalidatethewillbyclaimingthatthedeceasedhadnotbeeninhisrightmindwhenhehadsignedthedocument.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.destroy
B.inveigh
C.mandate
D.strengthen
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干invalidate“使無效,使作廢”。A項(xiàng)“摧毀,破壞”,B項(xiàng)“抨擊,痛罵”,C項(xiàng)“授權(quán)”,D項(xiàng)“加強(qiáng),增強(qiáng)”。因此選A。句意:幾乎沒有或什么也沒有得到的親戚聲稱,死者在簽署文件時(shí)精神不正常,遺囑無效。
4.單選題
TheRosettastonethwartedscholars’effortsforseveraldecadesuntiltheearlynineteenthcenturywhenseveralkeyhieroglyphicphrasesweredecodedusingtheGreekinscription.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.stimulated
B.influenced
C.frustrated
D.encouraged
【答案】C
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干thwarted“阻止;阻撓”。A項(xiàng)“激發(fā);激勵(lì)”,B項(xiàng)“影響”,C項(xiàng)“使沮喪;阻止;防止”,D項(xiàng)“支持;鼓勵(lì)”。因此選C。句意:羅塞塔石碑阻礙了學(xué)者們數(shù)十年的努力,直到19世紀(jì)初,希臘文字才對(duì)幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵的象形文字進(jìn)行了解碼。
5.單選題
Weliveina(n)______societywhichviewssuccessprimarilyintermsofmaterialpossessions.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.acquisitive
B.requisite
C.inextricable
D.refraining
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)acquisitive“渴求獲取財(cái)物的,貪婪的”,B項(xiàng)requisite“必備的,必不可少的”,C項(xiàng)inextricable“逃脫不掉的,解不開的”,D項(xiàng)refraining為動(dòng)詞refrain的現(xiàn)在分詞形式,表示“克制”。根據(jù)句子可知,which是作定語(yǔ)從句修飾society,定語(yǔ)從句的意思是“社會(huì)主要從物質(zhì)財(cái)富的角度來看待成功”,那么可以推測(cè),這個(gè)社會(huì)是一個(gè)“渴求獲取財(cái)物的”社會(huì),A項(xiàng)符合。句意:我們生活在一個(gè)主要把成功看成是物質(zhì)財(cái)富的貪婪的社會(huì)。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)。
6.單選題
Itismoreimportantthatsheshouldbefree_____sheshouldlivealuxuriouslife.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.thanwhat
B.that
C.morethan
D.thanthat
【答案】D
【解析】考查比較級(jí)的規(guī)則。根據(jù)句中的more,肯定要有than,根據(jù)相比較對(duì)象一致的原則,本題是thatsheshouldbefree與thatsheshouldlivealuxuriouslife之間相比較的句子,所以選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
7.單選題
Horse-drawncoacheswereneitheracompetitivenoracomfortablealternativegiventhedeplorablestateofthenation’shighwaysandthoughbicycleswerepopularinbothtownandcountry,they,too,werehamperedbypoorroadsurfaces.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.restrained
B.supported
C.favored
D.damaged
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干hampered“妨礙,阻止”。A項(xiàng)“阻止;約束”,B項(xiàng)“支持”,C項(xiàng)“喜愛,偏愛”,D項(xiàng)“損害;傷害”。因此選A。句意:考慮到國(guó)家公路狀況糟糕,騎馬教練既不是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者,也不是舒適的替代者,盡管自行車在城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村都廣受歡迎,但它們也受到不良路面的阻礙。
8.單選題
ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehavior,ofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimals,andthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituation,suchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.Thustheant-lionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardwithabdomen,goesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatens,andendeavors,withtheutmostexertionstoboreintoit.Itknowsnoothermodeoffightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandisinterrupted,iteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactions(asuselessascultivatinganunsownfield)ordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwood,whenremovalfromahalf-finishedhome,willnotbeginagain,thoughitwillcontinueanotherburrow,evenonemadewithapencil.
Advancedinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar-reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habits,insteadofbeingbornready-made(Whentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatall)wereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment,ofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremodeledtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.
Thismeans,onemightatfirstimagine,thatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect-likecreaturesarenolongerinherited,althoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingon,yetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors.
58.Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?
59.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheexampleoftheant-lion?
60.Basedontheexampleprovidedinthepassage,wecantellthatwhenaspiderisremovedtoanewpositionwherehalfofanethasbeenmade,itwillprobably____.
61.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouthabits?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.TheEvolutionofInsects.
B.EnvironmentandHeredity.
C.Education:TheInfluenceoftheEnvironment.
D.TheInstinctsofAnimals.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Instinctsofanimalscanleadtounreasonablereactionsofanimalsinastrangesituation.
B.Whenitisengagedinachainactionsitcannotbeinterrupted.
C.Environmentandheredityaretwosupplementaryfactorsintheevolutionofinsects.
D.Alongthelinesofevolutionhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.beginacompletenet
B.destroythehalf-madenet
C.spintherestofthenet
D.stayawayfromthenet
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Theyarenaturalendowmentstolivingcreature.
B.Theyaremoreimportantthaninstinctstoallanimals.
C.Theyaresubjecttheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment.
D.Theyaredestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar-reachingpossibilityintheevolutionofhumanbeings.
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:C
【解析】58.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】主旨大意題。這是一篇科技性的文章,從文中內(nèi)容可知,作者是在講外部環(huán)境和遺傳是互補(bǔ)的因素,主要是為了說明兩個(gè)生物和遺傳學(xué)中重要的概念:先天的“本能”(instinct)和后天的“習(xí)慣”(habit),以及它們之間相互的關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)A“昆蟲的進(jìn)化”可以排除掉,文章的主題顯然不是討論昆蟲的進(jìn)化。選項(xiàng)C“教育:環(huán)境的影響”,D“動(dòng)物的本能”都分別是文章討論的一個(gè)側(cè)面,也可以排除。所以應(yīng)該選B“環(huán)境和遺傳”,從全篇文章尤其是最后一句都明確表現(xiàn)出文章“環(huán)境和遺傳”這一主題。
59.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】判斷推理題。本題可參照第一段中間一句話ifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandisinterrupted,iteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactions…ordiesinhelplessinactivity(如果這樣一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的動(dòng)物在一連串的行動(dòng)中被打斷,它要么徒勞地繼續(xù)剩下的行動(dòng)……要么在無助的無為中死去),從中可知,蟻獅會(huì)執(zhí)著地做出本能的反應(yīng)。因此A項(xiàng)“當(dāng)它參與連鎖行動(dòng)時(shí)它不能受到干擾”為正確答案。B項(xiàng)“動(dòng)物的本能會(huì)導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物在陌生的情況下做出不合理的反應(yīng)”,C項(xiàng)“環(huán)境和遺傳在昆蟲進(jìn)化中是兩個(gè)補(bǔ)充因素”,D項(xiàng)“沿著進(jìn)化方向遺傳作用變小環(huán)境變得更為重要”,皆與文章不符。
60.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】判斷推理題。文章第一段最后一句Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwood,whenremovalfromahalf-finishedhome,willnotbeginagain,…(一只織網(wǎng)的蜘蛛在挖洞的時(shí)候,用沙礫和木屑筑起一個(gè)堡壘,當(dāng)它從一個(gè)半成品的家里搬走時(shí),它不會(huì)再開始……),可知當(dāng)一只蜘蛛建造它的小巢的工作進(jìn)行到一半的時(shí)候,到了一個(gè)新的環(huán)境,它不會(huì)重新開始修建另一個(gè)巢穴,而是會(huì)繼續(xù)完成一個(gè)半成品的巢穴,這是動(dòng)物的本能的反映。依此類推,當(dāng)人們把一只蜘蛛從一個(gè)織了一半的網(wǎng)上拿到另外一個(gè)織了一半的網(wǎng)上的時(shí)候,它顯然會(huì)在本能的驅(qū)使下把那個(gè)織了一半的網(wǎng)完成。因此C項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)織剩下的網(wǎng)”,為正確答案。A項(xiàng)“開始織一個(gè)完整的網(wǎng)”,B項(xiàng)“摧毀織了一半的網(wǎng)”,D項(xiàng)“遠(yuǎn)離網(wǎng)”,均不符合文意。
61.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】判斷推理題。可從第二段最后一句Habits,insteadofbeingbornready-made(Whentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatall)wereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment,ofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremodeledtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm(習(xí)慣,而不是天生的現(xiàn)成的(當(dāng)它們被稱為本能而不是習(xí)慣的時(shí)候),越來越多地被環(huán)境的影響所左右,其中最重要的因素是父母在幼年時(shí)期照顧小動(dòng)物,在幼年時(shí)期,比昆蟲更模糊的本能被模仿來適應(yīng)環(huán)境,環(huán)境可能會(huì)發(fā)生很大的變化而不會(huì)造成傷害),對(duì)習(xí)慣的描述推出C“他們受到環(huán)境的影響”。A項(xiàng)“他們是生物的自然天賦”,B“對(duì)所有動(dòng)物來說,它們比本能更重要”,D“他們注定會(huì)在人類的進(jìn)化中開闊有極其遠(yuǎn)大前景的可能性”,均錯(cuò)誤。
9.單選題
Theword“sophism”hasanunfavorableconnotationandmeansarguingdeceitfully,attemptingtoturnapoorcaseintoagoodonebymeansofcleverbut______reasoning.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.implacable
B.queer
C.fictitious
D.specious
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)implacable“不能安撫的,難和解的”,B項(xiàng)queer“奇怪的,異常的”,C項(xiàng)fictitious“虛構(gòu)的,假想的”,D項(xiàng)specious“似是而非的,外表美觀的”。由meansarguingdeceitfully(意思是欺騙性地辯論)和turnapoorcaseintoagoodonebymeansofcleverbut______reasoning(通過聰明但______的推理把一個(gè)糟糕的案例變成一個(gè)好案例)可知,空格處填入D項(xiàng)符合。句意:“詭辯”這個(gè)詞有一個(gè)不利的含義,意思是欺騙性地辯論,試圖通過聰明但似是而非的推理把一個(gè)糟糕的案例變成一個(gè)好案例。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)。
10.單選題
MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemcaptivatedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequently,nothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious.Accordingly,itrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixing(thedeterminationofpricesbytheseller)asboth“normal”andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Hence,acomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree--marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantpricecutting,becausepricecuttingwouldbeprejudicialtocommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.
Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixing,thecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.
Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitedStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;rather,Sovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.
50.Theauthor’sattitudetoward“Mosteconomists”intheUnitedStates(para1)canbestbedescribedas____.
51.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sargumentthatapricefixedbytheseller“seemspernicious”(para1)because____.
52.Thesuggestioninthetextthatpricefixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor’sstatementthatprice-fixingis____.
53.Accordingtotheauthor,pricefixinginnon-socialistcountriesisoften____.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.spitefulandenvious
B.scornfulanddenunciatory
C.criticalandcondescending
D.ambivalentbutdeferential
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.peopledonothaveconfidenceinlargefirms
B.peopledonotexpectthegovernmenttoregulateprices
C.mosteconomistsbelievethatconsumersasagroupshoulddetermineprices
D.mosteconomistsassociatefixedpriceswithcommunistandsocialisteconomies
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.aprofitableresultofeconomicdevelopment
B.aninevitableresultoftheindustrialsystem
C.theresultofanumberofcarefullyorganizeddecisions
D.aphenomenoncommontoindustrializedandnon-industrializedsocieties
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.accidentalbutproductive
B.illegalbutuseful
C.legalandinnovative
D.intentionalandwidespread
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:C
第3題:B
第4題:D
【解析】50.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。定位到文章第一段最后一句Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot(大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家并不知道價(jià)格操縱會(huì)在何時(shí)發(fā)生,因?yàn)樗麄兤谕麅r(jià)格操縱由大公司之間的一系列明確協(xié)議帶來;事實(shí)并非如此)和第二段第一句Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates(此外,那些認(rèn)為允許自由市場(chǎng)不受干擾地運(yùn)行是建立價(jià)格的最有效方法的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家沒有考慮美國(guó)以外的非社會(huì)主義國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)),可以看出作者對(duì)大部分經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的態(tài)度是批判的,所以C項(xiàng)“批判”符合。A項(xiàng)“怨恨和嫉妒”,B項(xiàng)“蔑視和譴責(zé)”和D項(xiàng)“矛盾但恭敬”,均未在文中體現(xiàn)。
51.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干:從作者的論點(diǎn)可以推斷,賣方定價(jià)“似乎有害”,因?yàn)?。定位到文章第一段第二句Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious(就此而言,由賣方?jīng)Q定的價(jià)格,或由消費(fèi)者群體以外的任何人確定的價(jià)格,似乎是有害的),所以C項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為,消費(fèi)者作為一個(gè)群體應(yīng)該決定價(jià)格”符合這句話所表達(dá)的意思。而A項(xiàng)“人們對(duì)大公司沒有信心”,B項(xiàng)“人們不指望政府調(diào)控物價(jià)”,D項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家把固定價(jià)格與共產(chǎn)主義和社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系起來”均屬于無中生有。
52.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干:本文認(rèn)為,工業(yè)社會(huì)的價(jià)格管制是正常的,這是因?yàn)樽髡哒J(rèn)為價(jià)格管制是……?定位到文章第一段第四句Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.(事實(shí)上,在所有工業(yè)化社會(huì)中,定價(jià)都是正常的,因?yàn)楣I(yè)體系本身提供了它所需要的定價(jià),這是它自身發(fā)展的一個(gè)不費(fèi)吹灰之力的結(jié)果),可知B項(xiàng)“工業(yè)系統(tǒng)的必然結(jié)果”符合文意,當(dāng)選。A項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的有益結(jié)果”,C項(xiàng)“一系列精心組織的決定的結(jié)果”,D項(xiàng)“工業(yè)化和非工業(yè)化社會(huì)的共同現(xiàn)象”,均在文中未提及。
53.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。從第二段第二句和第三句Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace(這些經(jīng)濟(jì)體通常以公開的方式有意操縱價(jià)格??ㄌ貭柕恼蕉▋r(jià)和涵蓋行業(yè)成員的協(xié)議的非正式定價(jià)是司空見慣的),特別是里面的關(guān)鍵詞intentional和commonplace,可知D項(xiàng)“有意和普遍的”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“偶然但富有成效”,B項(xiàng)“非法但有用”,C項(xiàng)“合法且創(chuàng)新”,都不符合文意,排除。
11.單選題
Simplysurvivingthoseoceancrossingsofindeterminatelength,inopencanoes,toarriveontheshoresofuninhabitedandhithertounknownislands,wasaformidableachievement.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.undecided
B.uncertain
C.unacceptable
D.increasing
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)undecided“未定的,未決定的”,B項(xiàng)uncertain“無把握的,多變的,不確定的”,C項(xiàng)unacceptable“不能接受的,不受歡迎的”,D項(xiàng)increasing“越來越多的,漸增的”。句意:僅僅是乘著獨(dú)木舟在漫長(zhǎng)的海上航行中幸存下來,到達(dá)無人居住的、無人知道的島嶼的海岸,就是一項(xiàng)了不起的成就。indeterminate在句中表示“不確定的”,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是B項(xiàng)。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)。
12.單選題
Thetaleisbasedonthe______ideaofamanwhoremainsyoungwhilehisportraitonthewallgrowsold.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.tentative
B.whimsical
C.querulous
D.cynical
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)tentative“試驗(yàn)性的,暫定的,躊躇的”,B項(xiàng)whimsical“古怪的,異想天開的”,C項(xiàng)querulous“易怒的,暴躁的,愛發(fā)牢騷的”,D項(xiàng)cynical“憤世嫉俗的,冷嘲的”。根據(jù)后面的定語(yǔ)從句“掛在墻上的肖像會(huì)變老,而他卻依然年輕”可知,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中“異想天開的”符合。句意:這個(gè)故事是基于一個(gè)人的異想天開的想法,他仍然年輕,而他的肖像在墻上變老。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)。
13.單選題
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.
Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.
Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatisse—presupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.
Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.
47.Whatistheauthormainlyconcernedwith?Theauthorisconcernedwith______.
48.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes“theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinparagraph2?
49.WhydoestheauthorintroduceAbstractExpressionistpainter?
50.Howdidthenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographystressthephotography?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart
B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineart
C.explainingtheattitudeofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext
D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Objective
B.Mechanical
C.Superficial
D.Paradoxical
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Hewantstoprovideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodernart.
B.HewantstosetforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.
C.HewantstoprovideacontrasttoPopartistandothers.
D.Hewantstoprovideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,isnotandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Theystressedphotographywasameansofmakingpeoplehappy.
B.Itwasartforrecordingtheworld.
C.Itwasadeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially.
D.Itwasanartcomparabletopainting.
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:D
【解析】47.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“作者主要關(guān)注的是……”。文章一開始講述了19世紀(jì)攝影家為確立攝影是藝術(shù)而提出的種種依據(jù),并把繪畫和攝影作比較,來反駁否定攝影的論點(diǎn),第二段和第三段闡述了即使攝影被確立為一門藝術(shù),當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影師仍然聲稱自己絕不是創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品,接著作者用抽象表現(xiàn)主義繪畫和古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫進(jìn)行舉例,證明攝影更多的是關(guān)注自身的主題而非藝術(shù),最后總結(jié)攝影宣傳會(huì)使公眾忘記攝影是一種藝術(shù)。綜上所知,文章中的作者主要關(guān)注的是當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影師對(duì)藝術(shù)的態(tài)度,所以C項(xiàng)“解釋當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影師對(duì)攝影藝術(shù)的態(tài)度,并將這些態(tài)度放在他們的歷史背景中”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“定義現(xiàn)代主義對(duì)藝術(shù)的態(tài)度”、B項(xiàng)“解釋攝影是如何成為一門藝術(shù)的”和D項(xiàng)“定義當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影師對(duì)他們的藝術(shù)采取的各種方法,并評(píng)估這些方法的價(jià)值”都只是部分提及。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
48.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】作者態(tài)度題。題干意思是“下面哪個(gè)形容詞最好地描述了作者在第2段中描述的‘現(xiàn)代主義的勝利所強(qiáng)加的藝術(shù)概念’?”。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句話ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.(這說明他們就是把現(xiàn)代主義勝利所強(qiáng)加的藝術(shù)概念視為合理的,其合理程度是:藝術(shù)越強(qiáng),對(duì)藝術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)目的破壞得越大。),結(jié)合第二段倒數(shù)第三句有提到Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.(嚴(yán)肅的攝影師都聲稱自己在尋找、記錄、公正地觀察、見證事件、探索自我,但絕不是創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品。)可知,嚴(yán)肅的攝影師雖然聲稱自己不是在創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品,但是他們卻把現(xiàn)代主義勝利強(qiáng)加的藝術(shù)概念視為合理的,可推理這是一種矛盾的現(xiàn)象,所以D項(xiàng)“矛盾的”正確。A項(xiàng)“客觀的”、B項(xiàng)“機(jī)械的,呆板的”和C項(xiàng)“膚淺的”都不正確。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
49.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者為什么要介紹抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家?”。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵信息定位到第三段第二句Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.(例如,這些認(rèn)為通過拍照可以擺脫繪畫所表現(xiàn)的藝術(shù)的矯飾的攝影家,使我們想起了那些抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家,他們想象著通過專注于繪畫的物理行為來擺脫古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫的嚴(yán)肅思想),結(jié)合第二段提到的Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.(嚴(yán)肅的攝影師都聲稱自己在尋找、記錄、公正地觀察、見證事件、探索自我,但絕不是創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品。)推斷,作者在第三段介紹抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家的例子,是要舉例說明這些畫家也如同當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家一樣,擺脫了傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)目的,故A項(xiàng)“他要列舉這樣藝術(shù)家的例子,他們像當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家一樣拋棄了傳統(tǒng)上被接受的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)目的”正確。B項(xiàng)“他想在抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家和古典現(xiàn)代主義畫家之間找出相似點(diǎn)”不符合原文。C項(xiàng)“他要在流行藝術(shù)家和其它藝術(shù)家之間作一個(gè)對(duì)比”,文中在此處介紹抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家是想和當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家進(jìn)行類比,而不是流行藝術(shù)家和其他藝術(shù)家的對(duì)比,所以C項(xiàng)不選。D項(xiàng)“他想解釋為什么嚴(yán)肅攝影,像其它當(dāng)代視覺形式一樣不是藝術(shù),而且也不應(yīng)當(dāng)充作藝術(shù)”,文中沒有提到其他當(dāng)代視覺藝術(shù)形式不是藝術(shù)。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。
50.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“19世紀(jì)的攝影捍衛(wèi)者是如何強(qiáng)調(diào)攝影的?”。第一段最后兩句提到Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.(整個(gè)十九世紀(jì),對(duì)攝影的捍衛(wèi)與將其確立為一門藝術(shù)的斗爭(zhēng)是一致的。有人指責(zé)攝影是一種沒有靈魂的和對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)機(jī)械性的復(fù)制,攝影工作者卻聲稱攝影不是復(fù)制品,而是一種特殊的觀察方式,是對(duì)平庸視覺的叛逆,和繪畫一樣有藝術(shù)價(jià)值。),由此可推知,19世紀(jì)的攝影捍衛(wèi)者認(rèn)為攝影和繪畫一樣具有藝術(shù)價(jià)值,它是一種藝術(shù),所以D項(xiàng)“這是一種可與繪畫相媲美的藝術(shù)”正確。A項(xiàng)“他們強(qiáng)調(diào)攝影是一種讓人快樂的方式”沒有提到。B項(xiàng)“它是記錄世界的藝術(shù)”和C項(xiàng)“這是一種公正地觀察世界的裝置”是當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影師對(duì)自己工作的聲稱,并不是攝影捍衛(wèi)者強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
14.單選題
Donotpadyourpaperwith______matters;sticktoessentialitemsonly.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.extrinsic
B.extant
C.extraneous
D.extrovert
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)extrinsic表示“外在的,外來的”,B項(xiàng)extant表示“現(xiàn)存的,顯著的”,C項(xiàng)extraneous表示“沒有直接聯(lián)系的,無關(guān)的”,D項(xiàng)extrovert為名詞,表示“外向,外傾者”。根據(jù)后面的句子sticktoessentialitemsonly(只做重要的事情),結(jié)合前面的否定donot可知,空格處要填入一個(gè)與essential相反的詞語(yǔ),因此,“無關(guān)的”符合語(yǔ)境。句意:不要用不相干的東西填滿你的紙,只做重要的事情。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
15.單選題
Lightfromthesunanddistantstarstraversesavacuuminspace.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.fills
B.creates
C.surrounds
D.crosses
【答案】D
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)fill“裝滿,使充滿,滿足”,B項(xiàng)create“創(chuàng)造,創(chuàng)作”,C項(xiàng)surround“圍繞,包圍”,D項(xiàng)cross“穿越,越過”。句意:來自太陽(yáng)和遙遠(yuǎn)恒星的光穿過空間的真空。traverse在句中表示“穿過”。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)。
16.單選題
Forsomewomen,homemakingis______tohavingacareer,forothers,raisingafamilyandtakingcareoftheirhomesisthemostgratifyingoflife’scallings.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.slavish
B.fawning
C.subservient
D.subordinate
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)slavish表示“奴隸的,奴性的,卑屈的”,B項(xiàng)fawning表示“奉承的,恭維的,討好的”,指通過諂媚和奉承來獲得注意和贊賞,C項(xiàng)subservient表示“屈從的,奉承的,恭順的”,指某人非常愿意服從別人,D項(xiàng)subordinate表示“從屬的,隸屬的,次要的”。句意:對(duì)于一些女性來說,家政是比事業(yè)更重要的事情,而對(duì)于另一些女性來說,養(yǎng)家和照顧家庭是生活中最令人滿足的召喚。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
17.單選題
Theactivists’energeticworkintheserviceofbothwomansuffrageandthetemperancemovementinthelatenineteenthcentury______theassertionthatthetwomovementswereinimical.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.diffuses
B.undermines
C.supports
D.underscores
【答案】B
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)diffuse“擴(kuò)散,傳播”,B項(xiàng)undermine“逐漸削弱(信心、權(quán)威等),漸漸破壞”,C項(xiàng)support“支持,幫助,支撐”,D項(xiàng)underscore“強(qiáng)調(diào),劃線于……下”。根據(jù)句子可知,句子缺少一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,由Theactivists’energeticworkintheserviceofbothwomansuffrageandthetemperancemovement(積極分子為婦女選舉權(quán)和禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)所做的積極工作)和theassertionthatthetwomovementswereinimical(這兩個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)是敵對(duì)的斷言)可判斷,這兩者的關(guān)系是“削弱”,B項(xiàng)符合。句意:19世紀(jì)晚期,積極分子為婦女選舉權(quán)和禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)所做的積極工作削弱了這兩個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)是敵對(duì)的論斷。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)。
18.單選題
Vacillatingbetweenlovingherparentsoneminuteandhatingthemthenext,shewasconfusedbythe______ofherfeelings.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.agitation
B.ambivalence
C.anachronism
D.abnegation
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)agitation表示“激動(dòng),攪動(dòng),煽動(dòng)”,B項(xiàng)ambivalence表示“矛盾情緒,正反感情并存”,C項(xiàng)anachronism表示“時(shí)代錯(cuò)誤,不合潮流的人或物”,D項(xiàng)abnegation表示“拒絕,放棄”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息Vacillatingbetweenlovingherparentsoneminuteandhatingthemthenext(對(duì)她父母時(shí)愛時(shí)恨)可知,“矛盾情緒”符合語(yǔ)境。句意:她因深陷于對(duì)她父母時(shí)愛時(shí)恨的矛盾心態(tài)中而感到困惑不堪。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
19.單選題
AlthoughIdon’twishto______yourcontribution,Ifeelwemustplaceitintitsproperperspective.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.magnify
B.expurgate
C.denigrate
D.belittle
【答案】D
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)magnify表示“放大,贊美”,B項(xiàng)expurgate表示“刪除,刪去”,C項(xiàng)denigrate表示“詆毀,使變黑,玷污”,D項(xiàng)belittle表示“輕視,貶低”。Although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)主句的內(nèi)容“我覺得我們必須正確地看待它”可推知,Idon’twishto______yourcontribution表示的是“我不想貶低你的貢獻(xiàn)”。句意:雖然我不想貶低你的貢獻(xiàn),但我覺得我們必須正確看待它。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
20.單選題
Dave’s______imaginationenableshimtotellthemostamazingandentertainingstories.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.tentative
B.whimsical
C.whining
D.querulous
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)tentative“試驗(yàn)性的,暫定的”,B項(xiàng)whimsical“古怪的,異想天開的”,C項(xiàng)whining是動(dòng)詞whine的現(xiàn)在分詞,表示“抱怨,發(fā)牢騷”,D項(xiàng)querulous“易怒的,暴躁的”。由后面的enableshimtotellthemostamazingandentertainingstories(能讓他講出最令人驚奇和有趣的故事)可知,______imagination表示“異想天開的想象力”。句意:戴夫異想天開的想象力使他能講出最令人驚奇和有趣的故事。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)。
21.單選題
Somerobotsmay______applythesetechniquestoinstallanewnetworkthereinthenearfuture.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.conceivably
B.unbelievable
C.unimaginably
D.unthinkably
【答案】C
【解析】考查副詞辨析。A項(xiàng)conceivably“可以想象的是,可以想得到的是”,B項(xiàng)unbelievable“難以置信的,不可信的”,C項(xiàng)unimaginably“難以想象地”,D項(xiàng)unthinkably“無法接受地”。句子的意思是“在不久的將來,一些機(jī)器人可能會(huì)應(yīng)用這些技術(shù)來安裝一個(gè)新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)”,那么由此可知,這種情況是“不敢想象地”,C項(xiàng)符合。句意:在不久的將來,一些機(jī)器人可能會(huì)意想不到地應(yīng)用這些技術(shù)來安裝一個(gè)新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)。
22.單選題
YoucommentthatIseemrelaxedtoday.Areyou______thatI’musuallyuptight?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.pondering
B.intimating
C.indigenous
D.intimidating
【答案】B
【解析】考查詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)pondering為ponder的現(xiàn)在分詞,表示“沉思,默想”,B項(xiàng)intimating為intimate的現(xiàn)在分詞,表示“暗示,通知”,C項(xiàng)indigenous“本土的,國(guó)產(chǎn)的”,D項(xiàng)intimidating為intimidate的現(xiàn)在分詞,表示“恐嚇,威脅”。前面的句子意思是“你說我今天看起來很放松”,后面提到了uptight(緊張),這與前面相反,可以推測(cè)空格處表示“暗示”,B項(xiàng)符合。句意:你說我今天看起來很放松。你是在暗示我平常看起來都是緊張的嗎?因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)。
23.單選題
Despitethe______ofherbusyafternoons—homework,carpooling,dinnerpreparation—shestrivestomaintainaninnersenseoforderandcalm.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.enigma
B.turbulence
C.labyrinth
D.precariousness
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)enigma“謎,不可思議的東西”,B項(xiàng)turbulence“騷亂,動(dòng)蕩,混亂”,C項(xiàng)labyrinth“迷宮”,D項(xiàng)precariousness“不安全,不穩(wěn)定”。由后面的句子shes
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