2001年06月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)真題(含答案)

2001年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)(CET-4)真題試卷PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.PeoplelivingonpartsofthesouthcoastofEnglandfaceaseriousproblem.In1993,theownersofalargehotelandofseveralhousesdiscovered,totheirhorror,thattheirgardenshaddisappearedovernight.Theseahadeatenintothesoftlimestonecliffsonwhichtheyhadbeenbuilt.Whileexpertswerestudyingtheproblem,thehotelandseveralhousesdisappearedaltogether,slidingdownthecliffandintothesea.Erosion(侵蝕)ofthewhitecliffsalongthesouthcoastofEnglandhasalwaysbeenaproblembutithasbecomemoreseriousinrecentyears.Dozensofhomeshavehadtobeabandonedastheseahascreptfartherandfartherinland.Expertshavestudiedtheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea.AngryownershavecalledontheGovernmenttoerectseadefensestoprotecttheirhomes.Governmentsurveyorshavepointedoutthatinmostcases,thisisimpossible.Newseawallswouldcosthundredsofmillionsofpoundsandwouldmerelymakethewavesandcurrentsgofurtheralongthecoast,shiftingtheproblemfromoneareatoanother.Thedangerislikelytocontinue,theysay,untilthewavesreachaninlandareaofhardrockwhichwillnotbeeatenaslimestoneis.Meanwhile,ifyouwanttobuyacheaphousewithanuncertainfuture,applytoahouseagentinoneofthethreatenedareasonthesouthcoastofEngland.Youcangetahouseforaknockdownpricebutitmayturnouttobeaknockdownhome.WhatisthecauseoftheproblemthatpeoplelivingonpartsofthesouthcoastofEnglandface?Thedisappearanceofhotels,housesandgardens.Theexperts'lackofknowledge.Therisingofthesealevel.Thewashing-awayoflimestonecliffs.TheerosionofthewhitecliffsinthesouthofEngland.willsoonbecomeaproblemforpeoplelivingincentralEnglandhasnowbecomeathreattothelocalresidentsisquicklychangingthemapofEnglandcanbestoppedifpropermeasuresaretakenTheexperts'studyontheproblemoferosioncan.leadtoitseventualsolutionprovideaneffectivewaytoslowitdownhelptopreventitfromworseningwarnpeoplewhosehomesareindangerItisnotfeasibletobuildseadefensestoprotectagainsterosionbecause.itistoocostlyandwillendangerneighbouringareasthegovernmentistooslowintakingactiontheywillbeeasilyknockeddownbywavesandcurrentshouseagentsalongthecoastdonotsupporttheideaAccordingtotheauthor,whenbuyingahousealongthesouthcoastofEngland,peopleshould.beawareofthepotentialdangerinvolvedguardagainstbeingcheatedbythehouseagenttakethequalityofthehouseintoconsiderationexaminethehousecarefullybeforemakingadecisionPassageTwoSportisnotonlyphysicallychallenging,butitcanalsobementallychallenging.Criticismfromcoaches,parents,andotherteammates,aswellaspressuretowincancreateanexcessiveamountofanxietyorstressforyoungathletes(運(yùn)動(dòng)員).Stresscanbephysical,emotional,orpsychological,andresearchhasindicatedthatitcanleadtoburnout.Burnouthasbeendescribedasdroppingorquittingofanactivitythatwasatonetimeenjoyable.Theearlyyearsofdevelopmentarecriticalyearsforlearningabutoneself.Thesportsettingisonewherevaluableexperiencescantakeplace.Youngathletescan,forexample,learnhowtocooperatewithothers,makefriends,andgainothersocialskillsthatwillbeusedthroughouttheirlives.Coachesandparentsshouldbeaware,atalltimes,thattheirfeedbacktoyoungsterscangreatlyaffecttheirchildren.Youngstersmaytaketheirparents'andcoaches'criticismstoheartandfindaflaw(缺陷)inthemselves.Coachesandparentsshouldalsobecautiousthatyouthsportparticipationdoesnotbecomeworkforchildren.Theoutcomeofthegameshouldnotbemoreimportantthantheprocessoflearningthesportandotherlifelessons.Intoday'syouthsportsetting,youngathletesmaybeworryingmoreaboutwhowillwininsteadofenjoyingthemselvesandthesport.Followingagame,manyparentsandcoachesfocusontheoutcomeandfindfaultwithyoungsters'performances.Positivereinforcementshouldbeprovidedregardlessoftheoutcome.Researchindicatesthatpositivereinforcementmotivatesandhasagreatereffectonlearningthancriticism.Again,criticismcancreatehighlevelsofstress,whichcanleadtoburnout.AneffectivewaytopreventtheburnoutofyoungathletesistomakesportslesscompetitivetomakesportsmorechallengingtoreducetheirmentalstresstoincreasetheirsenseofsuccessAccordingtothepassagesportispositiveforyoungpeopleinthatitcanhelpthemlearnmoreaboutsocietyitteachesthemhowtosetrealisticgoalsforthemselvesitenablesthemtofindflawsinthemselvesitcanprovidethemwithvaluableexperiencesManycoachesandparentsareinthehabitofcriticizingyoungathleteswithoutrealizingcriticismmaydestroytheirselfconfidenceinordertomakethemrememberlife'slessonsbelievingthatcriticismisbeneficialfortheirearlydevelopmentsoastoputmorepressureonthemAccordingtothepassageparentsandcoachesshould.helpchildrentowineverygamepaymoreattentiontolettingchildrenenjoysportsenablechildrentounderstandthepositiveaspectofsportstrainchildrentocopewithstress10.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassageis.topersuadeyoungchildrennottoworryaboutcriticismtostresstheimportanceofpositivereinforcementtochildrentodiscusstheskillofcombiningcriticismwithencouragementtoteachyoungathleteshowtoavoidburnoutPassageThreeHumanityusesalittlelessthanhalfthewateravailableworldwide.Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughts(干旱)arecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,andindustrialandagriculturalby-productsarepollutingwatersupplies.Sincetheworld'populationisexpectedtodoubleinthenext50years,manyexpertsthinkweareontheedgeofawidespreadwatercrisis.Butthatdoesn'thavetobetheoutcome.Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld—ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.Justaswebegantoappreciatepetroleummoreafterthe1970soilcrises,todaywemuststartlookingatwaterfromafresheconomicperspective.Wecannolongeraffordtoconsiderwateravirtuallyfreeresourceofwhichwecanuseasmuchaswelikeinanywaywewant.Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.Thismeanschargingafeeforthewateritselfaswellasforthesupplycosts.Governmentsshouldalsoprotectthisresourcebyprovidingwaterinmoreeconomicallyandenvironmentallysoundways.Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigation(灌溉)waterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressions(凹地)andpumpingittonearbycropland.Nomatterwhatstepsgovernmentstaketoprovidewatermoreefficiently,theymustchangetheirinstitutionalandlegalapproachestowatersue.Ratherthanspreadcontrolamonghundredsoreventhousandsoflocal,regional,andnationalagenciesthatwatchvariousaspectsofwateruse,countriesshouldsetupcentralauthoritiestocoordinatewaterpolicy.Whatistherealcauseofthepotentialwatercrisis?Theworldpopulationisincreasingfasterandfaster.Halfoftheworld'swaterresourceshavebeenseriouslypolluted.Humanityhasnotplacedsufficientvalueonwaterresources.Onlyhalfoftheworld'swatercanbeused.Asindicatedinthepassage,thewaterproblem.hasbeenexaggeratedbysomeexpertsinthefieldisunderestimatedbygovernmentorganizationsatdifferentlevelsposesachallengetothetechnologyofbuildingreservoirsisalreadyseriousincertainpartsoftheworldAccordingtotheauthor,thewaterpriceshould.correspondtoitsrealvaluebereducedtotheminimumstimulatedomesticdemandtakeintoaccounttheoccurrencesofdroughtsTheauthorsaysthatinsomehotanddryareasitisadvisabletobuildbiglakestostorewaterconstructbigpumpingstationschannelwaterfromnearbyriverstocroplandbuildsmallandcheapirrigationsystemsInordertoraisetheefficiencyofthewatersupply,measuresshouldbetakento.centralizethemanagementofwaterresourcesincreasethesenseofresponsibilityofagenciesatalllevelsguaranteefullprotectionoftheenvironmentencouragelocalandregionalcontrolofwaterresourcesPassageFourWecanseehowtheproductlifecycleworksbylookingattheintroductionofinstantcoffee.Whenitwasintroduced,mostpeopledidnotlikeitaswellas“regular”coffee,andittookseveralyearstogaingeneralacceptance(introductionstage).Atonepoint,though,instantcoffeegrewrapidlyinpopularity,andmanybrandswereintroduced(stageofrapidgrowth).Afterawhile,peoplebecameattachedtoonebrandandsalesleveledoff(stageofmaturity).Saleswentintoaslightdecline(衰退)whenfreeze-driedcoffeeswereintroduced(stageofdecline).Theimportanceoftheproductlifecycletomarketersisthis:Differentstagesintheproductlifecyclecallfordifferentstrategies.Thegoalistoextendproductlifesothatsalesandprofitsdonotdecline.Onestrategyiscalledmarketmodification.Itmeansthatmarketingmanagerslookfornewusersandmarketsections.Didyouknow,forexample,thatthebackpacksthatsomanystudentscarrytodaywereoriginallydesignedforthemilitary?Marketmodificationalsomeanssearchingforincreasedusageamongpresentcustomersorgoingforadifferentmarket,suchasseniorcitizens.Amarketermayre-positiontheproducttoappealtonewmarketsections.Anotherproductextensionstrategyiscalledproductmodification.Itinvolveschangingproductquality,features,orstyletoattractnewusersormoreusagefrompresentusers.Americanautomanufacturersareusingqualityimprovementasonewaytorecaptureworldmarkets.Note,also,howautomanufacturersoncechangedstylesdramaticallyfromyeartoyeartokeepdemandfromfalling.Accordingtothepassage,whenpeoplegrowfondofoneparticularbrandofaproduct,itssaleswill.decreasegraduallyremainatthesamelevelbecomeunstableimproveenormouslyThefirstparagraphtellsusthatanewproductis.noteasilyacceptedbythepublicofteninferiortooldonesatfirstoftenmoreexpensivethanoldonesusuallyintroducedtosatisfydifferenttastesMmoteitsproductionworkoutmarketingpoliciesspeedupitslifecycleincreaseitspopularityTheauthormentionstheexampleof“backpacks”(Line4,Para.2)toshowtheimportanceof.pleasingtheyoungaswellastheoldincreasingusageamongstudentsexploringnewmarketsectionsservingbothmilitaryandcivilneedsInordertorecovertheirshareoftheworldmarket,U.S.automakersare.improvingproductqualityincreasingproductfeaturesmodernizingproductstylere-positioningtheirproductinthemarketPartIIIVocabularyandStructure(20minutes)BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,weherefortowdays.A)havebeenstayingB)havestayedC)shallstayD)willhavestayedAccordingtotheAmericanfederalgovernment,residentsofHawaiihavethelongestlife:77.2years.A)scopeB)rankC)spanD)scaleThemillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.A)hadlostB)wouldloseC)wouldhavelostD)shouldhavelostAsapublicrelationsofficer,heissaidsomeveryinfluentialpeople.A)tohavebeenknowingB)tobeknowingC)tohaveknownD)toknowOurhopesandfellinthesameinstant.A)arousedB)aroseC)raisedD)roseWiththedevelopmentinscienceandtechnologymancanmakevariousflowersbeforetheirtime.A)bebloomedB)bloomingC)bloomD)bloomedAseasontickettheholdertomakeasmanyjourneysashewisheswithinthestatedperiodoftime.A)grantsB)promisesC)entitlesD)presentsintheofficehadmadeamistake,andthefirmregrettedcausingthecustomerinconvenience.A)SomeB)AnyoneC)OneD)SomeoneInrecentyearsmuchmoreemphasishasbeenputdevelopingthestudents'productiveskills.A)overB)ontoC)inD)onOnlyaselectednumberoflandladiesintheneighbourhoodhavebeenallowedbytheuniversitytotakein.A)residentsB)inhabitantsC)lodgersD)settlersThefirewasfinallybroughtundercontrol,butnotextensivedamagehadbeencaused.A)afterB)beforeC)sinceD)asPurchasingthenewproductionlinewillbeadealforthecompany.A)profitableB)tremendousC)forcefulD)favoriteRodisdeterminedtogetaseatfortheconcertitmeansstandinginaqueueallnight.A)providedB)whateverC)evenifD)asifWehadn'tmetfor20years,butIrecognizedherIsawher.A)forthemomentB)themomentwhenC)atthemomentwhenD)themomentThoughhewasbornandbroughtupinAmerica,hecanspeakChinese.A)smoothB)fluentC)fluidD)flowingGovernmentreports,examinationcompositions,legaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationsformallanguageisused.A)inwhichB)onwhichC)inthatD)atwhatFiftyyearsago,wealthypeoplelikedhuntingwildanimalsforfunsightseeing.A)thantogoB)ratherthantogoC)morethangoingD)otherthangoingIfthebuildingprojectbytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.A)tobecompletedB)iscompletedC)beingcompletedD)completedHewroteanarticlecriticizingtheGreekpoetandwonandascholarship.A)statusB)fameC)faithD)courageJackwishesthathebusinessinsteadofhistorywhenhewasinuniversity.A)hadstudiedB)studyC)studiedD)hadbeenstudyingTheolderNewEnglandvillageshavechangedrelativelylittleagasstationortwoinrecentdecades.A)exceptB)besidesC)inadditiontoD)exceptforTheCarClubcouldn'ttomeetthedemandsofallitsmembers.A)ensureB)guaranteeC)assumeD)confirmExtensivereportingontelevisionhashelpedtointerestinawidevarietyofsportsandactivities.A)gatherB)generateC)assembleD)yieldThepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembersofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.A)informedB)informC)beinformedD)informingEatingtoomuchfatcanheartdiseaseandcausehighbloodpressure.A)contributetoB)attributetoC)attendtoD)devotetoAllthetasksaheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.A)hadbeenfulfilledB)werefulfilledC)havingbeenfulfilledD)beenfulfilledThisarticlemoreattentiontotheproblemofculturalinterferenceinforeignlanguageteachingandlearning.A)callsforB)appliesforC)caresforD)allowsforHewaspunishedheshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.A)unlessB)lestC)ifD)providedPetrolisrefinedfromtheoilwetakeoutoftheground.A)freshB)originalC)rudeD)crudeintheUnitedStates,St.Louishasnowbecomethe24thlargestcity.A)ThefourthbiggestcityitwasB)OncethefourthbiggestcityC)BeingthefourthbiggestcityD)ItwasoncethefourthbiggestcityPartIVCloze(15minutes)Morethanfortythousandreaderstoldusthattheylookedforinclosefriendships,whattheyexpected61friends,whattheywerewillingtogivein_62_,andhowsatisfiedtheywere一63__thequalityoftheirfriendships.The_64一givelittlecomforttosocialcritics.Friendship_65一tobeauniqueformof_66一bonding.Unlikemarriageorthetiesthat67parentsandchildren,itisnotdefinedorregulatedby_68一.Unlikeothersocialrolesthatweareexpectedto69一ascitizens,employees,membersofprofessionalsocietiesand70organizations—ithasitsownprinciple,whichistopromote_71一ofwarmth,trust,love,andaffection_72一twopeople.ThesurveyonfriendshipappearedintheMarch73ofPsychologyToday.Thefindings_74一thatissuesoftrustandbetrayal(背叛)are_75一tofriendship.Theyalsosuggestthatourreadersdonot76_forfriendsonlyamo