生物技術(shù)未來課件

Thefutureofbiotechnology袁夢思生物s1412014年10月ContentsPrefaceAdvancesinbiotechnologyPrefaceThe21stcenturywillundoubtedlywitnessunprecedentedadvancesinunderstandingthemechanismsofthehumanbodyandindevelopingbiotechnology.Withthemappingofthehumangenome,thepaceofdiscoveryisnowonthefasttrack.Bythemiddleofthecenturywecanexpectthattherapidprogressinbiologyandbiotechnologywillutterlytransformhumanlife.Thecomingbiotechnologyrevolution,farfromendangeringhumandignity,willliberatehumanbeingstoachievetheirfullpotentialsbyenablingmoreofustoliveflourishinglivesfreeofdisease,disability,andthethreatofearlydeath.Itcoversthefullrangeofthecomingbiotechnologybreakthroughs,fromstem-cellresearchtothird-worldfarming,frombrain-enhancingneuropharmaceuticalstodesignerbabies.Biotechnologyistheresearchanddevelopmentinthelaboratoryusingbioinformaticsforexploration,extraction,exploitationandproductionfromanylivingorganismsandanysourceofbiomassbymeansofbiochemicalengineeringwherehighvalue-addedproductscouldbeplanned(reproducedbybiosynthesis,forexample),forecasted,formulated,developed,manufacturedandmarketedforthepurposeofsustainableoperationsandgainingdurablepatentsrights(forexclusivesrightsforsales,andpriortothistoreceivenationalandinternationalapprovalfromtheresultsonanimalexperimentandhumanexperiment,especiallyonthepharmaceuticalbranchofbiotechnologytopreventanyundetectedside-effectsorsafetyconcernsbyusingtheproducts)Theresearcherswillknowmoreofthegenome.Theywillknowmoreabouttherelationshipbetweenpolymorphismofspecificandspecificdiseaseexacerbations,relationshipbetweeninterferenceandspecificpolymorphism特定多態(tài)現(xiàn)象andcertainmedicationsoreventhevalueofdrugs.Thepatientwillaskhishealthcaredoctor:"pleasetestmygeneticmakeup,bywhichIcanseewhetherthisdrugmaybeapplicabletothiskindofdisease."Inmostcases,thedoctorwillmeethisrequirements.Progressinthefuturecanonlycalculatesystembyhybridsystem混合系統(tǒng)torealize,thesystemmustbeabletosimulatebiologicalprocesses,synthesisbasedonsiliconandnonlifematerials,basedonthenewconceptofbiochemicalmaterialsofDNAandproteins.TheintegratedsystembasedonDNAtosystemspeedthansilicon-based以硅為基礎(chǔ)muchfaster,betterenergyefficiencyover10hundredmilliontimes.Thecombinationoftheseprogressrealizeddependingonspaceandonthegroundresearchplatformandthebestsimulationsystem,biologicaltechnologyandentrepreneurialspiritoftheidea.Thespaceshuttleprogramwillbiotechnologyintospace,allowingscientiststorecognizethegravityofformationandtissuecultureeffectonproteincrystal,alsopromptedthemtostudytheregenerationofnerveintheoverweightandmicrogravity.Bioinformaticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichaddressesbiologicalproblemsusingcomputationaltechniques,andmakestherapidorganizationaswellasanalysisofbiologicaldatapossible.Thefieldmayalsobereferredtoascomputationalbiology,andcanbedefinedas,"conceptualizingbiologyintermsofmoleculesandthenapplyinginformaticstechniquestounderstandandorganizetheinformationassociatedwiththesemolecules,onalargescale."AdvancesinbiotechnologyGeneticengineeringStemcellsDNAmicroarrayGenetherapyAnorganismthatisgeneratedthroughgeneticengineeringisconsideredtobeageneticallymodifiedorganism(GMO).ThefirstGMOswerebacteriain1973andGMmiceweregeneratedin1974.Insulin-producingbacteriawerecommercializedin1982andgeneticallymodifiedfoodhasbeensoldsince1994.Glofish,thefirstGMOdesignedasapet,wasfirstsoldintheUnitedStatesDecemberin2003.A-----geneticallymodifiedmouseB-----normalmouseGeneticengineeringtechniqueshavebeenappliedinnumerousfieldsincludingresearch,agriculture,industrialbiotechnology,andmedicine.EnzymesusedinlaundrydetergentandmedicinessuchasinsulinandhumangrowthhormonearenowmanufacturedinGMcells,experimentalGMcelllinesandGManimalssuchasmiceorzebrafisharebeingusedforresearchpurposes,andgeneticallymodifiedcropshavebeencommercialized.

Stemcellsareundifferentiatedbiologicalcellsthatcandifferentiateintospecializedcellsandcandivide(throughmitosis)toproducemorestemcells.TheyarefoundinmulticellularorganismsTransmissionelectronmicrographofanadultstemcelldisplayingtypicalultrastructuralcharacteristics.StemcellsDNAmicroarrayADNAmicroarrayisacollectionofmicroscopicDNAspotsattachedtoasolidsurface.ScientistsuseDNAmicroarraystomeasuretheexpressionlevelsoflargenumbersofgenessimultaneouslyortogenotypemultipleregionsofagenome.EachDNAspotcontainsaspecificDNAsequence,knownasprobes.ThesecanbeashortsectionofageneorotherDNAelementthatareusedtohybridizeacDNAorcRNAsampleunderhigh-stringencyconditions.Probe-targethybridizationisusuallydetectedandquantifiedbydetectionofsilver-labeledtargetstodeterminerelativeabundanceofnucleicacidsequencesinthetarget.Hybridizationofthetargettotheprobe.Geneexpressionvaluesfrommicroarrayexperimentscanberepresentedasheatmapstovisualizetheresultofdataanalysis.Microarraydatasetsarecommonlyverylarge,andanalyticalprecisionisinfluencedbyanumberofvariables.Twowaysofgene-therapywectorAimgeneinvivoexvivoTargetcellInMarch2014researchersattheUniversityofPennsylvaniareportedthat12patientswithHIVhadbeentreatedsince2009inatrialwithageneticallyengineeredviruswithararemutationknowntoprotectagainstHIV(CCR5deficiency).Resultswerepromising.InMarch2006aninternationalgroupofscientistsannouncedthesuccessfuluseofgenetherapytotreat