英國文學(xué)史資料

英國文學(xué)史資料BritishWritersandWorksI.OldEnglishLiterature&TheLateMedievalAgesvBeowulf>貝奧武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsEpic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.e.g.Homer'sIliadandOdysseyGeofferyChaucer杰弗里?喬叟1340(?)?140()(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體’’,英國文學(xué)史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰?德萊頓(JohnDryden)稱其為“英國詩歌之父’’。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.Itisalonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensive(綜合的,/た的)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromalIwalksoflife.(A)A.GeoffreyChaucerB.MatinLutherC.WilliamLanglandD.JohnGowerwritingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.①vTheCanterburyTales〉坎特伯雷故事集:firsttimetousebheroiccouplet'(雙韻體)bymiddleEnglish②<TroilusandCriseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德(3)<TheHouseofFame〉聲譽之宮MedievalAges'popularLiteraryform:Romance(傳奇故事)Famousthree：KingArthurSirGawainandtheGreenKnightBeowulfIITheRenaissancePeriodAperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Renaissance',aculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14,htothe16thcentury,beginninginItalyinthelateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.Itisarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciences.Themostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarloweWilliamShakespeareBenJohnson.EdmundSpenser埃徳蒙?斯賓塞1552?1599(后人稱之為“詩人的詩人”。)ThepoetsJpoet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet'scomerofWesterminsterAbbeyWhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotthereasonforthatEdmundSpenserisfamousforahepoet'spoef?(B)A.Spenser'sidealismB.hisstruggleforcriteriaC.hisloveofbeauty D.hisexquisitemelody①<TheFaerieQueene>仙后(forQueenElizabeth)Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman'',butsomethingmoreromantic"Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.Artisticfeatures:UsingSpenserianStanzaDefinitionofSpenserianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentametenandlastlineiniambichexameter.（2）<TheShepherdsCalendar〉牧人日歷ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.③くAmoretti>愛情小唱ThomasMore托馬斯?莫爾14787535OneofthegreatestEnglishhumanists①<び〇川3>烏托邦FrancisBacon弗蘭西斯?培根1561~1626（哲學(xué)家、散文家;近代唯物主義哲學(xué)的奠基人和近代實驗科學(xué)的先驅(qū)。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodemscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.Writingsり”々brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman'sreason.AdvancementofLearning〉學(xué)術(shù)的推進②〈Essays〉隨筆（famousquotas:<Ofstudies〉）ThethemeofOfStudies,,usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.BenJonson?<ComedyofHumours>ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗?馬洛!564-1595“UniversityWits",thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了無韻體詩。）Blank,verve:writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.14.Marlowegavenewvigortowithhis“mightylines"（D）A.thePetrarchansonnet B.sestinaC.terzarima D.blankverse①〈TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus〉浮上徳博士的悲劇（根據(jù)徳國民間故事書寫成）②〈Tamburlaine〉帖木耳大帝③〈TheJewofMalta〉馬耳他的猶太人WilliamShakespeare威廉?莎士比亞1564~1616①Historicalplays:HenryVI;②FourComedies:〈AsYouLikeIt〉皆大歡喜;〈MuchAdoAboutNothing〉無事生非:<AMidsummerNight'SDream〉仲夏夜之夢;〈MerchantOfVenice〉威尼斯商人③FourTragedies:〈Hamlet〉哈姆萊特;〈Othello〉奧賽羅;〈KingLear〉李爾王;〈Macbeth〉麥克白?ShakespeareSonnet:154<TheSonnets>（37plays,2narrativepoens,154sonnets）Threequatrainandonecouplet,abab>cdcd,efief,gg.Asonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.IllThe17thCenturyJohnMilton約翰?彌爾頓16087674（詩人、政論家;失明后寫《失樂園》、《復(fù)樂園》、《力士參孫》。）①Epics:〈ParadiseLost>失樂園<ParadiseRegained>復(fù)樂園?Dramatiepoem:<SamsonAgonistes>力士參孫③vAreopagitica>論出版自由<TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople〉為英國人民聲辯?<OnHisBlindness>我的失明Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestshocanendurethesuflferingbest.JohnBunyan約翰?班揚1628?1688（代表作《天路歷程》,宗教寓言,被譽為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”,是英國文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的《神曲》、奧古斯丁的《懺悔錄》并列為世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。）Puritanpoet（清教徒派詩人）?ReligionaryAllegory:<ThePilgrim'sProgress〉天路歷程JohnDonne多恩theMetaphysicalpoet（玄學(xué)派詩人）.MetaphysicalPoetry（玄學(xué)詩）thedictionissimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,（形式）theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet*sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（士題:love,religious,thought）Artisticfeatures:conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段論①Meditations沉思錄TheFlea虱子②SongsAndSonnetsHolySonnets③Va!ediction:vForbiddingMourning>IVThe18thCentury：Enlightenment同時為美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭與法國大革命提供了框架,并且導(dǎo)致了資本主義和社會主義的興起,與音樂史上的巴洛克時期以及藝術(shù)史上的新古典主義時期是同一時期。Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion（抑制情感）andaccuracyTheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason（rationality）,equality&science（the18thcentury）小說崛起:Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modemEnglishnovelrised（realisticnovel現(xiàn)實主義小說）G0〃"cれ。ye/（哥特式イ、說）：mystery,horror,castles（frommiddleparttotheendofcentury）AlexanderPope亞歷山大?蒲柏1688?1744（18世紀英國最偉大的詩人,其詩多用“英雄雙韻體"/“heroiccouplets"。詞句エ整、精練、富有哲理性。）AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment,PopewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland....Eg.AmongtherepresentativesoftheEnlightenment,whowasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland?（C）A.JohnBunyanB.DanielDefoeC.AlexanderPopeD.JonathanSwift①vAnEssayonCriticism〉批評論Artisticfeatures:.Using“heroiccouplets”RapeoftheLock〉卷發(fā)遇劫記③〈MoralEssays〉道徳論<EssayonMan〉人論<TheDunciad〉愚人記SamuelJohnson塞繆爾?約翰遜1709?1784①Dictionary=<ADictionaryofEnglishLanguage〉英語大詞典Jonathanswift喬納森?斯威夫特1667?1745（十八世紀杰出的政論家和諷刺小說家amastersatirist〇）①〈Gulliver'sTravels〉格列佛游記（fictionalwork）Fourparts:Lilliput小人國 Brobdingnag大人國FlyingIsland飛島 Houyhnhnm馬島<AModestProposal〉ー個小小的建議②〈TheBattleofBooks〉書戰(zhàn)③〈ATaleofaTub〉木桶的故事④<TheDrapper'sLetters>ー個麻布商的書信DanielDefoe丹尼爾?笛福166〇?1731（小說家,新聞記者,小冊子作者;十八世紀英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的奠基人。）Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.①〈RobinsonCrusoe〉魯賓遜漂流記ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.②〈MollFlanders>（3）<ColonelJacque>④<Captainsingleton>HenryFielding亨利?菲爾丁!707-1754（英國小說家,戲劇家,被譽為“英國小說之父”HeiscalleduFatherofEnglishnovel”.HewasthefirsttowriteauComicepicinprose”（散文體史詩），andthefirsttogivethemodemnovelitsstructureandstyle.①novels:<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling〉棄嬰湯姆?瓊斯<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews〉約瑟夫?安德魯<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat〉大詩人江奈生?威爾德〈Amelia〉愛米利亞②plays:<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年歷史記事<DonQuixoteinEngland〉堂吉柯德在英國OliverGoldsmith奧利弗?格爾德斯密斯1730~1774①poems:〈TheTraveller〉旅游人〈TheDesertedVillage〉荒村②novel:<TheVicarofWakefield〉威克菲爾德牧師傳 7.RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德?布林斯利?施萊登1751~1816①〈TheRivals〉情敵 ②〈TheSchoolforScandal>造謠學(xué)校WilliamBlake威廉?布萊克17577827①〈SongsofInnocence〉天真之歌Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren'seye.②〈SongsofExperience〉經(jīng)驗之歌Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:<TheChimneySweeper><London><TheTyger>LambisasymbolofpeaceandpurityTygerisasymbolofdreadandoiolenee③〈TheMarriageofHeavenandHell〉天堂與地獄的婚姻RobertBurns羅伯特?彭斯1759~1796ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩①くJohnAnderson,MyJo〉約翰?安徳生,我的愛人②くARed,RedRose〉?朵紅紅的玫瑰③くAuldLongSyne>往昔時光くAMan'saManforA'That〉不管那ー套⑤<MyHeart'sintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上<BruceAtBannockbum><TheTreeOfLiberty>VTheRomanticPeriodTheromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge's<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeath.Romanticistn:\\.emphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual'smind.(人丿ツ該是獨立自由的個體)Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).“TheLake 湖畔詩人, wholivedinthelakedistrict.WilliamWordsworth:SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSoutheyWilliamWordsworth威廉?華茲華斯177〇?1850①くLyricalBallads)抒情歌謠集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)②<1WonderedLonelyAsACloud>Theme:l.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace^^.Itisblisstorecoiledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoetsphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTintemAbbey④TheSolitaryReaper孤獨的割麥女2)くThePrelude〉序曲SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾?泰勒?科爾律治1772?1834<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner〉占舟子頌②くChristabel〉柯里斯塔貝爾③くKublaKhan〉忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④くFrostatNight〉半夜冰霜<Dejection,anOde〉憂郁頌くLyricalBallads〉抒情歌謠集(withWilliamWordsworth)GeorgeGordonByron喬治?戈登?拜倫1788?1824(拜倫式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫,卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤獨與苦悶,卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德?哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄ByronicheroMisaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.①<DonJuan〉唐?璜vChildeHarold'sPilgrimage〉恰爾德?哈羅徳爾游記 ②〈WhenWeTwoParted〉當初我們倆分別〈SheWalksInBeauty>PersyByssheShelley波西?比希?雪萊1792?1822①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound〉解放了的普羅米修斯Theme:thedramacelebraiesman'svictoryovertyrannyandoppression②〈QueenMab〉麥布女王〈RevoltofIslam〉伊斯蘭的反叛くTheCenci〉欽契ー家<ADefenceofPoetry〉詩辯vTheNecessityofAtheism〉無神論的必要性<OdetotheWestWind〉西風(fēng)頌Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagemesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.CommentByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.Artisticfeatures:Usingrerzarima（二仃i寺ababcbcdcdedefe...）<ToaSkylark〉致云雀JohnKeats約翰?濟慈17957821（“美即是真,真即是美”是他的著名詩句。）①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUm>希臘占甕頌<OdetoaNightingale〉夜鶯頌<OdetoPsyche〉心靈頌<OdeOnMelancholy〉憂郁頌②近〇んU〇?!!〉秋頌Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats*poem,'ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.Commentjl'hespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.JaneAusten簡?奧斯丁!775-1817①〈SenseandSensibility〉理智與感情<PrideandPrejudic〉傲慢與偏見（chapterI）[ElizabethBennet&Darcy]intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved【Collins&CharlotteLucas]seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchednessofagingspinsterhood[Lydia&Wickham]shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupportedbymoney.[Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh]comiccharacters<MansfieldPark〉曼斯菲爾德莊園vEmma〉愛瑪<NorthangerAbbey〉諾桑覺寺〈Persuasion〉勸導(dǎo)WalterScott沃爾特?斯科特17717832（歷史小說之父"）Fatherofhistorynovels①〈RobRoy〉羅伯?羅伊②vlvanhoe〉 艾凡赫VITheVictorianPeriodl832-1900Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.CharlesDickens查爾斯?狄更斯1812~1870（批判現(xiàn)實主義小說家）criticalrealistwriter<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub〉匹克威克外傳②くOliverTwist〉奧利弗?特維斯特（霧都孤兒）くTheOldCuriosityShop〉老古玩店<AChristmasCarol》圣誕頌歌⑤くDombeyandSon>董貝父子⑥vDavidCopperfield>大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾⑦〈BleakHouse〉荒涼山莊<HardTimes〉艱難時世くATaleofTwoCities〉雙城記(London&Paris)くGreatExpectations〉遠大前程⑩<OurMutualFriend〉我們共同的朋友WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉?麥克匹斯?薩克雷1811?1863①くVanilyFair〉oraNovelwithoutaHero名利場(thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim'sProgress>byJohnBunyan)②くTheBookOfSnobs>CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816?1855①<JaneEyre〉簡?愛JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodSchoolItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovemessheoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.②くShirley〉雪莉③くProfessor〉教師EmilyBronte艾米莉?勃朗特!818-1854①くWutheringHeights>呼嘯山莊Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.【TheEamshawFamily]Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff[TheLintonFamily]Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella(2)<OldStoic>GeorgeEliot喬治?艾略特1819?1880①くTheMillontheFloss〉弗洛斯河上的磨坊②〈AdamBede>亞當?比德③<SilasMamer>織エ馬南(4)〈Middlemarch〉米德爾馬契AlfredTennyson阿爾弗萊德?丁尼生1809-1892(維多利亞時代最具代表性的偉大詩人)PoetLaureate(桂冠詩人)@くInMemoriam〉悼念Tomemorializehisfriend②くBreak,Break,Break〉③くIdyllsoftheKing〉國王敘事詩RobertBrowning羅伯特?白朗寧1812?1889①くMyLastDutchess〉我已故的公爵夫人②くHomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外鄉(xiāng)思ElizabethBarrettBrowing:①〈SonnetfromthePortuguese〉葡萄牙十四行詩RobertLouisStevenson?<TreasureIsland,金銀島ThomasHardy托馬斯?哈代184〇?1928(小說多以農(nóng)村生活為背景:自然主義小說家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment)(1)NovelsくTessOfTheD'Urbervilles〉德伯家的苔絲TTieme.experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration(JudeTheObscure〉無名的裘德③くUnderTheGreenwoodTree,綠蔭下(4)<FarFromTheMaddingCrowd>遠離塵囂⑤くTheMayorOfCasterbridge〉卡斯特橋市長⑥vTheReturnoftheNative〉還鄉(xiāng)⑵PoemsWessexPoemsAndOtherVersesPoemsOfThePastAndPresentTheDynasts列國VII1900-1950The20thCenturyPlaywrights①OscarWilde(2)GeorgeBemarriShawOscarWilde奧斯卡?王爾德1856?1900(TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt'sSake)①4comedies:<TheImportanceOfBeingEarnest〉認真的市:要<LadyWindermere'sFan〉溫德米爾夫人的扇子<AWomanOfNoImportance〉ー個無足輕重的女人<AnIdealHusband〉理想的丈夫②Novel:<ThePictureOfDorianGray〉多利安?格雷的畫像③FairyStories:<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales〉快樂王子故事集GeorgeBernardShaw喬治?伯納?蕭1856?1950(英國杰出的批判現(xiàn)實主義劇作家)criticalrealisticdramatist(DPlays@PlaysUnpleasant<MrsWarren,SProfession〉華倫夫人的職業(yè)<Widowers,Houses〉鰥夫的房產(chǎn)(2)PlaysPleasant<ArmsAndMan〉武器與人<TheManOfDestiny〉左右命運的人③PlaysvManAndSuperman〉人ヮ超人〈Pygmalion〉匹格瑪利翁<TheAppleCart〉蘋果車<SaintJoan>圣女貞徳Novelists(Realists).JosephConcradD<LordJim〉吉姆爺②〈HeartOfDarkness〉黑暗的心l.Whythebook'stitleisHeartofDarkness?ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople'sskininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans'heart..Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite[Black/dark-]death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilizedMiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthe“darkstage”.【W(wǎng)hite/light]life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.Yet,inConcradjheusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,theretoredarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotallycorrupt3.CommentThebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.Civilization,however,mustbelearned.Londonitself,inthebookasymbolofenlightenment,wasonce"oneofthedarkerplacesoftheearth"beforetheRomansforcedcivilizationupontheBritons.Butcivilizedsocietydoesnotgetridofprimevalsavagetendencieswhichlurkinthebackground.ThissavageryisseeninKurtz.MarlowmeetsKurtzandhefindsamanthathastotallythrownofftherestraintofcivilizationandhasde-evolvedintoaprimitivestate.^.Character[Kurtz]representswhateverymanwillbecomeiflefttohisownintrinsicdesireswithoutaprotective,civilizedenvironment.[Marlow]representsthecivilizedsoulthathasnotbeendrawnbackintosavagerybyadark,alienatingjungle.5.NarrativeStructureInHeartofDarkness,wehaveanoutsidenarratortellingusastoryhehasheardfromMarlow.ThestoryMarlowtellscentersaroundKurtz.However,mostofwhatMarlowknowsaboutKurtz,hehaslearnedfromothers.TheyhavegoodreasonfornotbeingtruthfultoMarlow.ThereforeMarlowhastopiecetogethermuchofKurtz'sstory.WilliamSomersetMaugham<OfHumanBondage〉人性的枷鎖EdwardMorganFoster(E.M.Foster)<APassageToIndia>印度之行くHawardsEnd>霍華茲別里Modernists(1)3NovelistsCDJamesJoyce②DavidHeibertLawrence(3)VirgimiaWoolfDavidHerbertLawrence戴維?赫伯特?勞倫斯18857930?<SonsAndLovers〉兒子與情人(autobiographical)[Mrs.Morel],daughterofamiddle-classfamily,is"awomanofcharacterandrefi