考研考博-英語-大興安嶺職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-大興安嶺職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

IsuggestedtheideatotheSalesManager,andhesaidhewould（

）it.

問題1選項

A.lookoutfor

B.lookinto

C.lookthrough

D.lookover

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項“留心，提防”；B選項“調(diào)查，觀察，考慮”；C選項“瀏覽，溫習(xí)”；D選項“檢查，原諒”。句意：我向銷售經(jīng)理提出一個建議，他說他將（）。這里提出建議，經(jīng)理肯定是要經(jīng)過思考看是否可行的，所以答案選B。

2.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

It’sanotherbad-airdayinBeijing.Youcanbarelysee.Youcanbarelybreathe.Butyoucanfeel—andeventaste—thegritfloatingintheair.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhassethealthylevelofAirQualityIndexat25micrograms,whileBeijingconsidersa300readingas“Bad”and500as“Hazardous.”Lastweekend,however,itbreached700!“I’mgettingitchy,”complainedmydaughterMichelle,visitingusfromNewYork.“Icouldfeelitatthebackofmythroat.”

LongtimeexpatriateresidentsintheChinesecapitaljokinglycallitthe“Beijingtickle(癢癢)”,anaggingcoughthattakesalongtimetoshrugoff.

【答案】北京又是一個空氣不好的日子。你幾乎看不見。你幾乎不能呼吸。但你能感覺到——甚至嘗到——漂浮在空氣中的沙礫。世界衛(wèi)生組織將空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)的健康水平定為25微克，而北京認(rèn)為300微克是“不好的”，500微克是“危險的”。然而，上周末，空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)突破了700微克！“我有點癢！”米歇爾來紐約時抱怨道，“我能感覺到它在我的喉嚨后面?！?/p>

在中國首都的長期外籍居民開玩笑地稱之為“北京癢癢”，需要很長時間才能擺脫的持續(xù)咳嗽。

3.單選題

Theverdictmetwitha（）ofcriticism.

問題1選項

A.hail

B.gust

C.tuft

D.fit

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。A選項ahailof“一陣轟炸/打擊/咒罵”；B選項agustof“一陣（風(fēng)）”；C選項atuftof“一叢”；D選項afitof“突發(fā)一陣，陣發(fā)”。句意：這一判決遭到了一通批評。因此A選項正確。

4.單選題

TradersareshuttingdownoperationsinIvoryCoast,inaccordancewithcallsbythecountry’sinternationallyrecognizedpresident-electtoputpressureonGbagbo,the（）whohasrefusedtostepdown.

問題1選項

A.inception

B.incursion

C.insurgency

D.incumbent

【答案】D

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。inception“起初，獲得學(xué)位”；incursion“入侵，侵犯”；insurgency

“暴動”；incumbent“在職者，現(xiàn)任者”。句意：貿(mào)易商正在關(guān)閉象牙海岸的業(yè)務(wù)為了符合國家要求，進(jìn)行國際認(rèn)證的總統(tǒng)選舉，給巴博施加壓力，巴博是拒絕退位下臺的現(xiàn)任者。選項D符合題意。

5.單選題

Thedestructionofthesetreasureswasalossformankindthatnoamountofmoneycould（）.

問題1選項

A.standupfor

B.makeupfor

C.comeupwith

D.putupwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組。A:standupfor“支持；堅持”；B:makeupfor“補償，彌補”；C:comeupwith“追趕上；提出”；D:putupwith“忍受，容忍”。句意：對人類而言，這些寶物的破壞是一種無法用金錢彌補的損失。結(jié)合此處語境，后文寫道沒有金錢可以彌補，故B為正確答案。

6.單選題

Theoldhouseattheendofthestreethasrecentlybeen______.

問題1選項

A.pulled

B.demolished

C.erased

D.leveled

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項pull“拉，拔，拖”，B項demolish“拆除，破壞，毀壞”，C項erase“抹去，擦除”，D項level“瞄準(zhǔn)，拉平，變得平坦”。由oldhouse“舊房子”可知，“拆除”符合語境。句意：這條街盡頭的那幢舊房子最近已被拆除了。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

7.單選題

Thecommonexperienceofhavinganameorwordonthetipofthetongueseemsrelatedtospecificperceptualattributes.Inparticular,peoplewhoreportthetip-of-the-tonguefeelingtendtoidentifytheword'sfirstletterandnumberofsyllableswithanaccuracythatfarexceedsmereguessing.Thereisevidencethatthemindmayencodedataaboutwheninformationwaslearnedandabouthowoftenithasbeenexperienced.Somememoriesseemtoembracespatialinformation;e.g.,oneremembersaparticularnewsitemtobeonthelowerright-handsideofthefrontpageofanewspaper.Researchindicatesthattherateofforgettingvariesfordifferentattributes.Forexample,memoriesinwhichauditoryattributesseemdominanttendtobemorerapidlyforgottenthanthosewithminimalacousticcharacteristics.

Ifadesignated(target)memoryconsistsofacollectionofattributes,itsrecallorretrievalshouldbeenhancedbyanycuethatindicatesoneoftheattributes.Forexample,onfailingtorecallthetermhorse(includedinalisttheyhavejustseen),peoplemaybeaskedifanassociatedterm(say,barnorzebra)helpsthemrecalltheword.Whilesomeadditionalrecallhasbeenobservedwiththiskindofhelp,failuresarecommonevenwithostensiblyrelevantcues.Thoughitispossiblethatthecuesfrequentlyareappropriate,nevertheless,ifwordswerenotlearned(encodedorstored)withaccompanyingattributes,cuingofanykindsshouldbeineffective.

1.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

2.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatallencodedwordsare（

）.

3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

4.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasacauseforforgetting?

5.Whichisnotmentionedasatendencyamongpeoplewhoencountertip-of-the-tongueexperience?

問題1選項

A.Wordsthatareonlyheardareeasilyforgotten

B.Thebrainalwaysremembersthemomentwordsarefirstlearned

C.Auditorycuesaremorehelpfulthanspatialcues

D.Uncommonwordsarenormallyrememberedwithvisualcues

問題2選項

A.rememberedwithouthelp

B.learnedwithoutcues

C.storedwithattributes

D.forgottenifnotused

問題3選項

A.Howapersonrememberswords

B.Theoriginoftheexpression‘"tip-of-the-tongue”

C.Howapersonusesnewwords

D.Howcuesareusedtopronouncewords

問題4選項

A.Theneedformoreprecisespatialinformation

B.Thecreationofostensiblyrelevantcues

C.Thelearningofwordswithoutcorrespondingattributes

D.Theuseofinappropriateauditorycues

問題5選項

A.Knowingthenumberofsyllablesinaword

B.Rememberingwherewordswereseen

C.Knowingthefirstletteroftheword

D.Recognizingthewordwhenheard

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。A:聽到的言語信息很容易被忘記,第一段指出:Forexample,memoriesinwhichauditoryattributesseemdominanttendtobemorerapidlyforgottenthanthosewithminimalacousticcharacteristics(相比聽覺屬性占最少優(yōu)勢的那些記憶，聽覺屬性占優(yōu)勢的記憶傾向于更快速地被忘記),故A項與原文不符。B:人的大腦一直記憶單詞被首先知曉的瞬間,第一段指出:Thereisevidencethatthemindmayencodedataaboutwheninformationwaslearnedandabouthowoftenithasbeenexperienced(有證據(jù)表明人的大腦可能編碼有關(guān)信息何時被知曉和多久一次被經(jīng)歷的數(shù)據(jù)),故B正確。C:聽覺線索比空間線索更有幫助,D:不常見的單詞一般通過視覺線索被記憶,文章并未提及。

2.判斷推理題。第一段指出:Thecommonexperienceofhavinganameorwordonthetipofthetongueseemsrelatedtospecificperceptualattributes(差點想起一個名字或言詞的常見經(jīng)歷似乎和特定的感知屬性相關(guān)),Researchindicatesthattherateofforgettingvariesfordifferentattributes(研究表明，遺忘的頻率根據(jù)屬性的不同而變化),由此可知C項“被帶著屬性地儲存”正確。

3.主旨大意題。文章主要討論了“人怎樣記憶言詞”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第二段指出:ifwordswerenotlearned（encodedorstored）withaccompanyingattributes,cuingofanykindsshouldbeineffective(如果言詞沒有在帶著伴隨的屬性情況下被知曉（被編碼或儲存），那么任何種類的線索提示應(yīng)該是無效的),由此可知C“沒有對應(yīng)屬性的學(xué)習(xí)言詞”正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。A:知曉言詞的音節(jié)數(shù),C:知曉言詞的第一個字母,第一段指出:Inparticular,peoplewhoreportthetip-of-the-tonguefeelingtendtoidentifytheword'sfirstletterandnumberofsyllableswithanaccuracythatfarexceedsmereguessing(特別地,說自己有差點想起感覺的人傾向于以遠(yuǎn)超單純猜測的準(zhǔn)確性去辨認(rèn)出言詞的第一個字母和其音節(jié)數(shù)),因此A,B在文中被提及。B:記憶言詞在哪里被看見,第一段指出:Somememoriesseemtoembracespatialinformation;e.g.,oneremembersaparticularnewsitemtobeonthelowerright-handsideofthefrontpageofanewspaper(—些記憶貌似包含空間信息，如一個人記得一個特定的新聞內(nèi)容位于報紙頭版右手邊較低位置),由此可知B項被提及。故選D“識別聽見的言詞”。

8.單選題

WallStreetinaconceptualsenserepresentsfinancialandeconomicpower.ToAmericans,itcansometimesrepresentelitismandpowerpolitics,anditsrolehasbeenasourceofcontroversythroughoutthenation’shistory,particularlybeginningaroundtheGildedAgeperiodinthelate19thcentury.WallStreetbecamethesymbolofacountryandeconomicsystemthatmanyAmericanssawashavingdevelopedthroughtrade,capitalism,andinnovation.

WallStreethasbecomesynonymouswithfinancialinterests,oftenusednegatively.Duringthemortgagemessfrom2007一2010,WallStreetfinancingwasblamedasoneofthecauses,althoughmostcommentatorsblameaninterplayoffactors.TheU.S.governmentwiththeTroubledAssetReliefProgrambailedoutthebanksandfinancialbackerswithbillionsoftaxpayerdollars,butthebailoutwasoftencriticizedaspoliticallymotivated,andwascriticizedbyjournalistsaswellasthepublic.OnewriterintheHuffingtonPostlookedatFBIstatisticsonrobbery,fraud,andcrimeandconcludedthatWallStreetwasthe“mostdangerousneighborhoodintheUnitedStates”ifonefactoredinthe$50billionfraudperpetratedbyBernieMadoff.ManycomplainedthattheresultingSarbanes-Oxleylegislationdampenedthebusinessclimate.InterestgroupsseekingfavorwithWashingtonlawmakers,suchascardealers,haveoftensoughttoportraytheirinterestsasalliedwithMainStreetratherthanWallStreet.WhentheUnitedStatesTreasurybailedoutlargefinancialfirms,toostensiblyhaltadownwardspiralinthenation’seconomy,therewastremendousnegativepoliticalfallout,particularlywhenreportscameoutthatmoniessupposedtobeusedtoeasecreditrestrictionswerebeingusedtopaybonusestohighly-paidemployees.AnalystWilliamCohanarguedthatitwas“obscene（骯臟的）”howWallStreetreaped“massiveprofitsandbonusesin2009”afterbeingsavedby“trillionsofdollarsofAmericantaxpayers’treasure”despiteWallStreet’s“greedandirresponsiblerisk-taking”.WashingtonPostreporterSuzanneMcGeecalledforWallStreettomakeasortofpublicapologytothenation,andexpresseddismaythatpeoplesuchasGoldmanSachschiefexecutiveLldydBlankfeinhadn’texpressedcontrition（悔悟）despitebeingsuedbytheSEC（SecuritiesandExchangeCommission）in2009.McGeewrotethat“Bankersaren’tthesoleculprits,buttheirdenialsofresponsibilityandtheoccasionalvagueandwafflingexpressionofregretdon’tgofarenoughtodeflectanger”.

ButchiefbankinganalystatGoldmanSachs,RichardRamsden,is“unapologetic”andsees“banksasthedynamos（發(fā)電機）thatpowertherestoftheeconomy”.Ramsdenbelieves“risk-takingisvital”.Othersinthefinancialindustrybelievethey’vebeenunfairlycriticizedbythepublicandbypoliticians.

ImagesofWallStreetanditsfigureshaveloomedlarge.The1987OliverStonefilmWallStreetcreatedtheiconicfigureofGordonGekkowhousedthephrase“greedisgood”,whichhadanunexpectedculturalinfluence,notcausingthemtoturnawayfromcorporategreed,butcausingmanyyoungpeopletochooseWallStreetcareers.

1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

2.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattherealrootofthefinancialcrisisis（）.

4.InthefilmWallStreet,GordonGekkocouldbestbedescribedasa(n)（）.

問題1選項

A.PhysicalLayoutofWallStreet.

B.WallStreetinthePublic’sEyes.

C.InfluencesoftheFilmWallStreet.

D.WallStreetasaFinancialCenter.

問題2選項

A.WallStreethasarousedconsiderablepublicinterest

B.thebailoutprogramplaysanegativeroleinAmericanpolitics

C.WallStreetistheonlyoffenderbehindtheglobaleconomiccrisis

D.thepartWallStreethasplayedintheAmericaneconomyisunderattack

問題3選項

A.USgovernment’sexistinglegislationonbusinessclimate

B.USgovernment’spolitically-motivatedbailoutplan

C.WallStreet’sfavorabletreatmenttointerestgroups

D.WallStreet’slackofresponsibilityandhumanity

問題4選項

A.idiot

B.idol

C.idealist

D.gossip

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知,第一段主要講美國公眾對華爾街的整體看法,接下來的段落便是具體的描述公眾眼中的華爾街。所以選項B最為恰當(dāng)。

2.根據(jù)第一段可知選項A正確;根據(jù)第二段第三句“...butthebailoutwasoftencriticizedaspoliticallymotivated,andwascriticizedbyjournalistsaswellasthepublic.”可知選項B正確;根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知選項D也正確,只有選項C在文中沒有提及,且選項中only表述太絕對。所以本題選C。

3.根據(jù)第二段分析師WilliamCohan說的話可知,華爾街金融危機的根源是其貪婪和不負(fù)責(zé)任的冒險行為所導(dǎo)致的,選項D符合原文。

4.根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知,電影《華爾街》塑造了戈登?蓋柯的標(biāo)志性人物,他說“貪婪是好的”。這句話產(chǎn)生了意想不到的文化影響,不僅沒有讓年輕人擺脫集體的貪婪,反而讓他們選擇來華爾街冒險。由此可知,戈登?蓋柯被塑造成為了一個偶像,所以選項B正確。

9.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.Expressiveleaderarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT___.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphabout“naturalleaders”?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

5.Paragraphs3and4organizethediscussionofleadershipprimarilyintermof___.

問題1選項

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項

A.Fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.Thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“Naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“Naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

問題4選項

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題5選項

A.examplesthatillustrateaproblem

B.causeandeffectanalysis

C.narrationofevents

D.comparisonandcontrast

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段提出有幾種不同的方法可以使人成為某個社會群體公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，第二段只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，第三段表明不同的人會充當(dāng)兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，最后一段說明不同類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色發(fā)揮的不同作用。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者——例如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders——在不同的社會群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。選D選項“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會群體中的作用”；A選項“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”，B選項“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項“社會群體如何決定誰將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”不符合原文主旨。因此D選項正確。

2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents…Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位……在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的）可知A選項“招聘”，B選項“正式選舉程序”以及D選項“傳統(tǒng)文化模式”符合原文；C選項“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”原文未提及。因此C選項符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“naturalleaders”定位到第二段decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（數(shù)十年的研究未能找出可靠的證據(jù)來證明那些人是“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”?？雌饋硭坪鯖]有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知選B選項“沒有證據(jù)表明‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’存在”；A選項“很少有人稱得上是‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’”，C選項“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’很容易被一個社會群體的成員所接受”未在第二段提及；D選項“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’有一組相似的特征”和原文相悖。因此B選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不一定會適合另外某個群體，選A選項“看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”；B選項“很少有人成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”，C選項“一個人可以通過研究領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力最好地學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”以及D選項“大多數(shù)人都想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，但很少能拿出證據(jù)證明他們的資格”未在第二段提及。因此A選項正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段therearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup…Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.（通常情況下，不同的個體擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色。工具性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強調(diào)社會群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式……另一方面，表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)強調(diào)社會群體成員的集體福祉）以及第四段Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers…Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup…Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與其他群體成員的關(guān)系可能是次要的……表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會與團隊中的其他人建立一種更私人或更重要的關(guān)系……正如這兩種不同角色所表明的那樣：表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一般會從群體成員那里獲得更多的個人感情；而指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，如果他們能成功地實現(xiàn)群體的目標(biāo)，可能會獲得更廣泛的尊重）可知這兩段是通過對比來表達(dá)不同群體會擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，選D選項“對比”；A選項“舉例說明一個問題”，B選項“原因和影響分析”以及C選項“事件的敘述”都不符合原文。因此D選項正確。

10.單選題

Finallyheloweredhisevesinashowofrespectandsaid,"Thatroomisreservedforhonoredguestsfromrichcountries."IwassoshockingthatIdidn'tknowhowtoreply.

問題1選項

A.loweredhisevesin

B.ashowofrespect

C.honoredguests

D.wassoshocking

E.沒有錯誤

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞誤用。shocking改為shocked。句意:最后，他目光低垂以表尊敬，并且說:"那個房間時專門招待富裕國家的尊客。"我感到非常震驚,以至于不知道如何回答。shocking令人震驚的。shocked感到震驚的。

11.單選題

Aviolentthunderstormwas（）asdarkcloudswerecollectingoverhead.

問題1選項

A.eminent

B.imminent

C.instantaneous

D.simultaneous

【答案】B

【解析】eminent杰出的；imminent即將來臨的；instantaneous即時的；simultaneous同時的。句意：當(dāng)烏云在頭頂聚集時,一場暴風(fēng)雨即將到來。選項B符合句意。

12.單選題

Theplanet’swildcreaturesfaceanewthreat—fromyuppies(雅皮士),emptynestersandoneparentfamilies.

Biologistsstudyingthepressureontheplanet’sdwindlingbiodiversitytodayreportonanewreasonforalarm.Althoughtherateofgrowthinthehumanpopulationisdecreasing,thenumberofindividualhouseholdsisexploding.

EvenwherepopulationshaveactuallydwindledinsomeregionsofNewZealand,forinstance—thenumbersofindividualhouseholdshasincreased,becauseofdivorce,careerchoice,smallerfamiliesandlongerlifespan.

JianguoLiuofMichiganStateUniversityandcolleaguesfromStanfordUniversityinCaliforniareportinNature,inapaperpublishedonlineinadvance,thatagreaternumberofindividualhouseholds,eachcontainingonaveragefewerpeople,meantmorepressureonnaturalresources.

Townsandcitiesbegantosprawl(蔓延)asnewhomeswerebuilt.Eachhouseholdneededfueltoheatandlightit;eachhouseholdrequireditsownplumbing,cookingandrefrigeration.

“Inlargerhouseholds,theefficiencyofresourceconsumptionwillbealothigher,becausemorepeoplesharethings.”DrLiusaid.Heandhiscolleagueslookedatthepopulationpatternsoflifein141countries,including76“hotspot”regionsunusuallyrichinavarietyoflocalwildlife.ThesehotspotsincludedAustralia,NewZealand,theUS,Brazil,China,India,Kenya,andItaly.Theyfoundthatbetween1985and2000inthe“hotspot”partsoftheglobe,theannual3.1%growthrateinthenumberofhouseholdswasfarhigherthanthepopulationgrowthrateof1.8%.

“Hadtheaveragehouseholdsizeremainedatthe1985level,”thescientistsreport,“therewouldhavebeen155millionfewerhouseholdsinhotspotcountriesin2000”.

DrLiu’sworkgrewfromthealarmingdiscoverythatthegiantpandaslivinginChina’sWolongreservearemoreatrisknowthantheywerewhenthereservewasfirstestablished.Thelocalpopulationhadgrown,butthetotalnumberofhomeshadincreasedmoreswiftly,tomakegreaterinroadsintothebambooforests.

Onlyaround1.75millionspeciesontheplanethavebeennamedanddescribed.Biologistsestimatethattherecouldbe7million,oreven17million,asyettobeidentified.Buthumannumbershavegrownmorethansix-foldinthepast200years,andhumansandtheirlivestockarenowthegreatestsingleconsumergroupontheplanet.Theworldpopulationwillcontinuetosoar,perhapslevelingoffaround9billioninthenextcentury.Environmentalcampaignershaveclaimedthatbetweenaquarterandahalfofallthespeciesonearthcouldbecomeextinctinthenextcentury.

56.Biologistsreportthatthebiodiversityisdecreasingbecause（）.

57.Researchersstatethat（）.

58.Theexampleinparagraph8indicatedthat（）.

59.Someenvironmentalistswarnthatthesoaringpopulationwillcause（）.

60.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat（）.

問題1選項

A.moreindividualhouseholdsareincreasinggreatly

B.humanbeingsarethreateningmanywildcreatures

C.humanpopulationshavebeendecreasinginrecentyears

D.wildcreaturesdependonmoreindividualhouseholds

問題2選項

A.largerfamiliesaremoreefficientinconsumingnaturalresourcesthansmallerfamilies

B.bothlargerandsmallerfamiliesneedthesameamountsofnaturalresources

C.smallerfamiliesaremoreextravagantinliving

D.largerfamiliesaremorefrugalinliving

問題3選項

A.thelocalpeopledonotmindconservingthenaturalenvironment

B.thelocalpeopleshouldfurthercontroltheriseofpopulation

C.theincreaseoflocalpopulationledtothedecreaseofbiodiversity

D.theincreaseofindividualhouseholdsledtothedecreaseofbiodiversity

問題4選項

A.thedegradationofpeople’slivingstandardinthenextcentury

B.thedeteriorationoflivingenvironmentinthenextcentury

C.thereproductionofmorewildspeciesinthenextcentury

D.theextinctionofmorewildspeciesinthenextcentury

問題5選項

A.theincreaseofhumanpopulationleadstomoredestructionofthenaturalworld

B.thedecreaseofanimalnopopulationresultsfromthedwindlingbiodiversityinthenaturalworld

C.theplanet’sbiodiversityisalsorelatedtothenumberofhouseholds

D.theplanet’sbiodiversityreliesonthebalancedincreaseoflargerandsmallerhouseholds

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】56.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段Biologistsstudyingthepressureontheplanet’sdwindlingbiodiversitytodayreportonanewreasonforalarm.Althoughtherateofgrowthinthehumanpopulationisdecreasing,thenumberofindividualhouseholdsisexploding.（生物學(xué)家研究地球上日益減少的生物多樣性所帶來的壓力，今天報告了一個新的警報理由。盡管人口的增長率在下降，但個體家庭的數(shù)量卻在激增。）也就是說生物多樣性的減少是由于個體家庭數(shù)量的激增，因此A選項符合題意。B選項“人類正在威脅許多野生動物”；文章沒有提到；C選項“近年來人口一直在減少”，不是原因；D選項“野生動物依賴更多的個體家庭”，無關(guān)項。

57.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到第六段的第一句話Inlargerhouseholds,theefficiencyofresourceconsumptionwillbealothigher,becausemorepeoplesharethings.（在規(guī)模更大的家庭中，資源消耗的效率會高得多，因為更多的人分享東西。）因此A選項“大家庭在消耗自然資源方面比小家庭更有效率”正確。B選項“無論是大家庭還是小家庭都需要相同數(shù)量的自然資源”；C選項“小家庭生活更奢侈”以及D選項“大家庭生活更節(jié)儉”都是原文沒有提到的。

58.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第八段的最后一句Thelocalpopulationhadgrown,butthetotalnumberofhomeshadincreasedmoreswiftly,tomakegreaterinroadsintothebambooforests.（當(dāng)?shù)厝丝谠鲩L了，但房屋的總數(shù)增長得更快，從而對竹林產(chǎn)生了更大的影響。）可知，小規(guī)模家庭的增多，意味著對自然生態(tài)的破壞就越多，生物的