考研考博-英語-上海民遠職業(yè)技術學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海民遠職業(yè)技術學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

SheisalivingproofthataTVcelebritywiththehighestaspirationscansurviveinamediumthattoooftenseemstoberacing（）.

問題1選項

A.outofbottom

B.atthebottom

C.tothebottom

D.onthebottom

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。racetothebottom“逐底競爭”，句意：她活生生地證明了一個具有最高抱負的電視明星似乎經?？梢栽谥鸬赘偁幹写婊钕聛?。選項C符合題意。

2.單選題

Greaterefforttoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage（

）avoided.

問題1選項

A.istobe

B.canbe

C.willbe

D.hasbeen

【答案】A

【解析】考查將來時。betodosth.意為“計劃、安排或命令要做的事”，此處含有強制要求做某事，因此選A。will表示一般的將來，或者臨時決定做某事；canbe能夠（避免）不符合句意；hasbeen表示已經避免更不符合句意

句意：如果要避免食物短缺，就必須作出更大的努力來增加農業(yè)產量。

3.單選題

Thatpublicfigurewasreally（）forsayingthosethingsinpublic,eventhoughpeoplecanunderstandhimandseehispointofviewonthematter.

問題1選項

A.behindthelines

B.outofline

C.offtheline

D.inhisline

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。behindthelines“在后方；繩子的背后”，outofline“不協(xié)調，違規(guī)”，offtheline“打完電話”，沒有搭配inhisline。句意：那位公眾人物在公共場合說那些話真是不合規(guī)矩，盡管人們能理解他，也能看到他對這件事情的看法。選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

Ican’tworkwithyou（）allthetime.Goaway.

問題1選項

A.steppingonmytoes

B.breathingdownmyneck

C.standinginthegap

D.comingintoyourown

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項steppingonmytoes的原型是steponone’stoes，意思是“觸怒某人”；B選項breathingdownmyneck的原型是breathedownone’sneck，意思是“緊跟著，緊盯著”；C選項standinthegap“挺身阻擋；首當其沖”；D選項comingintoyourown的原型是comeintoone’sown，意思是“進入繁盛期；得到自己該得的東西”。句意：你一直，我不能工作。走開。根據(jù)句意可知，“我”想讓對方走開，那么很有可能是因為對方一直在監(jiān)視自己，所以B選項正確。

5.單選題

Theyear1995washeraldedasthebeginningofthe“NewEconomy.”Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.Itwasn’tthatwedidn’trecognizethatsomethingchanged.Itwasthatwerecognizedthattheoldeconomicslensremainedusefulforlookingatthechangestakingplace.Theeconomicsofthe“NewEconomy”couldbedescribedatahighlevel:Digitaltechnologywouldcauseareductioninthecostofsearchandcommunication.Thiswouldleadtomoresearch,morecommunication,andmoreactivitiesthatgotogetherwithsearchandcommunication.That’sessentiallywhathappened.

Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.Butonceagain,aseconomists,webelievesomesimplerulesapply.Technologicalrevolutionstendtoinvolvesomeimportantactivitybecomingcheap,likethecostofcommunicationorfindinginformation.Machineintelligenceis,initsessence,apredictiontechnology,sotheeconomicshiftwillcenteraroundadropinthecostofprediction.

Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.Thismattersbecausepredictionisaninputtoahostofactivitiesincludingtransportation,agriculture,healthcare,energymanufacturing,andretail.

Whenthecostofanyinputfallssoprecipitously,therearetwootherwell-establishedeconomicimplications.First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.

Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.Forexample,withthetechnologicaladvanceinsemiconductors,thecostofcalculationdroppedsignificantly,soactivitiesforwhicharithmeticwasakeyinputbecamemuchcheaper.Consequently,inphotography,weshiftedfromafilm-oriented,chemistry-basedapproachtoadigital-oriented,arithmetic-basedapproach.

Whenthecostofafoundationalinputplummets,itoftenaffectsthevalueofotherinputs.Thevaluegoesupforcomplementsanddownforsubstitutes.Inthecaseofphotography,thevalueofthehardwareandsoftwarecomponentsassociatedwithdigitalcameraswentupasthecostofarithmeticdroppedbecausedemandincreased—wewantedmoreofthem.Thesecomponentswerecomplementstoarithmetic;theywereusedtogether.Incontrast,thevalueoffilm—relatedchemicalsfell—wewantedlessofthem.

Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecreasebecausemachinepredictionwillprovideacheaperandbettersubstituteforhumanprediction,justasmachinesdidforarithmetic.However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.That’sbecausethevalueofhumanjudgmentskillswillincrease.Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.We’llwantmorehumanjudgment.

Forexample,whenpredictionischeap,diagnosiswillbemorefrequentandconvenient,andthuswe’lldetectmanymoreearly-stage,treatableconditions.Thiswillmeanmoredecisionswillbemadeaboutmedicaltreatment,whichmeansgreaterdemandfortheapplicationofethics,andforemotionalsupport,whichareprovidedbyhumans.Thelinebetweenjudgmentandpredictionisn’tclearcut—somejudgmenttaskswillevenbereframedasaseriesofpredictions.Yet,overallthevalueofprediction-relatedhumanskillswillfall,andthevalueofjudgment-relatedskillswillrise.

56.Thehighlightedword“hype”inParagraph2maybebestinterpretedas______.

57.Accordingtotheconsequencesofmachineintelligence,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

58.InParagraph5,theauthormentionssemiconductorinorderto______.

59.Theinfluenceofmachineintelligenceuponhumanactivitiesisthat______.

60.Themostsuitabletitleforthismessageforthispassageis______.

問題1選項

A.carnival

B.exaggeration

C.leap

D.ecstasy

問題2選項

A.Thecostofproductsandservicesbasedonpredictionwillbereduced.

B.Somenewtaskswillbereframedaspredictionproblems.

C.Pricesofcomplementsthathelppredictionwillrise.

D.Thevalueofhumanjudgmentwilldecrease.

問題3選項

A.showthattechnologyhasmademajorprogressinthearithmeticarea

B.explainwhyfilmphotographyisreplacedbydigitalphotography

C.illustratethattechnologicaladvanceswillreduceproductcosts

D.provethatthepricesofcomplementswillincrease

問題4選項

A.thecostofhumanpredictionwillincrease

B.humanjudgmentwillbecomemorevaluable

C.machineintelligencewillreplacehumanjobs

D.peoplewillmakemoredecisionsonmedicaltreatment

問題5選項

A.Theeconomiceffectsofmachineintelligence

B.Machineintelligencevshumanprediction

C.Costreductionindigitaltechnology

D.Advancesinmachineintelligence

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】56.語義推測題。題干意思是“第二段中黑體字‘hype’一詞最好解釋為……”。文章第一段有提到hype這個單詞，Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.（數(shù)字通信注定要顛覆市場，改變一切，但總的來說，經濟學家并不接受這種炒作）；hype的本義是炒作，在這里是指前一句內容過于“夸張，言過其實”；由此推斷第二段第一句Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.（今天，我們看到了關于機器智能的類似炒作）中的hype也是同樣表示“夸張”的意思，所以B項“夸張”正確。A項“狂歡”、C項“飛躍”和D項“狂喜”都不符合語境。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

57.細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)機器智能的影響，下面哪個陳述是不正確的？”。根據(jù)第三段第一句話Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.（機器智能的第一個作用將是降低依賴預測的商品和服務的成本）可知，基于預測的商品和服務成本會降低，故A項“基于預測的產品和服務成本將會降低”符合原文；從第四段第二句First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.（首先，我們將開始使用預測來執(zhí)行以前沒有執(zhí)行的任務）可知，一些任務將被重新預測，B項“一些新的任務將被重新作為預測問題”正確；第四段第三句指出Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.（其次，補充預測的其他東西的價值將會上升），可知C項“幫助預測的附加品價格將上升”也正確；D項“人類判斷的價值將會降低”不屬于機器智能的影響。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

58.細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“在第五段中，作者提到半導體是為了……”。第五段第一句提到Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.（隨著機器智能降低了預測的成本，我們將開始把它作為一種輸入，用于我們以前從未做過的事情），接著就引出了半導體發(fā)展所帶來的攝影方面的變革這一例證，由此可推斷，技術的進步降低了產品的成本；C項“說明技術進步會降低產品成本”符合題意。A項“表明技術在算術領域取得了重大進步”和B項“解釋為什么膠片攝影被數(shù)碼攝影取代”是細節(jié)描述和舉例說明，不是引出半導體真正的目的；D項“證明附加品的價格將會增加”這是產品成本下降后的影響，不屬于提及半導體的原因。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

59.細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“機器智能對人類活動的影響是……”。第七段第一句指出Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecrease（隨著機器智能的提高，人類預測技能的價值將會下降），結合倒數(shù)第二句Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.（用經濟學的語言來說，判斷是預測的補充，因此，當預測的成本下降時，判斷的價值就會上升）可知，人類預測技能價值下降，判斷價值會增加，所以B項“人類的判斷將變得更有價值”正確。A項“人類預測的成本將會增加”，如果預測成本增加，那么判斷價值就會下降，這與原文不符；第七段第二句提到However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.（然而，這并不像許多專家所說的那樣意味著人類工作的末日）可以推斷，機器智能并不能完全取代人類的工作，所以C項“機器智能將取代人類的工作”錯誤；D項“人們將在醫(yī)療上做出更多的決定”這只是用來對“人類的判斷將變得更有價值”而進行的例證。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

60.主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章最適合的標題是……”。通讀全文，文章第一段提出了數(shù)字技術在“新經濟”中帶來的影響，第二段引出智能機器，接著就詳細分析了機器智能對于市場經濟以及人類活動的影響，因此可以判斷A項“機器智能的經濟效應”符合題意。B項“機器智能vs人類預測”、C項“數(shù)字技術的成本降低”和D項“機器智能的進展”都只是在某個段落提及，不夠全面表達文章的內容。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

6.單選題

KnowingthathehadbeenadmittedtoCambridgeUniversity,hewastooexcitedtobe（

）onthephone.

問題1選項

A.coincidental

B.identical

C.same

D.coherent

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。coincidental“巧合的，一致的”；identical“相同的，同一的”；same“相同的”；coherent“連貫的”。句意：得知被劍橋大學錄取，他太過于激動以至于在電話中話都說不連貫。選項D符合題意。

7.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingfiveunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.

1.Chinesedealers，collectorsandartlovershavebeenoutinforceatChristie’s,whichisauctioningtheartcollectionofRobertHatfieldEllsworthinfivedaysofsalesthatbeginonTuesday,withaweekofonlinesalestofollow.Ellsworth，areveredconnoisseurwhodiedlastyear,amassedoneofthefinestprivatecollectionsofAsianartintheWest,andthepresaleestimatestotal$35million.JinZhao,whocollectsTangandSongdynastyporcelaininasmallway,flewinfromTianjin,China,hopingtopickuponeortwopieces.“It'sworthit,”hesaid“Thisisaverygreatcollection.”

TheEllsworthsaleputsagiantexclamationpointonAsiaWeek,anannualeventthatmakesNewYorktheprimedestinationfordealers,museumcurators,scholarsandcollectorsfromaroundtheworld,avariedgroupthatincludedsharp-eyedyoungcollectorsindownjacketsandjeans,middle-ageddealershuntingtheirquarryinsmallpacks,tweedyconnoisseursandChinesewomendresseduptoMingvasestandards.

2.“ItisthelargestgroupofAsianartonthefaceoftheearth/’saidJavXu,directorofthe

AsianArtMuseuminSanFrancisco,whoisleadingateamofabouttwodozencurators,boardmembers,collectorsanddonorstoNewYorkforanexcitedroundoflooking,meeting,greeting,publicizingandacquiring.“Itisveryrich.”

Mr.Xuwasreferringtotheweek'sevents:theexhibits,oftenmuseumquality,atthemorethan40dealerswhoparticipateinAsiaWeek;theshowsandlecturesatinstitutionslikeAsiaSocietyandtheJapanSociety;thetwodozenauctionsofAsianartatSotheby's,Christie’s，BonhamsandDoyle;andbenefitpartiesliketheoneattheMetropolitanMuseumofArttocelebratethecentenaryofitsAsianartdepartment.

Lessthan10yearsago,themarketforAsianartinNewYorklookedquitedifferent.3.TheInternationalAsianArtFair,heldformanyyearsattheParkAvenueArmory,wentbustattheendof2008,avictimoftheeconomicdownturn.

4.Ms.MirvissandtheKoreanartdealerJiyoungKoohastilyorganizedanassociationof16dealers,whichtheycalledAsianArtDealersoftheUpperEastSide,toholdopenhousesthat,collectively,wouldreplacetheartfair.Atthesametime,ahalf-dozendealersmakinguptheJapaneseArtDealersAssociationstagedtheirownshow,whichhasbecomeanannualevent.

Fromthesebeginnings,AsiaWeekquicklydevelopedintoitscurrenthybridform.“Wearenotanartfair,”saidCarolConover,thedirectorofKaikodoAsianArtandthechairwomanofAsiaWeek.“Wearesomethingverydifferent.Theintimacyofagalleryisdifferentthanbeingonafloorinabigroom.

5.AsiaWeekhasprosperedinadecadedominatedby

badeconomicnews,thanksalmostentirelytowealthyChinesedealersandcollectors,whosefreespendinganddeeppocketshaveledtothefirstAsiaWeekinParis,scheduledforJune,andanewbranchofArtBaselinHongKong,whichstartedonSundayandwillrunforthreedays.“ThedominantforceistheChinesebuyer,”Mr.Lallysaid.“Theybuy75to80percentoftheChineseartattheauctionhouses.”

Andtheyhavebeenshowingupindroves.FrancescaGalloway,aLondondealerinIndianartshowingatW.M.BradyCampCompany,onEast80thStreet,putitbluntly:“Ifyou'reacollectorandyou'renothere,you'renotinthegame.”

【答案】1.從周二開始，佳士得拍賣行將開始拍賣安思遠（RobertHatfieldEllsworth）的藏品，為期五天，其后還將舉辦一周的在線銷售，中國的經銷商、收藏家和藝術愛好者們趨之若鶩。

2.“這是地球上最大的亞洲藝術精英人群了，”舊金山亞洲藝術博物館館長許杰（JayXu）說，他率領二十多名策展人、董事會成員、收藏家與捐贈者來到紐約，進行一系列熱鬧的參觀、會面、寒暄、公關和購買活動。

3.國際亞洲藝術博覽會多年來一直在公園大道軍械庫舉行，最終于2008年底宣告破產，成了經濟低迷的犧牲品。

4.默維斯和韓國藝術交易商JiyoungKoo與16位交易商倉促成立了“上東區(qū)亞洲藝術交易商協(xié)會”，他們聯(lián)合舉辦公開活動，試圖取代藝術博覽會。

5.在這個經濟不景氣的十年，亞洲周卻一直保持著繁榮昌盛，這多虧了富裕的中國交易商與收藏家們，他們出手慷慨，身家闊綽，因此今年六月，巴黎也要舉辦第一屆亞洲周了，此外，香港也開辦了巴塞爾藝術展的分展，于周日舉行，持續(xù)三日。

8.單選題

Tomissickofcitylife,sohebuyssomelandinAlaska,asfarfrom（）aspossible.

問題1選項

A.humidity

B.humanity

C.harmony

D.honesty

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項humidity“濕度，濕氣”，B項humanity“人類，人道，仁慈”，C項harmony“和睦，融洽”，D項honesty“誠實，正直”。根據(jù)關鍵詞besickofcitylife（厭倦城市生活）可知，空格處填入“人類”最合適，表示“離人類越遠越好”。句意：湯姆厭倦了城市生活，所以他在阿拉斯加買了一些土地，盡可能遠離人類。因此，該題B項正確。

9.單選題

The（

）ofelectricalenergyintothermalenergyisaprocessthatiseasilycarriedoutat100%efficiency.

問題1選項

A.conversion

B.convention

C.conversation

D.version

【答案】A

【解析】形近詞辨析題。A選項conversion“轉化，變換”；B選項convention“約定，習俗”；C選項conversation“交談，會話”；D選項version“版本”。

句意：把電能轉換成熱能是一個很容易以100%的效率進行的過程。選項A符合句意。

10.填空題

Astheintelligenceofrobotsincreasestomatchhumansandastheircostdeclinesthrougheconomiesofscalewemayusethemtoexpandourfrontiers,firstonearththroughtheirabilitytowithstand

environments,harmfultoourselves.

A

B

C

D

【答案】Ahumans改為thatofhumans

【解析】【考查點】代詞指代。

【解題思路】根據(jù)語境，A部分指的是機器智能和人工智能相當，theintelligenceofrobots和A部分意思對應，結構也應對應，用that指代theintelligence，因此A部分應為thatofhumans。

【句意】隨著機器人的智能達到與人類相當?shù)乃?，以及它們的成本通過規(guī)模經濟降低，我們可以利用它們來拓展我們的疆域，首先是在地球上，借用它們抵御對我們有害的環(huán)境的能力。

11.翻譯題

Arecentphenomenoninthechoiceofcareersonthepartofthecollegegraduatesistheincreasingtrendtowardsbigcompanies.Fewareinterestedinresearchfields.Thisisanunavoidableprobleminamaterialisticsociety,wheretemptingsalariesandfringebenefitsareofferedbybigcompaniestocompetewitheachothertorecruitstudentsbeforetheyhavecompletedtheirstudies.Ontheotherhand,asmanybigenterprisesandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateeconomicresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlongrangeresearch,thereisasteadyshiftofscientistsandresearchersfromthepureresearchtotheappliedfield,wheretherearemorejobsavailablewithbettersalaries.Allthishasnotonlyseriouslyinfluencedyoungpeople’sviewonthechoiceofcareers,butoneducationaswell.Manycollegeteachersdeplorethatfewerandfewerstudentsthesedaysacquireknowledge.

【答案】最近在高校畢業(yè)生擇業(yè)問題上出現(xiàn)了一種傾向,這就是畢業(yè)生越來越青睞大公司,很少有人愿意到研究單位。在物欲橫流的社會里,這是一個不可避免的問題。學生還沒有走出校門,大公司便在競相聘用他們,向他們提供誘人的薪水和福利待遇。另一方面,由于許多大企業(yè),甚至包括一些政府部門往往看重直接經濟效益,而相對來說對長期的理論研究不感興趣,所以科研人員不斷從純理論研究領域流向實用工業(yè)。因為在那里工作要比研究領域里好找,工資往往也高。這些情況不僅嚴重影響青年人的擇業(yè)觀,而且還影響了教育。許多教師哀嘆,現(xiàn)在單純?yōu)榱藢W知識而學習的學生越來越少了。

12.單選題

Thesamefactorspushwagesandpricesuptogether,theone____theother.

問題1選項

A.increasing

B.reinforcing

C.emphasizing

D.multiplying

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.increasing使增加B.reinforcing加強

C.emphasizing強調D.multiplying使大大增加

【答案】B

【考查點】動詞辨析

【解題思路】空格處前后為“一個”和“另一個”，根據(jù)前文提到“相同的因素同時推動工資和價格上漲”，根據(jù)各選項的詞義推測，原句中“一個”和“另一個”指代的是推動工資和價格上漲的不同的因素，B選項reinforcing“加強”最符合原文前后語義銜接，指一個因素的推動作用使另一個因素的推動作用得到加強。

【干擾項排除】

A選項increasing側重于指數(shù)量或水平的增強；

C選項emphasizing“強調”，不符合原文語義銜接；

D選項multiplying側重于指數(shù)量的大量增加。

【句意】相同的因素同時推動工資和價格上漲，一個因素促進另一個因素。

13.翻譯題

美國有五分之四的人在工作中感受到壓力。是什么原因引起的工作壓力呢？許多人認為不公平或不切實際的工作量是其中一個主要原因。這種工作量常常會導致個人生活和職業(yè)生活失衡。另一個原因是缺乏工作安全感。如果你不停地擔心下周是否還能有工作，壓力就會進入并占領你的生活。如果你還需要養(yǎng)家、養(yǎng)孩子，情況就更會如此。

【答案】FouroutoffiveAmericansfeelpressureatwork.Whatcausesworkpressure?

Manypeoplebelievethatunfairorunrealisticworkloadsareoneofthemainreasons.Thiskindofworkloadoftenleadstoanimbalancebetweenpersonalandprofessionallives.Anotherreasonislackofjobsecurity.Ifyouareconstantlyworryingaboutwhetheryouwillhaveajobnextweek,stresswillenterandtakeoveryourlife.Thisisespeciallytrueifyoustillneedtosupportyourfamilyandchildren.

14.單選題

In1636Rembrandtbegantodepictquieter,morecontemplativesceneswithanewwarmthincolor.

問題1選項

A.impressive

B.magnificent

C.inspiring

D.thoughtful

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。contemplative表示“沉思的，冥想的，默想的”；A項impressive“感人的，令人欽佩的，給人以深刻印象的”，B項magnificent“高尚的，壯麗的，華麗的”，C項inspiring“鼓舞人心的，啟發(fā)靈感的”，D項thoughtful“深思的，體貼的，關切的”。句意：1636年，倫勃朗開始用一種新的溫暖色彩來描繪更安靜、更發(fā)人深省的場景。因此，根據(jù)句意可知D選項正確。

15.單選題

Onecanunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesand（）toexpressedthoughts.

問題1選項

A.dilemmas

B.countenances

C.concessions

D.junctions

【答案】B

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。dilemmas困境；countenances面容；concessions讓步；junctions連接點。句意：一個人可以通過注意他人的眼睛和面部即時的或短暫的反應來更好地理解別人。選項B符合句意。

16.單選題

Mr.Hopkins,wholostaleginacaraccident,hadnowbeenfittedwitha(n)（）limb.

問題1選項

A.substitute

B.attachment

C.artificial

D.extra

【答案】C

【解析】考查語義和形容詞名詞辨析。A選項substitute“替代品”；B選項attachment“附件”；C選項artificial“人造的”；D選項extra“額外的”。句意：霍普金斯先生在一次車禍中失去了一條腿，現(xiàn)在已經裝上了假肢。本句表示裝上假肢的表達是artificiallimb，C選項artificial“人造的”符合句意。因此C選項正確。

17.單選題

Rumorsareeverywhere,spreadingfear,damagingreputations,andturningcalmsituationsinto（

）ones.

問題1選項

A.tragic

B.vulnerable

C.turbulent

D.suspicious

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：謠言無處不在，傳播恐懼，破壞聲譽，把平靜的狀況變得混亂不堪。tragic“悲劇的”；vulnerable“脆弱的”；turbulent“騷亂的”；suspicious“可疑的”。根據(jù)句意，選項C符合題意。

18.單選題

Ithaslongbeenknownthattherateofoxidativemetabolism(theprocessthatusesoxygentoconvertfoodintoenergy)inanyanimalhasaprofoundeffectonitslivingpatterns.Thehighmetabolicrateofsmallanimals,forexample,givesthemsustainedpowerandactivityperunitofweight,butatthecostofrequiringconstantconsumptionoffoodandwater.Verylargeanimals,withtheirrelativelylowmetabolicrates,cansurvivewellonasporadicfoodsupply,butcangeneratelittlemetabolicenergypergramofbodyweight.Ifonlyoxidativemetabolicrateisconsidered,therefore,onemightassumethatsmaller,moreactive,animalscouldpreyonlargerones,atleastiftheyattackedingroups.Perhapstheycouldifitwerenotforanaerobicglycolysis,thegreatequalizer.

Anaerobicglycolysisisaprocessinwhichenergyisproduced,withoutoxygen,throughthebreakdownofmuscleglycogenintolacticacidandadenosinetriphosphate(ATP),theenergyprovider.Theamountofenergythatcanbeproducedanaerobicallyisafunctionoftheamountofglycogenpresent——inallvertebratesabout0.5percentoftheirmuscles’netweight.Thustheanaerobicenergyreservesofavertebrateareproportionaltothesizeoftheanimal.If,forexample,somepredatorshadattackeda100-tendinosaur,normallytorpid,thedinosaurwouldhavebeenabletogeneratealmostinstantaneously,viaanaerobicglycolysis,theenergyof3,000humansatmaximumoxidativemetabolicenergyproduction.Thisexplainshowmanylargespecieshavemanagedtocompetewiththeirmoreactiveneighbors:thecompensationforalowoxidativemetabolicrateisglycolysis.

Therearelimitations,however,tothiscompensation.Theglycogenreservesofanyanimalaregood,atmost,foronlyabouttwominutesatmaximumeffort,afterwhichonlythenormaloxidativemetabolicsourceofenergyremains.Withtheconclusionofaburstofactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerableto

attackuntiltheacidisreconverted,viaoxidativemetabolism,bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesforglycogenresynthesis.Duringthisprocesstheenormousenergydebtthattheanimalhasrunupthroughanaerobicglycolysismustberepaid,adebtthatisproportionallymuchgreaterforthelargervertebratesthanforthesmallerones.Whereasthetinyshrewcanreplaceinminutestheglycogenusedformaximumeffort,forexample,thegiganticdinosaurwouldhaverequiredmorethanthreeweeks.Itmightseemthatthisinterminablylongrecoverytimeinalargevertebratewouldproveagravedisadvantageforsurvival.Fortunately,muscleglycogenisusedonlywhenneededandeventhenonlyinwhateverquantityisnecessary.Onlyintimesofpanicorduringmortalcombatwouldtheentirereservesbeconsumed.

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

Accordingtotheauthor,amajorlimitationofanaerobicglycolysisisthatitcan（

）.

Thepassagesuggeststhatthetotalanaerobicenergyreservesofavertebrateareproportionaltothevertebrate’ssizebecause（

）.

Theauthorismostprobablyaddressingwhichofthefollowingaudiences?

Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.refuteamisconceptionaboutanaerobicglycolysis

B.explainanaerobicglycolysisanditseffectsonanimalsurvival

C.describethelimitationsofanaerobicglycolysis

D.analyzethechemistryofanaerobicglycolysisanditssimilaritytooxidativemetabolism

問題2選項

A.produceinlargeanimalsmorelacticacidthanthelivercansafelyreconvert

B.necessitateadangerouslylongrecoveryperiodinlargeanimals

C.produceenergymoreslowlythanitcanbeusedbylargeanimals

D.consumealloftheavailableglycogenregardlessofneed

問題3選項

A.largervertebratesconservemoreenergythansmallervertebrates

B.largervertebratesuselessoxygenperunitweightthansmallervertebrates

C.theabilityofavertebratetoconsumefoodisafunctionofitssize

D.theamountofmuscletissueinavertebrateisdirectlyrelatedtoitssize

問題4選項

A.Collegestudentsinanintroductorycourseonanimalphysiology

B.Historiansofscienceinvestigatingthediscoveryofanaerobicglycolysis

C.Graduatestudentswithspecializedtrainingincomparativeanatomy

D.ZoologistsinterestedinPrehistoricanimals

問題5選項

A.Thedisadvantageofalowoxidativemetabolicrateinlargeanimalscanbeoffsetbytheirabilitytoconvertsubstantialamountsofglycogenintoenergy.

B.Themostsignificantproblemfacinganimalsthathaveusedanaerobicglycolysisforenergyistheresynthesisofitsbyproduct,glucose,intoglycogen.

C.Thebenefitstoanimalsofanaerobicglycolysisareoffsetbytheprofoundcoststhatmustbepaid.

D.Themajorfactorensuringthatalargeanimalwilltriumphoverasmalleranimalisthelargeanimal’sabilitytoproduceenergyviaanaerobicglycolysis

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】文章第一段提到動作的氧化代謝率對它們生存方式造成的影響（inanyanimalhasaprofoundeffectonitslivingpatterns）；第二段解釋無氧糖酵解（Anaerobicglycolysisisaprocessinwhichenergyisproduced,withoutoxygen,throughthebreakdownofmuscleglycogenintolacticacidandadenosinetriphosphate(ATP),theenergyprovider）；第三段提到了無氧糖酵解的不足以及對動物的生存產生的影響。綜上所述，選項B符合題意。

文章第三段第一句提到了補償?shù)木窒扌裕╰herearelimitations,however,tothiscompensation），指出動物由于無氧糖酵解所導致的大量能量消耗必須得到補償，然后又通過小松鼠為例來說明小型動物補償?shù)臅r間短，而大型動物則需要很長的時間才能完成補償，這就是補償?shù)木窒扌?。選項B符合題意。

文章第二段第二句話Theamountofenergythatcanbeproducedanaerobicallyisafunctionoftheamountofglycogenpresent——inallvertebratesabout0.5percentoftheirmuscles