2022年高考英語真題分類匯編 專題05 閱讀理解(解析版)

2022年高考試題分項解析之專題5閱讀理解1.【2022·全國新課標I】AYouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years?JaneAddams(1860-1935)AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addanshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社區(qū))bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneedIn1931,AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.RachelCarson(1907-1964)Ifitweren’tforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandonthelakesandoceans.SandraDayO’Connor(1930-present)WhenSandraDayfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastate參議)and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointhe U.S.SupremeCourt.gavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.RosaParks(1913-2005)OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RasaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoapassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgmerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement.“TheonlytiredIwas,wastiredofgivingin,”saidParks.WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory?Hersocialwork.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.Hereffortstowinaprize.Hercommunitybackground.Whatisthereasonforbeingrejectedbythelawfirm?Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.Thediscriminationagainstwomen.Thepoorfinancialconditions.Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil-rightsmovementintheUS?A.JaneAddams. B.RachelCarson. C.SandraDayD.RosaParks.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?A.Theyarehighlyeducated. B.Theyaretrulycreative.C.Theyarepioneers. D.Theyarepeace-lovers.【答案】21-24 ACD.C考點：考查人物類短文閱讀【技巧點撥細節(jié)理解題的解題可以先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語（題眼的技巧快速在文章中查找與此問題相關(guān)的：段落、語句，認真品嘗，對比比較，確定答案。2.【2022·全國新課標I】BGrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathirdgenerationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverpleasedmoveaway,.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelptheirchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMsGaffinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemovetoasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertothechildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentmother-in-law,MarianRobinson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudygrandparentscom.83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson‘sdecisionwillinfluencethegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleoffamily.“inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonoursaysChristineCrosby,publisherofgratemagazineforgrandparents.Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportant””tobenearespeciallywhenrainingMovingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.Whywasmoveasuccess?Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.Itimprovedherlivingconditions.Itenabledhermakemorefriends.Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.decision?7%expressedtheirsupportforit.B．Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.C．83%believedithadabadinfluence.D．Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A．Theywereunsureofraisemorechildren.Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.Theybadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparent.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelasrparagraph?Makedecisionsinthebestinterests'oftheirownAsktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothemSacrificefortheirstrugglingchildrenGettoknowthemselvesbetter【答案】25-28.ADCA

考點：社會生活類短文閱讀【技巧點撥】推理推斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。此類題要求通過文章中的文字信息，上下文規(guī)律關(guān)系及事物的進展變化等已知的信息，推斷出作者暗含的意思。解題關(guān)鍵要留意表明作者觀點、立場的動詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞等。28題中則依據(jù)itiswisertosayno推斷出作者的立場。3.【2022·全國新課標I】CIampeterHodes,avolunteerstemcourier.SinceMarch2022,I'vedone89tripsofthose,51havebeenabroad,Ihave42hourstocarrystem干細胞mylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylastinall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromatothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,got72hoursatmost,SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.IhadonetriplastyearwhereIwascaughtbyahurricaneinAmerica.IpickedupthestemcellsinProvidence,RhodeIsland,andwasmeanttoflytoWashingtonthenbacktoLondon.ButwhenIarrivedatthecheck-indeskatProvidence,theladyonthedesksaid:“Well,reallysorry,gotsomebadnewsforyou-therearenofightsfromSoItookmyboxandputitonthedeskandIsaid:“Inthisboxaresomestemcellsthatareurgentlyneededforapatient-please,please,gottogetmebacktotheUnitedShejustdroppedeverything.Shearrangedforaflightonasmall planetobeheldfor)methroughNewarkandgotmebacktotheUKevenearlierthanoriginallyscheduled.Forthiscourierjob,you’reconsciouslyawarethanthatboxyou’regotsomethingthatispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody’slife.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph17Aprovider BdeliverymanCcollector DmedicaldoctorWhydoesPeterhavetocompletehistripwithin42hours?Hecannotstayawayfromhisjobtoolong.Thedonorcanonlywaitforthatlong.Theoperationneedsthatverymuch.Theicewon'tlastanylonger.WhichflightdidthewomanputPeteronfirst?ToLondon B.ToNewarkC.ToProvidence D.ToWashington【答案】29-31.BD.B14作的描寫來推想出正確的詞義。30D細節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段其次句Ihave42hourstocarrystemcellsinmylittleboxbecauseI’vegottwoicepacksandhowlongthey42小時適宜的溫度。故選D。31.B細節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段末句Shearrangedforaflightonasmallplanetobeheldforme,re-routedmethroughNewark 可知，這位好心的女士首先支配作者去Newark的航班。故選B。考點：故事類短文閱讀4.【2022·全國新課標I】DThemeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortablethereforeattemptsmaybemadetofillevery(隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson'sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(示意)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayuse

silencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsilenceinconversations?Itimpliesanger.Itpromotesfriendship.Itisculture-specific.Itiscontent-based.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemightregardsilenceasacallforcarefulthought?TheChinese.TheFrench.TheMexicans.TheRussians.Whatdoestheauthoradvisenursestodoaboutsilence?Letitcontinueasthepatientpleases.Breakitwhiletreatingpatients.Evaluateitsharmtopatients.Makeuseofitshealingeffects.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?SoundandSilenceWhatItMeanstoBeSilentSilencetoNativeAmericansSpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold【答案】32-35.CADBexperienceofteachingcomedy.Hisworkshopsareexcitingandfun.AneveningwithSimonwillgiveyoutheconfidencetobefunny.CharlotteStone8.00pm-11.00pm PizzaWorldFinefoodwithbeautifuljazzmusic;thisisagreateveningout.CharlotteStonewillperformsongsfromhernewbest-sellingCD,withJamesPickeringonthepiano.ThemenuisItalian,withexcellentmeatandfreshfish,pizzaspasta(面食).Bookearlytogetatable.Ourbarisopenallday,andservescocktails,coffee,beer,andwhitewine.Whocanhelpyouifyouwanttohaveyourmusicproduced?A.JulesSkye. B.GeeWhizz.C.CharlotteStone. D.JamesPickering.考點：社會生活類短文閱讀5.【2022·全國新課標II】AWhat’sOn?ElectricUnderground7.30pm－1.00am FreeattheCyclopsTheatreDoyouknowwho’splayinginyourarea?We’rebringingyouaneveningofliverockandpopmusicfromthebestlocalbands.Areyouinterestedinbecomingamusicianandgettingarecordingcontract(合同)?Ifso,comeearlytothetalkat7.30pmbyJulesSkye,asuccessfulrecordproducer.He’sgoingtotalkabouthowyoucanfindtherightpersontoproduceyoumusic.GeeWhizz8.30pm-10.30pm ComedyatKaleidoscopeComeandseeGeeWhizzperform.He’sthefunnieststand-upcomedianonthecomedyscene.Thisjoyfulshowwillpleaseeveryone,fromtheyoungesttotheoldest.GeeWhizzreallyknowshowtomakeyoulaugh!Ourbarisopenfrom7.00pmfordrinksandsnacks(快餐).Simon’sWorkshop5.00pm-7.30pm WednesdaysatVictoriaStageThisisagoodchanceforanyonewhowantstolearnhowtodocomedy.Theworkshoplooksateverykindofcomedy,andpracticesmanydifferentwaysofmakingpeoplelaugh.Simonisacomedianandactorwhohas10years’

Atwhichplacecanpeopleofdifferentagesenjoyagoodlaugh?TheCyclopsTheatre B.KaleidoscopeC.VictoriaStage D.PizzaWorldWhatdoweknowaboutSimon’sWorkshop?Itrequiresmembershipstatus. B.Itlaststhreehourseachtime.C.Itisrunbyacomedyclub. D.ItisheldeveryWednesday.WhenwillCharlotteStoneperformherA.5.00pm-7.30pm. B.7.30pm－1.00am.C.8.00pm-11.00pm. D.8.30pm-10.30pm.【答案1.A 2.B 3.D 4.COnceIhadaboywhoworkedexperimentallywithTinkertoysinhisfreetime.Hisconstructionsfilledashelfintheartclassroomandagoodpartofhisbedroomathome.Iwasdelightedatthepresenceofsuchastudent.Herewasanexceptionallycreativemindatwork.HispresencemeantthatIhadanunexpectedteachingassistantinclasswhosecreativitywouldinfect(感染)otherstudents.Encouragingthiskindofthinkinghasadownside.Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking.Withoutfailonewoulddeclare,”ButI’mjustnotcreative.”“Doyoudreamatnightwhenyou’reasleep?”“Oh,sure.”“Sotellmeoneofyourmostinterestingdreams.”Thestudentwouldtellsomethingwildlyimaginative.Flyingin【名師點睛】本文屬于廣告類短文，所考查四題均為細節(jié)題中的直接理解題。細節(jié)事實理解題主要考查考生對文章中某一些特定細節(jié)或文章的重要實事的理解力量。它一般包括直接理解題和語義理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要同學讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。在閱讀中可以使用定位法與跳讀法解決直接理解題。定位法即依據(jù)題干和選項所供應的信息直接從原文中(()從而找出正確答案。ofdifferentagesenjoyagoodThisjoyfulshowwillpleaseeveryonefromtheyoungesttotheoldest可知這場表演能夠讓全部年齡段的人都很快活，故選擇B項?？键c：考查廣告類閱讀6.【2022·全國新課標II】BFiveyearsago,whenItaughtartataschoolinSeattle,IusedTinkertoysasatestatthebeginningofatermtofindoutsomethingaboutmystudents.IputasmallsetofTinkertoysinfrontofeachstudent,andsaid:”MakesomethingoutoftheTinkertoys.Youhave45minutestoday-and45minuteseachdayfortherestoftheweek.”Afewstudentshesitatedtostart.Theywaitedtoseetherestoftheclasswoulddo.Severalotherscheckedtheinstructionsandmadesomethingaccordingtooneofthemodelplansprovided.Anothergroupbuiltsomethingoutoftheirownimaginations.

theskyorinatimemachineorgrowingthreeheads.“That’sprettycreative.Whodoesthatforyou?”“Nobody.Idoit.”“Really-atnight,whenyou’reasleep?”“Sure.”“Trydoingitinthedaytime,inclass,okay?”TheteacherusedTinkertoysinclassinorderto ?knowmoreaboutthestudents B.makethelessonsmoreexcitingC.raisethestudents’interestinart D.teachthestudentsabouttoydesignWhatdoweknowabouttheboymentionedinParagraph3?Helikedtohelphisteacher. B.Hepreferredtostudyalone.C.Hewasactiveinclass. D.Hewasimaginative.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“downside”inParagraph4probablymean?Mistake. B.Drawback.C.Difficulty. D.Burden.Whydidtheteacheraskthestudentstotalkabouttheirdreams?Tohelpthemtoseetheircreativity. B.Tofindoutabouttheirsleepinghabits.C.Tohelpthemtoimprovetheirmemory. D.Tofindoutabouttheirwaysofthinking.【答案5.A 6.D 7.B 8.A考點：考查記敘文閱讀7.【2022·全國新課標II】CReadingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookC turnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookMembersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillBInekfgesodatef可知我冒著失去那些有不同思維方式的同學的危急。說明我的這種訓練方法也有不足之處。故劃線詞意為“drawbackB正確?！久麕燑c睛】本文屬于詞義猜想題。我們可以依據(jù)后句rantherisk 中的說明我的訓練方法也有不足之處，故劃線詞意為“drawback缺點，不足”。本題屬于典型的理由上下文語境推想。近幾年高考閱讀中猜想詞義考查方法多樣化，其中依據(jù)上下文語境推想將會越來越多。依據(jù)上下文語境作出推斷：有時短文中消滅一個需猜想其意義的詞或短語，下面接著消滅其定義域解釋或例子，這就是推斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。請看下例：ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCentreoffersawidevarietyofchoices—deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches,Santanasedansarethebigfavorite.CarRentalCentercarsfor)，也就是說劃線的詞都是出租汽車的名稱。除此之外，我們還可以依據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行推斷：依據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。還可以依據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行推斷：俗話說也可以找出緣由。例如Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'sofourice—creamandfrozenfoods依據(jù)因果關(guān)系，停電只能導致冰淇淋和冷凍食品“溶化。

haveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit.BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,“Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth.”Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttotheBookCrossingtokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.Brucepetersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe“real”andnotthevirtual(虛擬).Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgroupsinthefirstparagraph?Toexplainwhattheyare.TointroduceBookCrossing.Tostresstheimportanceofreading.Toencouragereaderstosharetheirideas.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto?Thebook. B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace. D.Theidentificationnumber.WhatwillaBookCrosserdowithabookafterreadingit?Meetotherreaderstodiscussit. B.Keepitsafeinhisbookcase.C.Passitontoanotherreader. D.Mailitbacktoitsowner.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?OnlineReading:AVirtualTour B.ElectronicBooks:AnewTrendC.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBack D.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooks【答案9.B 10.A11.C 12.Dfreezingwater,inthedamagedwoodenship.TheshipwastheEndurance,asmall,tight,Norwegian-builtthree-masterthatwasintendedtotakeSirErnestShackletonandasmallcrewofseamenandscientists,27meninall,tothesouthernmostshoreofAntarctica’sWeddellSeaFromthatpointShackletonwantedtoforceapassagebydog()acrossthecontinentThejourneywasintendedtoachievemorethanwhatCaptainRobertFalconScotthaddone.CaptainScotthadreachedtheSouthPoleearlyin1912buthaddiedwithhisfourcompanionsonthemarchback.AswriterCarolineAlexandermakesclearinherforcefulandwell-researchedstoryTheEndurance,adventuringwaseventhenathoroughlycommercialeffort.Scott’slastjourney,completedasbelayinatentdyingofcoldandhunger,caughttheworld’simagination,andafilmmadeinhishonordrewcrowds.Shackleton,aonetimeBritishmerchant-navyofficerwhohadgottowithin100milesoftheSouthPolein1908,startedabusinessbeforehis1914voyagetomakemoneyfrommovieandstillphotography.FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostofwhichhaveneverbeforebeen【名師點睛】本文考查了代詞指代題依據(jù)本“ hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofinds自己的書能夠隨著找到它的人走得更遠?？芍渲械膇t指代前半句提e閱讀的時候我們可以依據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行選擇：文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；有時需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：However,thequestionthat"moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.thethequestion又指上一段中“月球人”所提的問題，所以要經(jīng)過兩次查找才能選出答案?？键c：考查說明文閱讀8.【2022·全國新課標II】DAnewcollectionofphotosbringsanunsuccessfulAntarcticvoyagebacktolife.FrankHurley’spictureswouldbefirst-ratephoto-journalism iftheyhadbeenmade

published.WhatdoweknowaboutthephotostakenbyHurley?TheyweremadelastweekTheyshowedunderseasceneriesTheywerefoundbyacameramanTheyrecordedadisastrousadventureWhoreachedtheSouthPolefirstaccordingtothetext?FrankHurley B.ErnestShackletonC.RobertFalconScott D.CarolineAlexanderWhatdoesAlexanderthinkwasthepurposeofthe1914voyage?Artisticcreation B.ScientificresearchC.Moneymaking D.Treasurehunting【答案13.D 14.C 15.ClastweekInfact,theywereshotfrom1914through1916mostofthemafteradisastrous(),byacameramanwhohadnoreasonableexpectationofsurvival.Manyoftheimageswerestoredinanicechest,underOperaatMusicHall:1243ElmStreet.TheseasonrunsJunethroughAugust,withadditionalperformancesinMarchandSeptember.TheOperahonorsEnjoytheArtsmembershipdiscounts.Phone:241-2742..ChamberOrchestra:TheOrchestraplaysatMemorialHallat1406ElmStreet,whichoffersseveralconcertsfromMarchthroughJune.Call723-1182formoreinformation..SymphonyOrchestra:AtMusicHallandRiverbend.Forticketsales,call381-3300.RegularseasonrunsSeptemberthroughMayatMusicHallinsummeratRiverbend./home.asp.CollegeConservatoryofMusic(CCM):Performancesareonthemaincampus(校內(nèi))oftheuniversity,usuallyatPatriciaCobbettTheater.CCMorganizesavarietyofevents,includingperformancesbythewell-knownLaSalleQuartet,CCM’sPhilharmonicOrchestra,andvariousgroupsofmusicianspresentingBaroquethroughmodernmusic.【名師點睛】本文三題均考查了細節(jié)題在完成細節(jié)題時要特殊留意排解干擾項如中的A“Theyweremadelast屬于“顛倒黑白”類干擾項，依據(jù)其次段第一句Hurley’sundoubtedlyfirst-ratephoto-journalism iftheyhadbeenmadelast際上這些照片是1914年左右拍攝的。說明A項明顯錯誤。干擾項的設(shè)置方法除了“顛倒黑白”之外，通常還有以下幾種方式：人的觀點；或者題干問的是他人的觀點，卻把作者的觀點放到選項中去。造成句意的轉(zhuǎn)變。的設(shè)置往往與問題的設(shè)問毫不相干。以偏概全?？忌谧霾孪胛恼轮行乃枷?、給文章添加標題或推斷推理題時，往往會犯以偏概全的錯誤。產(chǎn)生這類錯誤的緣由是考生受思維定勢的影響或考慮不周以局部代替整體其具體表現(xiàn)為合理關(guān)聯(lián)與不合理關(guān)聯(lián)精確 概括與不精確 概括之間的錯位。不合理關(guān)聯(lián)就是表層理解與深層理解相混淆。表層理解是對文章中客觀事實的感知和記憶，往往是文章直接表述的結(jié)論；深層理解則是對文章中的客觀事實進行規(guī)律推理、總結(jié)或概括后得出的結(jié)論。不精確 概括是指不能精確 地按題目要求概括或提取文中的表層或深層信息?？键c：考查記敘文閱讀9.【2022·全國新課標III】AMusic

StudentswithI.D.cardscanattendtheeventsforfree.Afreescheduleofeventsforeachtermisavailablebycallingtheboxofficeat556-4183./events/calendar.RiverbendMusicTheater:6295KelloggAve.Largeoutdoortheaterwiththeclosestseatsundercover(pricedifference).Bignameshowsallsummerlong!Phone:232-6220..Whichnumbershouldyoucallifyouwanttoseeanopera?A.241-2742. B.723-1182.C.381-3300. D.232-6220.WhencanyougotoaconcertbyChamberOrchestra?A.February. B.May. C.August. D.November.3.WherecanstudentsgoforfreeperformanceswiththeirI.D.cards?A.MusicHall. B.MemorialHall.C.PatriciaCobbettTheater. D.RiverbendMusicTheater.4.HowisRiverbendMusicTheaterdifferentfromtheotherplaces?Ithasseatsintheopenair.Itgivesshowsallyearround.Itoffersmembershipdiscounts.Itpresentsfamousmusicalworks.【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.A幾個選項如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上的相像，那它們就互為同形項。同形項組可喻為高爾夫球場上的“果嶺”，而正確答案就是果嶺上的“球洞”。命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的微小變化來考察考生的理解力量與分析力量。同形項原則告知我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相像的選項一般存在有正確答案。5．常識項原則在談論文當中，那些符合一般常識，意義深刻富有哲理，符合一般規(guī)律，屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的選項往往是正確答案。6．因果項原則閱讀理解規(guī)律推理基本都是通過因果鏈進行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進。然而，在推理題型的選項中，有的選項會推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過頭（止于后果），這就是所謂的干擾項。因果項原則規(guī)定：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是這兩個因果項中的其中之一。假如因項可以產(chǎn)生幾個結(jié)果，那么答案就是因項；假假如項可以對應幾個緣由，那么答案就是果項。10.【2022·全國新課標III】B考點：廣告類短文閱讀【名師點睛】閱讀理解中細節(jié)理解題的干擾項的設(shè)置手法體現(xiàn)在下列幾個原則：包含項原則在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項的理解概括了對其它三項(或其中某一項)的理解，那么我們就說選項A與其他三項是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項中，正確答案確定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,由于玫瑰確定是花，但花并不肯定是玫瑰。正反項原則所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相沖突。依據(jù)形式規(guī)律排中律學問：兩個相互沖突的推斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項中A、B互為正反項，那我們通常先排解C、D項，正確答案一般在A、B項當中取其一。委婉項原則所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項一般含有不格外確定或摸干脆語氣的表達，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等，而含有確定語氣的表達往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。4．同形項原則

OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.“Hey,aren’tyoufromMississippi?”theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger.“I’mfromMississippitoo.”Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.“TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi,”Weltysaid.“Ididn’tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking.”TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty’snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippi.“Myfriendssaid:‘Nowwebelieveyourstories,’”Weltyadded.“AndIsaid:‘Nowyouknow.Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem.’”Sittingonasofainherroom,Welty,aslimfigureinasimplegraydress,lookedpleasedwiththisexplanation.“Idon’tmakethemup,”shesaidofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears.“Idon’thaveto.”Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersandpeoplewithpurplehats,Welty’speoplecomefromafternoonsspentvisitingwitholdfriends,fromwalksthroughthestreetsofhernativeJackson,Miss.,fromconversationsoverheardonabus.ItannoysWeltythat,at78,herleftearhasnowgivenout.Sometimes,sittingonabusoratrain,shehearsonlyafragment(片段)ofaparticularlyinterestingstory.WhathappenedwhenWeltywaswithherfriendsatthecafe?Twostrangersjoinedher.Herchildhoodfriendscamein.Aheavyrainruinedthedinner.Some peopleheldapartythere.Theunderlinedword“them”inParagraph6referstoWelty’s.readers B.parties C.friends D.stories7.WhatcanwelearnaboutthecharactersinWelty’sfiction?Theyliveinbigcities.Theyaremostlywomen.Theycomefromreallife.Theyarepleasureseekers.【答案】5.A6.D7.C考點：故事類短文閱讀【名師點睛】猜詞技巧：閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜想詞、短語、習語意義的題目，這些詞、短語、習語要么是生詞，要

么是熟詞新義，單靠平常積累是不夠的，還要把握肯定的做題技巧?？偨Y(jié)如下：()進行推斷。依據(jù)文中的定義、解釋猜生詞；利用事例或解釋猜生詞；利用重復解釋的信息猜生詞。依據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行選擇：文章中的代詞them可以指上文提到的人或物，其itthat6題就是屬于對指代關(guān)系進行推斷。依據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行推斷：依據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。找出緣由?！皁r”連接。常見問題形式有：(1)Theword“…”inLine…means/canbebestreplacedby…(2)Asusedinthepassage,thephrase“…”suggests…(3)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase/thesentence“…”is/refersto/means…(4)Theword“…”isclosestinmeaningto…11.【2022·全國新課標III】CIfyouareafruitgrower—orwouldliketobecomeone—takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhat’saround.It’scalledAppleDaybutinpracticeit’smorelikeAppleMonth.ThedayitselfisonOctober21,butsinceithascaughton,eventsnowspreadoutovermostofOctoberaroundBritain.Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyofapples.TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.Althoughitdoesn’ttasteofanythingspecial,it’sstillworthatry,asistheknobbly(多疙瘩的)Cat’sHeadwhichismoreofacuriositythananythingelse.Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette,butyou’llneedawarm,shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit,soit’sapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.Attheevents,youcanmeetexpertgrowersanddiscusswhichoneswillbestsuityourconditions,andbecausethesearefamilyaffairs,childrenarewellcateredforwithapple-themedfunandgames.AppleDaysarebeingheldatallsortsofplaceswithaninterestinfruit,includingstatelygardensandcommercialorchards(果園).Ifyouwanttohavearealorchardexperience,tryvisitingtheNationalFruitCollectionatBrogdale,nearFavershaminKe