考研考博-英語(yǔ)-樂山師范學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-樂山師范學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Superconductorsloseelectricalresistanceonly______subjectedtointensecold.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.through

B.when

C.as

D.by

【答案】B

【解析】考查狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。在表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步等從句中，當(dāng)從句中的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同，謂語(yǔ)含有動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)可以省略。從句可以還原為whensuperconductorsaresubjectedtointensecold，因此選D。句意：超導(dǎo)體只有在嚴(yán)寒下才會(huì)失去電阻。

2.單選題

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe“greatclasslesssociety”.Theideathatthe20thcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofgreatclichesofourtime.

Thesameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:Monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthascompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofallpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn’tbearouttheclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveledoutifyouprovideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucaneverprovideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactisthatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theoldrulesofthejungle,“survivalofthefittest”，and“mightisright“arestillwithus.Thespreadofeducationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmeritfor“aristocracy”read“meritocracy”；inotherrespectssocietyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemisrigidlymaintained

Genuineability,animalcunning,skilltheknackofseizingopportunities,allbringsmaterialrewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthtosecurethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethem“agoodstartinlife”.Forallthelipservicewepaytotheideaofequality.Wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantagesoverstateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneoftheprinciplesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheirchildren.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfromawealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsousedindiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldbealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofademocracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality.Privilegedprivateeducationisforbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneedforskilledworkersthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyandexpensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesamething:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thesameeducationalopportunitiescan’tgetridofinequalitybecause（

）.

3.Whocanobtainmorerapidsuccess?

4.Whydoestheauthorsaythenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent?Because（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,“classdivisions”refersto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem.

B.Equalitymeansmoney.

C.Thereisnosuchsocietyasclasslesssociety.

D.Naturecan’tgiveyouaclasslesssociety.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theprinciple“survivalofthefittest”exists.

B.natureignoresequalityindispensingbrainsandability.

C.materialrewardsareforgenuineability.

D.peoplehavethefreedomhowtoeducatetheirchildren.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thosewithwealth.

B.Thosewiththebestbrains..

C.Thosewiththebestopportunities.

D.Thosewhohavetheabilitytocatchatopportunities.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.moneydecideseverything.

B.privateschoolsofferadvantagesoverstateschools.

C.peoplearefreetochoosethewayofeducatingtheirchildren.

D.wealthisusedforpoliticalends.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.therichandthepoor.

B.differentopportunitiesforpeople.

C.oppressorandtheoppressed.

D.geniusandstupidity.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem(20世紀(jì)的機(jī)會(huì)均等并沒有破壞階級(jí)制度)能更好概括本文主旨。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。作者指出:自然在分配大腦和能力的時(shí)候，完全不考慮平等的原則。有智慧能力才能生存，才能獲報(bào)償，這已經(jīng)是不平等，因此即使獲同樣的受教育的機(jī)會(huì)，也不可能鏟除不平等。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段指出:英才教育在某種程度上是永存的。一個(gè)來(lái)自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其對(duì)立面獲得成功要快得多得多。因此推測(cè),有錢人能夠快速獲得成功。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。英才教育在某種程度上是永存的。因?yàn)橛绣X,才上得起私立學(xué)校。故選A。

5.推斷題。作者強(qiáng)調(diào)窮人,富人在天賦、教育機(jī)會(huì)等方面的差異造成即使是同樣的教育機(jī)會(huì)也不可能鏟除不平等,因此在作者眼里,真正的階級(jí)分化在于貧富差距。

3.單選題

Aburningmatchappliedtopaperwillmakeit（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.heatup

B.catchfire

C.disintegrate

D.glow

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“加熱”；B選項(xiàng)“著火”；C選項(xiàng)“分解”；D選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光，發(fā)紅”。句意：燃燒的火柴放在紙上會(huì)讓紙（）。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)，燃燒的物品放在紙上肯定是會(huì)讓紙燃燒的，所以答案選B。

4.單選題

（

）withtheheightoftheskyscraper,thismountaindoesn’tseemhighatall.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whencompared

B.Whilecomparing

C.Compare

D.Comparing

【答案】A

【解析】句意:當(dāng)與摩天大樓的高度相比吋，這座山看起來(lái)根本不高。

語(yǔ)法題?？疾檫^去分詞做狀語(yǔ)。此句主語(yǔ)為thismountain,前半句為動(dòng)詞compare的過去分詞做比較狀語(yǔ)。分句中動(dòng)詞compare與邏輯主語(yǔ)thismountain之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選A。

5.單選題

Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhytheyarealwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It'siniquitous,"theysay,"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays.."

Thepooroldconsumer!He'dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn'tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashing-machine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,ere,fromanadvertisement

Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements,wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybye-lawwhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofthenewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerfulwilyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.

Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialsradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice.

Anotherthingwemustn'tforgetisthe"smallads",whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyFarthemostfascinatingsectionis!hepersonalor"agony"columns.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!

1.Advertisersshouldstopadvertisingandreducepriceofgoodsbecause（）.

2.Thepurposeofadvertisingisto（）.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

4.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe（）.

5.Regardingadvertisements,wecanconcludethatthetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobe（）.

6.Theword"they"inline3ofparagraph3,refersto（）.

7.Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthorseemstosuggestthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.criticsresentthem

B.theyhavesomuchtothrowaround

C.theconsumerpaysforallthecosts

D.advertiserscomeinforcriticisms

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.informthatconsumergoodsarecheap

B.inform

C.provideagreatdealofknowledge

D.bothsellgoodsandinform

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

B.Everythinghastwosides.

C.Wastenot,wantnot.

D.it'snousecryingeverspiltmilk.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunity

B.EntirelyUnproductiveIndustry

C.ThinkBig

D.GoodQualityProductsDon'tNeedtoBeAdvertised

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.critical

B.positive

C.negative

D.neutral

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.lotsofpeople

B.thesedays

C.advertisements

D.“they”inthefirstsentence

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.advertisementsareeverywhere

B.advertisementsarealotoffun

C.advertisementsareunnecessarilycostly

D.advertisementsmakeproductscheaper

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays..”可知,選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第二段的四五句“Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.”可知,廣告除了推銷產(chǎn)品,還有提供信息的功能,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

3.選項(xiàng)A“上帝幫助自助之人”；選項(xiàng)B“每一樣事物都有兩個(gè)方面”；選項(xiàng)C“不浪費(fèi),不匱乏”；選項(xiàng)D“覆水難收”。根據(jù)第四段的第一句“Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.”前兩段作者描述了廣告對(duì)消費(fèi)者的負(fù)面影響,最后兩段又講述了廣告的積極影響,所以選項(xiàng)B最為恰當(dāng)。

4.作者在文章前兩段講述了廣告對(duì)消費(fèi)者的負(fù)面影響,但又提到廣告可以提供信息等其他積極作用。這是先抑后揚(yáng)的寫作手法,目的是為了突出后面的積極作用,所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

5.根據(jù)最后一段末句“It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!”可以看出,作者的態(tài)度是積極的,選項(xiàng)B正確。

6.根據(jù)原文,“they”很有趣,接下來(lái)列舉了一下例子,由此可推測(cè),這里的“they”指的是廣告,選項(xiàng)C正確。

7.根據(jù)最后一段最后兩句,報(bào)紙上沒有任何其他文章能提供如此有趣的閱讀,或提供對(duì)人性如此深刻的洞察。這是最好的廣告!由此可知,作者主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是廣告的有趣性,所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

6.單選題

Oneofthechieffunctionsofslangwordsistoconsolidateone’s（）withagroup.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.introduction

B.superstition

C.identification

D.specification

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)introduction“介紹；引進(jìn)；入門”；B選項(xiàng)superstition“迷信”；C選項(xiàng)identification“辨認(rèn)；認(rèn)同；身份”；D選項(xiàng)specification“規(guī)格；說明書”。句意：俚語(yǔ)的主要功能之一增強(qiáng)與其一伙人的（）。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，俚語(yǔ)主要是拉近人和人之間的距離，identification“認(rèn)同”比較合理。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

It’snogood（

）remembergrammaticalrules.Youneedtopracticewhatyouhavelearned.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tryingto

B.tryto

C.totryto

D.triedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定用法。It’snogooddoingsth.做...是沒用的。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

8.單選題

Itdidnottakelongforthecentralbankto（）theirfears.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.soothe

B.snub

C.smear

D.sanctify

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。soothe“使平靜，安慰，緩和”；snub“冷落，斥責(zé)”；smear“涂上，抹掉，誹謗”；sanctify“使神圣”。句意：銀行并沒有花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就緩解了人們的憂慮。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

9.單選題

Asseriousassheisaboutthebullfight,shedoesnotallowrespectto（

）hersenseofwhimsywhenpaintingit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inspire

B.provoke

C.suppress

D.satisfy

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)inspire“激發(fā)；鼓舞”；B選項(xiàng)provoke“驅(qū)使；激怒”；C選項(xiàng)suppress“抑制；鎮(zhèn)壓；廢止”；D選項(xiàng)satisfy“滿足；說服”。句意：盡管她認(rèn)為斗牛是一件嚴(yán)肅的事，但在繪畫斗牛時(shí)，她并沒有讓敬意······自己的奇思異想?！熬匆狻迸c“奇思異想”在本句中應(yīng)為“抑制與被抑制”的關(guān)系，才可體現(xiàn)句中的轉(zhuǎn)折含義。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Itis（）toexpectanadultreactionfromachild.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.prospective

B.effective

C.irrational

D.farcical

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)prospective“未來(lái)的，預(yù)期的”；B選項(xiàng)effective“有效的，實(shí)際的”；C選項(xiàng)irrational“不合理的”；D選項(xiàng)farcical“滑稽的，鬧劇的，引人發(fā)笑的”。句意：指望一個(gè)孩子做出成年人的反應(yīng)是不合理的。由選項(xiàng)意思和句意可知，C選項(xiàng)符合句意。

11.單選題

Don'ttrustthespeakeranymore,sincetheremarkshemadeinhislecturesarenever（）withthefacts.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.symmetrical

B.comparative

C.compatible

D.harmonious

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。symmetrical“勻稱的，對(duì)稱的”；comparative“比較的，相當(dāng)?shù)摹保籧ompatible“可兼容的”；harmonious“和諧的”。句意：不要再相信演講者了，因?yàn)樗谘葜v中所講的永遠(yuǎn)與事實(shí)不符。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

12.單選題

SeveralofAsianprofessorswhospokeattheconferenceexpressedtheirsupportfortheideaofholdingaspecialmeetinginPerthtofacilitatemultinationalresearchontheeconomicAproblemsfacingthecountriesaroundtheIndianOcean.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.SeveralofAsianprofessors

B.attheconference

C.problemsfacingthe

D.countriesaroundthe

E.沒有錯(cuò)誤

【答案】A

【解析】介詞多余。Several后面去掉Of。

13.單選題

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamakeupexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparents（）atthetime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hadbeenill

B.wereill

C.wouldhavebeenill

D.shouldhavebeenill

【答案】B

【解析】語(yǔ)法題。句子是對(duì)過去的虛擬,

但“父母病了”是客觀事實(shí),

故不需要用虛擬形式hadbeen,

直接用過去式即可,

選項(xiàng)B正確。

14.單選題

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheir,lead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.

Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover1billiondollarswhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.

InShort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage—whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.

25.Thephrase“featheringtheirownnests”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto____.

26.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

27.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggests?

28.Theword“seduction”(Para.4)probablymeans____.

29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

30.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sacrificethemselves

B.decoratetheirhomes

C.usetheirpositionforpersonalgains

D.investalotofmoney

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Todiversifythebusinessofthecorporation.

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult

B.outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent

C.withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously

D.cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.effortstoconquer

B.attemptstowinover

C.endeavorstoincreaseprofits

D.exertionstounderstand

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.doubtful

B.optimistic

C.positive

D.approving

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】25.詞匯推測(cè)題。

1）句中前后信息銜接：根據(jù)題干“第1段中的詞組‘feathertheirownnest’的意思最接近于”，可定位到第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國(guó)公司一直在努力尋找方法，以阻止高級(jí)管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價(jià)____。）由此可知，feathertheirownnest是企業(yè)高級(jí)經(jīng)理人的行為，并且這種行為是以犧牲股東利益為代價(jià)的。另外，該詞組字面的意思是“用羽毛裝飾他們的巢”。

2）上下文語(yǔ)義銜接：后文Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.（最受歡迎的三項(xiàng)改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事會(huì)更加獨(dú)立、將老板們的薪酬與各種績(jī)效指標(biāo)掛鉤和給老板們股票期權(quán)，這樣他們就和股東們有同樣的長(zhǎng)期利益。）由此可知，后文講的是針對(duì)1）中的問題，采取的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，這些應(yīng)對(duì)措施都是限制或規(guī)范企業(yè)高級(jí)管理者行為的。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主題是企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的改革，B選項(xiàng)“裝飾他們家”與主題無(wú)關(guān)，排除。

4）搭配用法：本題無(wú)需參考

綜上所訴，企業(yè)高級(jí)管理者的行為：feathertheirownnest“用羽毛裝飾他們的巢”，犧牲了企業(yè)股東的利益，并且給自己帶來(lái)了好處，C選項(xiàng)“利用職位謀取私利”最符合語(yǔ)境。A選項(xiàng)“犧牲自己”，表述錯(cuò)誤，他們犧牲的是股東的利益，而不是他們自己的利益；D選項(xiàng)“投資很多錢”，沒有依據(jù)，屬于無(wú)中生有。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為C。

26.推理判斷題。

1）句中線索：根據(jù)題干“大企業(yè)把外來(lái)者招進(jìn)董事會(huì)的目的是什么”，可定位到第1段第2句Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,…（最受歡迎的三項(xiàng)改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事會(huì)更加獨(dú)立……）由此可知，企業(yè)這么做是企業(yè)改革的措施之一，并且這項(xiàng)措施是為了“使董事會(huì)更加獨(dú)立”，因此B選項(xiàng)“加強(qiáng)高級(jí)管理人員與董事會(huì)之間的合作”表述錯(cuò)誤，該選項(xiàng)的“合作”與原文的“獨(dú)立”相矛盾，屬于反向干擾，排除。

2）上下文線索：本文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國(guó)公司一直在努力尋找方法，阻止高級(jí)管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價(jià)謀取私利。）由此可知，為了“阻止高級(jí)管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價(jià)謀取私利”，美國(guó)的企業(yè)采取了改革措施，那么改革的目的應(yīng)該是為了限制高級(jí)管理人員的權(quán)力，以保護(hù)股東的利益，D選項(xiàng)“保護(hù)股東利益”，表述符合原文；C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)企業(yè)管理進(jìn)行有效改革”，表述也正確，但是，對(duì)企業(yè)管理進(jìn)行改革的目的也是為了保護(hù)股東的利益，D選項(xiàng)表述更好。A選項(xiàng)“使公司業(yè)務(wù)多樣化”，沒有依據(jù)，屬于無(wú)中生有，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

27.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

1）精準(zhǔn)定位：根據(jù)題干“JamesWestphal教授的研究表明”，可定位到文章第3-5段，這3段詳細(xì)介紹了JamesWestphal教授的研究結(jié)果。

第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，董事會(huì)里滿是外部人士的老板們會(huì)花很多時(shí)間與外部人士建立聯(lián)盟，做個(gè)人恩情，并且通常會(huì)取悅外部人士。）由此可知，董事會(huì)里的外部董事與老板們建立了同盟，B選項(xiàng)“外部董事往往更獨(dú)立”表述錯(cuò)誤，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾，排除；老板們會(huì)花大部分的時(shí)間精力取悅外部董事，而不是認(rèn)真工作，C選項(xiàng)“在董事會(huì)里擠滿了外部人員的情況下，高級(jí)經(jīng)理們工作起來(lái)會(huì)更加認(rèn)真”，表述錯(cuò)誤，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾，排除；改革使高層管理人員與董事會(huì)之間建立了同盟，反而加強(qiáng)了兩者之間的合作，D選項(xiàng)“高層管理人員和董事會(huì)之間的合作受到了改革的影響”，表述錯(cuò)誤，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾，排除。

A選項(xiàng)“董事會(huì)改革未能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果”，可定位到原文第2段最后兩句Threepaperspresentedat…thisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（本周在……上發(fā)表的三篇論文給出的答案是否定的。就像通常的董事會(huì)修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)一樣，結(jié)果與預(yù)期不同。）由此可知，研究表明改革沒有達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，該選項(xiàng)表述符合原文。

2）綜合理解：本文第2段總述研究表明改革沒有達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，第3-5段展開詳細(xì)介紹研究結(jié)論，所以A選項(xiàng)“董事會(huì)改革未能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果”表述正確。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為A。

28.詞匯推測(cè)題。

1）句中前后信息銜接：根據(jù)題干“‘seduction’這個(gè)詞的意思可能是”可定位到原文第4段第1句Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.（這些____往往會(huì)成功。）

2）上下文語(yǔ)義銜接：

根據(jù)上文第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，董事會(huì)里滿是外部人士的老板們會(huì)花很多時(shí)間與外部人士建立聯(lián)盟，做個(gè)人恩情，并且通常會(huì)取悅外部人士。）可知，theseseductions指的應(yīng)該是老板們?yōu)榱巳偼獠慷露龅膫€(gè)人恩情，為了跟他們建立聯(lián)盟花的很多時(shí)間和精力。

根據(jù)后文第4段第2句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.（Westphal發(fā)現(xiàn)，在很大程度上，“獨(dú)立”董事會(huì)采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股東。）可知，“成功”指的是企業(yè)高管們的行為成功地讓董事會(huì)做出有利于高管自己的決策。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主題是企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的改革，A選項(xiàng)“為了征服的努力”、D選項(xiàng)“為了理解付出的努力”與本文主旨無(wú)關(guān)，排除。

4）搭配用法：本題無(wú)需參考。

綜上所述，B選項(xiàng)“為了贏得支持的嘗試”表述最符合原文；C選項(xiàng)“為了增加利潤(rùn)的努力”表述錯(cuò)誤，企業(yè)高管們的目的僅僅是為了自己的利益，而不是增加整個(gè)企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)，該選項(xiàng)屬于偷換概念，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為B。

29.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

1）精準(zhǔn)定位：題干“下列表述正確的是？”

A選項(xiàng)“一般來(lái)說，公司主管們的高薪是值得的”，可定位到原文第4段最后兩句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.（Westphal發(fā)現(xiàn)，在很大程度上，“獨(dú)立”董事會(huì)采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股東。這類公司將業(yè)務(wù)多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬與業(yè)績(jī)之間的聯(lián)系。）由此可知，董事會(huì)被高管們收買，而做出有利于高管們利益的決策，增加高管的薪酬，所以選項(xiàng)表述是錯(cuò)誤的，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

B選項(xiàng)“公司高管的收入與公司利潤(rùn)的增長(zhǎng)成正比”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人員的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是，老板們關(guān)注影響自己收入的指標(biāo)，忽視或淡化其他影響公司整體成功的因素。）由此可知，高管們更關(guān)注自身的利益，而忽視公司整體的利益，那么高管的收入和公司利潤(rùn)成正比就沒有依據(jù)，該選項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤，屬于無(wú)中生有。

C選項(xiàng)“公司高管們往往利用他們的職位來(lái)使自己富有”，可定位到原文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國(guó)公司一直在努力尋找方法，阻止高級(jí)管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價(jià)謀取私利。）由此可知，選項(xiàng)表述正確。

D選項(xiàng)“公司高管的業(yè)績(jī)對(duì)其自身利益的影響大于對(duì)股東利益的影響”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人員的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是，老板們關(guān)注影響自己收入的指標(biāo)，忽視或淡化其他影響公司整體成功的因素。）原文是說高管們更關(guān)注績(jī)效評(píng)估體系中影響自己體系的指標(biāo)，忽視影響公司整體利益的指標(biāo)，但是選項(xiàng)說的卻是高管們的業(yè)績(jī)的不同影響，屬于偷換概念，排除。

2）綜合理解：題干要求選擇表述正確的選項(xiàng)，A、B、D選項(xiàng)均表述錯(cuò)誤，只有C選項(xiàng)正確，因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為C。

30.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。

1）精準(zhǔn)定位：根據(jù)題干“作者如何看待限制高級(jí)管理人員的努力”，可定位到原文第2段最后3句Buthavetheydoneanygood?Threepapers…suggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（但是他們產(chǎn)生了好的結(jié)果嗎？……三篇論文表明，答案是否定的。就像通常的董事會(huì)修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)一樣，結(jié)果與預(yù)期不同。）

2）綜合理解：由此可知，對(duì)于企業(yè)進(jìn)行的限制高級(jí)管理人員的改革，作者的態(tài)度的否定的，消極的，A選項(xiàng)“懷疑的，靠不住的”符合原文。B選項(xiàng)“樂觀的”、C選項(xiàng)“肯定的”、D選項(xiàng)“滿意的”，三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的情感基調(diào)與原文不符，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為A。

15.單選題

()，wirelesscommunicationswillincreasinglybecomepartofthefabricofeverydaylife.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Inyearstocome

B.Sincecomingyears

C.Foryearstocome

D.Overcomingyears

【答案】A

【解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。Inyearstocome“在未來(lái)的幾年中”；sincecomingyears無(wú)此表達(dá)方式；foryearstocome無(wú)此用法；overcomingyears無(wú)此用法。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

16.翻譯題

世界上一些國(guó)家發(fā)生問題，從根本上來(lái)說，都是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)上不去，沒有飯吃，沒有衣穿，沒有房住，工資增長(zhǎng)被通貨膨脹抵消。

【答案】

Basically,problemsinsomecountriesarecausedbypooreconomy,nofoodandnoclothingandnoshelter.Meanwhile,wagegrowthisoffsetbyinflation,whichalsoresultsintheseproblems.

17.單選題

Ishallexplaintherules______wehavereceivedmanyobjections.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.towhich

B.towhere

C.towho

D.towhom

【答案】A

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法?？崭裉幮枰x擇一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，而先行詞是物，所以只能用which或者that，但是先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)馁e語(yǔ)，objectionto表示“反對(duì)”，因此前面引導(dǎo)詞要用towhich。句意：我將解釋一下之前收到許多反對(duì)意見的條例。因此A項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Manyartistsbelievethatsuccessfulimitation,farfrombeingsymptomaticofalackof（

）,isthefirststepinlearningtobecreative.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.elegance

B.resolution

C.sympathy

D.originality

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)elegance“典雅；高雅”；B選項(xiàng)resolution“分辨率；解決；決心”；C選項(xiàng)sympathy“同情；贊同”；D選項(xiàng)originality“創(chuàng)意；獨(dú)創(chuàng)性；原始”。句意：許多藝術(shù)家認(rèn)為，成功的模仿遠(yuǎn)不是缺乏······的表現(xiàn)，而是學(xué)會(huì)創(chuàng)造的第一步。句中出現(xiàn)的“模仿”、“學(xué)會(huì)創(chuàng)造”表明，此處應(yīng)表示“模仿成功不是缺乏創(chuàng)造力的表現(xiàn)”。D選項(xiàng)正確。

19.單選題

Mostcharismatic（有魅力的）leadersmakeextensiveuseofanecdotes（趣聞?shì)W事）.Message-sendinganecdotesrelatetosuchsubjectsasacompanypresidentgoingoutofhiswaytohelpanindividualcustomer,oralower-rankingemployeewhodefiedhigherauthorityinordertomeetherjobresponsibilities.Inthelatterinstance,areceptionistatIBMdeniedadmissiontothecompanychairman,TomWatson,becausehewasnotwearingasecuritybadge.Insteadoffiringtheyoungwoman,Watsonpraisedherdevotiontoduty.

Severalyearsago,theFordMotorCompanyannouncedfar-reachingchangesthatwouldaffecthowcarsweremanufacturedandhowemployeeswouldworktogether.AseniorFordexecutivewaschosentodelivertheclosingremarkstoagroupof300Fordmanagersgatheredtolearnaboutthechanges.

Towardthecloseofthespeech,theexecutivetoldastoryaboutWillieB.,agorillawholivedfortwenty-sevenyearsinisolationinadrearyAtlantazoo.Hesaidthathehadraisedmoneyforastate-of-the-artgorillahabitat.WillieB.,forthefirsttimeinhislife,wouldnowliveinagorilla-friendly,close-to-natureenvironment.Yetsomehow,WillieB.wasslowtoadapttohisnewenvironment.

Ittookthegorillaseveraldaystofullyexplorehisnewhabitat.AphotographercaughtthemomentwhenWillieB.testedthegrasswithatoe.TheFordexecutivehangsaframedphotographofthisincidentinhisoffice.“It'sthere,”hesaid,“toremindmethatnomatterhowattractivethenewsurroundingsmightappear,ittakestimeandcouragetoleavethecomfortablesecurityofaplace—evenanuglycramped（狹窄的）space---thatyouknowwell.”

Atthemomentthemeetingended,meetingparticipantscameovertothespeakertoexpresshowmuchthespeechhadtouchedthem.Thestoryaboutthegorillabroughttearstotheeyesofmany.Ofsignificancetotheorganization,manyprobablylefttheconferencewithanunderstandingofhowdifficultthecoiningchangesweregoingtobeforemployees.

Becominganeffectivestorytellerrequirespractice.However,theskilliswellworthdevelopingbecauseofitscontributiontoaperson’smagnetismandleadershipability.Createausefulanecdotefileofyourown.Collectanecdotesaboutthingsyouobservepersonally,thoseyouhearfromothers,andthoseyoureadinbooks,magazines,andnewsletters.Anecdotescanalsobefoundinbooksandnewslettersaboutspeechmaking.Attempttoscreenoutthoseanecdotesthatarewidelyusedbecausestaleanecdotesboreaudiences.

1.WhydidTomWatsonpraisethefemaleemployeeinthesecondexamplecitedinthefirstparagraph?

2.ThelifeofWillieB.usedtobe（

）.

3.ThestoryofWillieB.showsthat

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

5.WecansafelyconcludefromthepassagethattheFordseniorexecutive（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becauseshealwaysreceivesthecompanychairmanwarmly.

B.Becauseshedefied,lower-rankingemployees.

C.Becauseshewasaresponsibleemployee.

D.Becausesheneverforgetstowearasecuritybadge.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.interesting

B.morecomfortable

C.closetonature

D.isolated

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ittakestimeandcouragetofaceandadapttoanewenvir