考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廣州大學(xué)松田學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廣州大學(xué)松田學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

______he’salreadyheardthenews.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Chancesare

B.Chanceis

C.Opportunitiesare

D.Opportunityis

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定表達(dá)。（the）chancesare+句子，這是一種口語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方法，表示很有可能的意思。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.單選題

Apopularwayofkeepingfitistogo（）,whichisakindofslow-tomedium-pacedrunning.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.trotting

B.sauntering

C.strolling

D.jogging

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)trot“小跑”；B選項(xiàng)saunter“漫步；閑逛”；C選項(xiàng)stroll“漫步；閑逛；巡回演出”；D選項(xiàng)jog“慢跑；輕推，輕撞”。句意：保持健康的流行方式是去慢跑，其是一種緩慢到中等步伐的跑步。結(jié)合此處語(yǔ)境，D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Instudyingsocialgroups,sociologistsoftengain（）throughtheuseofsuchdevicesasquestionnaires.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.assess

B.credibility

C.understanding

D.insight

【答案】A

【解析】gainaccess（to）為固定搭配,意為“接近,獲得權(quán)限,得到（信息,資源等）”,這里省略了介詞to。選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.單選題

Inthe1930s,whenmillionsofcomicbookswere______theyoungwithfightingandkilling,nobodyseemedtonoticethattheviolenceofcarsinthestreetswasmorehysterical.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inundating

B.imitating

C.immolating

D.insulating

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)inundating“泛濫；使充滿”；B選項(xiàng)imitating“模仿”；C選項(xiàng)immolating“獻(xiàn)祭；犧牲”；D選項(xiàng)insulating“隔離”。句意：在20世紀(jì)30年代，數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的漫畫書______年輕人的戰(zhàn)斗和殺戮，似乎沒(méi)有人注意到，街道上的汽車暴力比這更歇斯底里。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，這里是漫畫書里有很多年輕人的暴力因素，所以inundating“泛濫；使充滿”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

heboarddeemediturgentthatthesefiles（）rightaway.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hadtobeprinted

B.shouldhavebeenprinted

C.havebeenprinted

D.beprinted

【答案】D

【解析】語(yǔ)法題。當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)deem,suggest,insist,require等表主觀愿望的詞時(shí),

從句需要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,

即should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可省略。根據(jù)句意：委員會(huì)認(rèn)為迫切需要立即把這些文件打印出來(lái)。由此可知文件還沒(méi)打印,

所以不用完成時(shí)。選項(xiàng)D正確。

6.單選題

Understandingisoneofthemostimportant（

）ofahappymarriage.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.initiatives

B.ingredients

C.proverbs

D.possessions

【答案】B

【解析】initiative主動(dòng)權(quán),首創(chuàng)精神；ingredients要素,組成部分；proverb諺語(yǔ),格言；possession擁有,財(cái)產(chǎn)。句意:理解是幸?；橐鲎钪匾囊蛩刂弧＿x項(xiàng)B符合句意。

7.翻譯題

ChinaDreamistheguidingideologyputforwardbyPresidentXiJinping.HebelievesthatitisthegreatestdreamoftheChinesenationinmoderntimes,andstatesthatthedreamcandefinitelyberealizeD.ThecoreobjectiveofChinaDreamistoachievethegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation.Tobemorespecific,thatistorealizenationalprosperityandrejuvenation,aswellasthewell-beingofpeople.Anditsfundamentalrequirementistobuildawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway.Onlywhenthecountryisdevelopedcomprehensivelyandscientifically,canindividualsrealizetheirdreams.Similarly,onlywheneveryoneisfullofpassion,canChinaDreambebeautiful.

【答案】中國(guó)夢(mèng)，是習(xí)近平主席提出的指導(dǎo)思想。他認(rèn)為，這是近代以來(lái)中華民族最偉大的夢(mèng)想，這個(gè)夢(mèng)想一定能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。中國(guó)夢(mèng)的核心目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家富強(qiáng)、民族振興、人民幸福。其根本要求是全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)。只有國(guó)家全面科學(xué)發(fā)展，個(gè)人才能實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的夢(mèng)想。同樣，只有每個(gè)人都充滿激情，中國(guó)夢(mèng)才會(huì)美麗。

8.單選題

Itiseasytocomplicatethings,toindulgein“somethingtodo”or“somethingtothinkabout”insteadofstillingthemonkey-mind,findingthefutilityofcontrivedactionwhichleadsonlytoseparation,hardness,ethics,self-righteousness,andultimatestrife.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.flux

B.paradox

C.conformity

D.uselessness

【答案】D

【解析】句意：人們很容易把事情復(fù)雜化，沉迷于“要做的事”或“想的事”，而不是擯棄浮躁的心態(tài)，發(fā)現(xiàn)人的那些做作行為是徒勞的，只會(huì)導(dǎo)致分離、冷酷、道德、自以為是和最終的沖突。劃線詞futility表明thecontrivedaction的一種性質(zhì)，而這種“做作的行為”后有定語(yǔ)從句修飾，表示它們只會(huì)帶來(lái)不好的結(jié)果，futility也應(yīng)表示不好的現(xiàn)象。A選項(xiàng)flux“流量”；B選項(xiàng)paradox“悖論”；C選項(xiàng)conformity“一致”；D選項(xiàng)uselessness“誤用，無(wú)效”。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，D選項(xiàng)色彩十分明確，符合句意，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

They（

）theirhuntingskillsforthelifeofsettledfarmers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.forsook

B.forged

C.sacrificed

D.reserved

【答案】A

【解析】句意:為了過(guò)著穩(wěn)定的農(nóng)民生活,他們放棄了狩獵技能。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

10.單選題

Peoplehavebeendonatingbloodsincetheearlytwentiethcenturytohelpaccidentvictimsandpatientsundergoingsurgicalprocedures.Usuallyapintofwholebloodisdonated,anditisthendividedintoplatelets,whitebloodcells,andredbloodcells.Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths.

Transfusingthebloodfromthedonortotherecipientisstraightforward.D.Itinvolvestakingthebloodfromadonor’sarmveinbymeansofahypodermicsyringe.Thebloodflowsthroughaplastictubetoacollectionbagorbottlethatcontainssodiumcitrate,whichpreventsthebloodfromclotting.

Whenthebloodisgiventoapatient,aplastictubeandhypodermicneedleareconnectedtotherecipient’sarm.Thebloodflowsdownfromthecontainerbygravity.Thisisaslowprocessandmaylastaslongas2hourstocompletetheinfusionofbloodintotherecipient.Thepatientisprotectedfrombeinginfectedduringthetransfusion.Onlysterilecontainers,tubing,andneedlesareused,andthishelpsensurethattransfusedorstoredbloodisnotexposedtodisease-causingbacteria.

Negativereactionstotransfusionsarenotunusual.Therecipientmaysufferanallergicreactionorbesensitivetodonorleukocytes.Somemaysufferfromanundetectedred-cellincompatibility.Unexplainedreactionsarealsofairlycommon.Althoughtheyarerare,othercausesofsuchnegativereactionsincludecontaminatedblood,airbubblesintheblood,overloadingofthecirculatorysystemthroughadministrationofexcessblood,orsensitivitytodonorplasmaorplatelets.

Today,hospitalsandbloodbanksgotogreatlengthstoscreenallblooddonorsandtheirblood.D.Alldonatedbloodisroutinelyandrigorouslytestedfordiseases,suchasHIV(whichcauseAIDS),hepatitisB,andsyphilis.Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement.Donatedbloodiswashed,andthewhitebloodcellsandplateletsareremoved.

Storingthebloodsometimesrequiresafreezingprocess,tofreezetheredbloodcells,aglycerolsolutionisadded.D.Tounfreeze,theglycerolisremoved.D.Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth.

1.Accordingtothispassage,howoftencanpeopledonatebloodforredbloodcells?

2.Whichsentenceinparagraph2explainshowclottingispreventedinthebloodcontainer?

3.AllofthefollowingarementionedaspotentialnegativereactionstotransfusionsEXCEPT?

4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutbloodtransfusedtoinfantsandnewborns?

5.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Everymonth

B.Everytwomonths

C.Everythreemonths

D.Everyyear

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thefirstsentence

B.Thesecondsentence

C.Thethirdsentence

D.Noneoftheabove

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.allergies

B.sensitivitytodonorleukocytes

C.red-cellincompatibility

D.airbubblesintheblood

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itisasrigorouslytestedasbloodforadults

B.Itistreatedwithradiantenergy

C.Itisnottreateddifferentlyfromadults

D.Itisnotdangerousforchildren

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Transfusingbloodisadangerousprocess

B.Freezingblooddestroysplatelets

C.Clottingcannotbeprevented

D.Storingbloodbenefitsmankind

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句話提到的內(nèi)容Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。第二段第一句話提到把獻(xiàn)血的血液輸血給接受者很簡(jiǎn)單。第二句話提到通過(guò)皮下注射器從獻(xiàn)血者手臂的靜脈中抽取血液。第三句話提到檸檬酸鈉可以防止血液凝固。因此可知是第三句話講述了如何防止血液凝固，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章第四段前三句話，可以排除A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第五段倒數(shù)第二句話提到當(dāng)接受者是新生兒或嬰兒時(shí)，通常對(duì)血液進(jìn)行輻射處理以消除有害的毒素（Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement），由此可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第六段最后一句話提到長(zhǎng)期儲(chǔ)存血液的能力對(duì)人類健康大有裨益（Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

11.單選題

ThefirstEnglishattemptstocolonizeNorthAmericawerecontrolledbyindividualsratherthancompanies.SirHumphreyGilbertwasthefirstEnglishmantosendcoloniststotheNewWorld.Hisinitialexpedition,whichsailedin1578withapatentgrantedbyQueenElizabethwasdefeatedbytheSpanish.Asecondattemptendedindisasterin1583,whenGilbertandhisshipwerelostinastorm.Inthefollowingyear,Gilbert’shalfbrother,SirWaterRaleigh,havingobtainedarenewalofthepatent,sponsoredanexpeditionthatexploredthecoastoftheregionthathenamed“Virginia”.UnderRaleigh’sdirectioneffortswerethenmadetoestablishacolonyonRoanokeIslandin1585and1587.ThesurvivorsofthefirstsettlementonRoanokereturnedtoEnglandin1586,butthesecondgroupofcolonistsdisappearedwithoutleavingatrace.ThefailureoftheGilbertandRaleighventuresmadeitclearthatthetaskstheyhadundertakenweretoobigforanyonecolonizer.Withinashorttimethetradingcompanyhadsupplantedtheindividualpromoterofcolonization.

1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

2.ThepassagestateswhichofthefollowingaboutthefirstEnglishpeopletobeinvolvedinestablishingcoloniesinNorthAmerica?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSirHumphreyGilbertistrue?

4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutmembersofthefirstRoanokesettlement?

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesecondsettlementonRoanokeIslandistrue?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheRegulationofTradingCompanies.

B.British-SpanishRivalryintheNewWorld.

C.EarlyAttemptsatColonizingNorthAmerica.

D.RoyalPatentsIssuedinthe16thCentury.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.TheywererequestedtodosobyQueenElizabeth.

B.Theyweremembersoflargetradingcompanies.

C.Theywereimmediatelysuccessful.

D.Theywereactingontheirown.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.HeneversettledinNorthAmerica.

B.Histradingcompanywasgivenapatentbythequeen.

C.HefoughttheSpanishtwice.

D.Hediedin1587.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyexploredtheentirecoastalregion.

B.Somedidnotsurvive.

C.Theynamedthearea“Virginia”.

D.Mostwerenotexperiencedsailors.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ItssettlersallgaveupandreturnedtoEngland.

B.Itlastedforseveralyears.

C.Thefateofitsinhabitantsisunknown.

D.ItwasconqueredbytheSpanish.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。整個(gè)文章從吉爾伯特第一次嘗試殖民北美到最后英國(guó)成功殖民北美的過(guò)程，所以C選項(xiàng)“殖民北美的早期嘗試”正確。A選項(xiàng)“貿(mào)易公司的管理”和B選項(xiàng)“英國(guó)和西班牙在新世界的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”不是表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)。D選項(xiàng)“皇家專利頒發(fā)于16世紀(jì)”錯(cuò)誤，這個(gè)是伊麗莎白女王允許吉爾伯特到北美的專利。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一句ThefirstEnglishattemptstocolonizeNorthAmericawerecontrolledbyindividualsratherthancompanies.（英國(guó)第一次殖民北美的嘗試是由個(gè)人而不是公司控制的。），可知他們自己決定怎樣行動(dòng)，D選項(xiàng)“他們自主行動(dòng)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“伊麗莎白女王要求他們這樣做”：根據(jù)第三句Hisinitialexpedition,whichsailedin1578withapatentgrantedbyQueenElizabeth（他的第一次遠(yuǎn)征是在1578年，并獲得了伊麗莎白女王授予的專利權(quán)），可知不是伊麗莎白女王要求的，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“他們是大型貿(mào)易公司的成員”文中沒(méi)有提到。C選項(xiàng)“他們很快就成功了”：在1578年和1583年分別進(jìn)行了兩次嘗試，都失敗了，可知進(jìn)展不順利，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三句Hisinitialexpedition…wasdefeatedbytheSpanish.（他的第一次遠(yuǎn)征……被西班牙擊退。），和第四句Asecondattemptendedindisasterin1583,whenGilbertandhisshipwerelostinastorm.（第二次嘗試于1583年以災(zāi)難告終，當(dāng)時(shí)吉爾伯特和他的船在一場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴中喪生。），可知只有一次和西班牙交戰(zhàn)，而非兩次，吉爾伯特死于1583年，故C選項(xiàng)“他和西班牙人打了兩次仗”和D選項(xiàng)“他死于1587年”錯(cuò)誤；吉爾伯特兩次以失敗告終，沒(méi)有到達(dá)北美，A選項(xiàng)“他從未在北美定居”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“他的貿(mào)易公司被女王授予了專利權(quán)”：根據(jù)第五句Inthefollowingyear,Gilbert’shalfbrother,SirWaterRaleigh,havingobtainedarenewalofthepatent（第二年，吉爾伯特同父異母的兄弟沃特?羅利爵士獲得了專利的續(xù)期。），可知是個(gè)人而非公司得到專利權(quán)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三句ThesurvivorsofthefirstsettlementonRoanokereturnedtoEnglandin1586（在羅阿諾克建立第一個(gè)殖民地的幸存者于1586年回到英國(guó)），可知B選項(xiàng)“一些人沒(méi)有存活下來(lái)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“他們探索了整個(gè)沿海地區(qū)”和C選項(xiàng)“他們把這個(gè)地區(qū)命名為弗吉尼亞”：根據(jù)文章第五句Inthefollowingyear,Gilbert’shalfbrother,SirWaterRaleigh…sponsoredanexpeditionthatexploredthecoastoftheregionthathenamed“Virginia”.（第二年，吉爾伯特同父異母的兄弟沃特?羅利爵士……贊助了一次探險(xiǎn)，探索他稱之為“弗吉尼亞”的地區(qū)的海岸。），可知弗吉尼亞是沃特?羅利叫的，而不是大家這么叫，也沒(méi)有探索整個(gè)沿海地區(qū)。不符合文章內(nèi)容。和D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人都沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)”文中沒(méi)有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三句ThesurvivorsofthefirstsettlementonRoanokereturnedtoEnglandin1586,butthesecondgroupofcolonistsdisappearedwithoutleavingatrace.（在羅阿諾克建立第一個(gè)殖民地的幸存者于1586年回到英國(guó)，但第二批殖民者消失得無(wú)影無(wú)蹤。），可知第一批殖民者回到英國(guó)，第二批殖民者不知道具體情況，C選項(xiàng)“在那里的居民命運(yùn)未知”正確，A選項(xiàng)“在那里的定居者都放棄了，回到了英國(guó)”錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“持續(xù)了好幾年”和D選項(xiàng)“被西班牙人征服”文中沒(méi)有提到。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Opponentsofaffirmativeactionsaythebattleovertheuseofraceincollegeadmissionsishardlyover,despitetheSupremeCourt’srulingMondayupholdingthegoalofadiversestudentbody.Highereducationleadersoverwhelminglyhailedthedecision,sayingitreaffirmedpoliciesusedbymostselectivecollegesanduniversities.Butsomecriticsraisedthepossibilityofmorelawsuits,andpromisedtocontinuepressuringtheDepartmentofEducation’sOfficeofCivilRightstoinvestigatequestionablepolicies.“We’retalkingaboutadmissionsprograms,scholarships,anyprogram,onlyforminoritiesorinwhichthestandardsusedtojudgeadmissionsaresubstantiallydifferent.”saysLindaChavez,founderandpresidentoftheCenterforEqualOpportunity,aconservativenon-profitgroup.

Otherssaythey'lltaketheircasetovoters.“Wehavetoseriouslycontestallthisattheballotbox.”SaysUniversityofCaliforniaregentWardCannerly,whohelpedwinvoterapprovalofCalifornia'sProposition209,whichprohibitsconsideringraceorgenderinpubliceducation,hiringandcontracting.Becauseofthatlaw,Monday’srulinghadnopracticalimpactinthestate.“Itmaybetimeforusto...letthe(Michigan)votersdecideiftheywanttouseraceasafactorinadmissions.”ConnerlysaidMonday.

Meanwhile,U.S.EducationSecretaryRodPaige,consistentwithPresidentBush'sstanceopposingaffirmativeaction,saidtheDepartmentofEducationwill“continueexaminingandhighlightingeffectiverace-neutralapproachestoensurebroadaccesstoanddiversitywithinourpublicinstitutions.”EvenSupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connor,inoneoftheopinions,recommendedthatstateslookforsessionsinrace-neutralprogramsbeingtriedinCaliforniaandelsewhere.Whiletherulingsaidadmissionsofficialsmayconsiderraceintheselectionprocess,collegesanduniversitiesarenotobligatedtodoso.“Ultimatelyinthedebate,diversityisachoice,notalegalmandate,’’saysArthurColeman,aformerDepartmentofEducationofficialwhonowhelpscollegesanduniversitiesensureconstitutionalpolicies.

Thepublic,too,remainsconflicted,largelyalongraciallines.AccordingtoaJanuarypollbythenon-profitresearchorganizationPublicAgenda,79%ofAmericanssaiditisimportantforcollegestohavearaciallydiversestudentbody,whilejust54%saidaffirmativeactionprogramsshouldcontinue.InaGalluppollconducteddaysbeforetheruling,49%ofadultssaidtheyfavoraffirmativeactionand43%didnot,withblacksandHispanicsfarmorelikelytofavorthepracticethanwhites.AndsomeeducatorsdoubtthatwithMonday’sruling,thoseopposingaffirmativeactionwillchangetheirminds.

Fornow,admissionsofficialsanduniversitylawyersareporingovertherulingtodeterminehoworwhethertoadjustpolicies.Whilemosttendtobeclosed-mouthedaboutadmissionspolicies,maysaytheydon’texpectsignificantchanges.

1.Whatthecriticssaidinthefirstparagraphamountstotheideathat（

）

2.ConnerlyinsiststhattheCourt'srulingshould（

）.

3.WhatistheattitudeoftheDepartmentofEducationtowardsaffirmativeaction?

4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutaffirmativeactionaccordingtothetext?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatoneofthemajorobjectivesofaffirmativeactionisto（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.noadmissionpoliciesbasedonraceshouldbeimplemented.

B.minorityapplicantsbasedonraceshouldbeimplemented.

C.differentstandardsforadmittingminoritystudentsshouldbesetup.

D.selectivecollegesanduniversitiesshouldbepunishedfortheirdiscriminatorypolicies.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.winapprovalfromCalifornianvotersbeforeitisputineffect.

B.becontestedbytheMichiganvoterswithanopinionpoll.

C.beappliedinsomestatesbeforeitisextendedtootherstates.

D.producetheintendedpracticaleffectbeforeitiswidelyaccepted.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Neutrality

B.Objection

C.Approval

D.Indifference

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Avastmajorityofpeoplesupportit.

B.Theminoritiesclaimittobeadiscriminatorypolicy.

C.Theminoritystudentsaremorelikelytowelcomeit.

D.TheCourt’sdecisionwillcertainlychangepeople’sattitudetoit.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ensurerace-neutralprogramsaresetupincollegesanduniversities.

B.adapttheSupremeCourt’srulingtocollegesituations.

C.formulatetherightpoliciesforcollegeadmissions.

D.discouragethepracticeofracialdiscriminationincollegeadmissions.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段：Butsomecriticsraisedthepossibilityofmorelawsuits,andpromisedtocontinuepressuringtheDepartmentofEducation’sOfficeofCivilRightstoinvestigatequestionablepolicies(反對(duì)者們提出了更多訴訟的可能性，并承諾繼續(xù)向教育部民權(quán)辦公室施壓，要求其調(diào)查可疑的招生政策)。故選A(不應(yīng)實(shí)施偏向少數(shù)民族的入學(xué)政策)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。定位至第二段Connerly所說(shuō):Itmaybetimeforusto...letthe(Michigan)votersdecideiftheywanttouseraceasafactorinadmissions(我們也許應(yīng)該讓密歇根州的選民們來(lái)決定他們是否贊同將種族當(dāng)做錄取因素)。故選B。

3.推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞DepartmentofEducation定位至第三段:U.S.EducationSecretaryRodPaige,consistentwithPresidentBush’sstanceopposingaffirmativeaction,saidtheDepartmentofEducationwill“continueexaminingandhighlightingeffectiverace-neutralapproachestoensurebroadaccesstoanddiversitywithinourpublicinstitutions(與布什總統(tǒng)反對(duì)贊助性行動(dòng)的立場(chǎng)(stance)一致，美國(guó)教育部長(zhǎng)Paige說(shuō)，教育部將“繼續(xù)審查并強(qiáng)調(diào)有效的種族中立政策，確保公立大學(xué)(publicinstitution)招收學(xué)生的廣泛代表性和多樣化)。故選B。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段指出:InaGalluppollconducteddaysbeforetheruling,49%ofadultssaidtheyfavoraffirmativeactionand43%didnot,withblacksandHispanicsfarmorelikelytofavorthepracticethanwhites(在判決前幾天進(jìn)行的民意測(cè)驗(yàn)中，49%的成年人說(shuō)他們贊成贊助性行動(dòng)，43%的人不贊成，黑人和拉美裔比白人更傾向于這種做法)。故選C。

5.推斷題。支持贊助性行動(dòng)的人則是擔(dān)心錄取過(guò)程會(huì)出現(xiàn)種族歧視，因此才要求大學(xué)保證招收一定比例的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生。因此推斷他們希望贊助性行為可以減少大學(xué)入學(xué)時(shí)的種族歧視。

13.單選題

TheBuddhistreligiondevelopedfromtheteachingsofShakyamuniBuddha,wholivedfromabout563to483BCEinthepresent-dayregionsofNepalandcentralIndia.Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a“world-conqueringruler”—oraBuddha—a"fullyenlightenedbeing”.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain.Yettheprincewaseventuallyexposedtothesufferingofoldage,sickness,anddeath—theinevitablefateofallmortalbeings.Deeplytroubledbythehumancondition,Siddharthaatagetwenty-nineleftthepalace,hisfamily,andhisinheritancetoliveasanasceticinthewilderness.Aftersixyearsofmeditation,heattainedcompleteenlightenmentnearBodhGaya,India.

Followinghisenlightenment,theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.HereheexpoundedtheFourNobleTruths,whicharethefoundationofBuddhism:(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpathofrightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,andrightconcentration.AftertheBuddha’sdeathattheageofeighty,hismanydisciplesdevelopedhisteachingsandestablishedtheworld’soldestmonasticinstitutions.

ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirththatotherwiseholdsusinitsgrip,whetherwearebornintotheworldofthegods,humans,animals,torturedspirits,orhellbeings.

TheearlyformofBuddhismknownasTheravadaorHinayana,stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself.TheravadaBuddhismhascontinuedinsouthIndia,SriLanka,andSoutheastAsia.Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen).CompassionforallbeingsisthefoundationofMahayanaBuddhism,whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.MahayanaBuddhismrecognizesBuddhasotherthanShakyamunifromthepast,present,andfuture.OnesuchisMaitreya,thenextBuddhatoappearonEarth.AnotheristheAmitabhaBuddha,theBuddhaofInfiniteLightandInfiniteLife(thatis,incorporatingallspaceandtime),whodwellsinparadiseknownastheWesternPureLand.AmitabhaBuddhabecameparticularlypopularinEastAsia.MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas(thosewhoseessenceiswisdom),saintlybeingswhoareonthebrinkofachievingBuddhahoodbuthavevowedtohelpothersachieveBuddhahoodbeforecrossingoverthemselves.

Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes.InHinduism,adeitymaydwellinitsimage,butinBuddhismportrayalsofBuddhasandbodhisattvasarerecognizedaspurelysymbolic,andnospiritisbelievedtoresidewithin.

1.WhichtypeofBuddhismdevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattva,andhowarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations?

2.WhichkindofBuddhismemphasizespersonaldevelopmentforthepurposeofachievingnirvana,andwhatisnirvana?

3.WhydidSiddhartha’sfathershelterhimwhenhewasyoung?

4.WhattypeofBuddhismflourishedhalfamillenniumaftertheBuddha’sdeath,andmainlydevelopedfurthertotheeast;whatwasitsmaingoal?

5.WhatarethefourNobleTruthsandwheredidtheBuddhafirstexpoundthisdoctrine?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.MahayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredressedlikeIndianprinces.

B.VajrayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredistinguishedbytheyellowhatsandsaffronrobestheywear.

C.ChanBuddhism,andtheycanbeidentifiedinartbytherobesthatcovertheirbodies.

D.TheravadaBuddhism,andtheyareidentifiedbytheprincelygarbofIndiathattheywear.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.TheravadaBuddhism;theBuddhistequivalentoftheChristianheaven.

B.TheravadaBuddhism;thepersonalextinctionofthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth.

C.HinayanaBuddhism;theextinctionofsamsara.

D.BothBandC.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Hewasafraidthathisson,whowouldonedaysucceedhimasking,mightgetsickanddieifhewereexposedtothedangersofeverydaylife.

B.Hewasworriedthathissonmightbecomegreatandchallengehisreign,andthatiswhyhetriedtodistracthimwithpleasure.

C.Helovedhissonverydeeplyanddidnotwantanypainorsicknesstoaffecthim;hewantedhimtoliveonlyintheperfect“world”thathecreatedforhim.

D.OraclesforetoldthatthebabySiddhartha,whenhegrewup,wouldeitherbeaworldconquerororafullyenlightenedbeing,buthisfatheronlywantedhimtobeanordinarykinglikehimself.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.MahayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwasBuddhahoodforeverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.

B.ShakyamuniBuddism,anditsmaingoalwastoendsamsaraforeverybodhisattva.

C.ZenBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastobringthePureLandintothepresentworld.

D.VajrayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastosharetheBuddha’smessagethroughcreatingpurelysymbolicimagesoftheBuddhathroughpaintingsandsculptures.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Lifeissuffering;ignorantpeoplecausesuffering;ignorancecanbeovercome;onecanovercomeignorancebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingatBodhGayainIndia.

B.Lifeissuffering;sufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;ignorancecanbeovercomebycarefulstudy;hegavehisfirstteachingtothedeerthatgatheredaroundhimatBodhGayainIndia.

C.Lifeissuffering;thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachinginDeerParkatSamath.

D.Lifeissuffering;ignoranceisthecauseofsuffering;ignorancecanbeovercomebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題有兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。第一個(gè)是“哪一種佛教擴(kuò)大了菩薩的范疇”，第四段最后一句說(shuō)到“MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas…”，由此可知，是大乘佛教“MahayanaBuddhism”擴(kuò)大了菩薩的范疇；第二個(gè)問(wèn)題，howarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations“菩薩與佛在藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)上有何不同”，最后一段第一句正說(shuō)到了兩者在藝術(shù)方面的區(qū)別“Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes”，在藝術(shù)上，菩薩和佛最明顯的區(qū)別是他們的服飾：菩薩穿的是印度的公主服，而佛穿的是僧袍。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知A選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題同樣有兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。第一個(gè)問(wèn)題“哪種佛教強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人發(fā)展以達(dá)到涅槃的目的”，第四段第一句說(shuō)到“TheearlyformofBuddhism…stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself”，佛教的早期形式（小乘佛教）強(qiáng)調(diào)自我修養(yǎng)，以達(dá)到涅槃的目的，即不再輪回，因此是小乘佛教強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人發(fā)展達(dá)到涅槃；第二個(gè)問(wèn)題“什么是涅槃”，因?yàn)槟鶚勈欠鸾虖?qiáng)調(diào)的個(gè)人發(fā)展目的，因此涅槃與佛有關(guān)，第三段中說(shuō)到“ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth…”，佛陀不是神，而是一個(gè)看到世界終極本質(zhì)的人，因此不再受制于輪回，也就是生、死和重生的循環(huán)，由此可知，涅槃也就是不再受制于生、死和重生的循環(huán)。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第3題:3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中受到父親庇護(hù)的Siddhartha出現(xiàn)在文章第一段“Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a‘world-conqueringruler'—oraBuddha—a‘fullyenlightenedbeing’.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain”，釋迦牟尼在出生時(shí)，被預(yù)言他或?qū)⑹钦鞣澜绲慕y(tǒng)治者，或?qū)⑹且粋€(gè)完全開(kāi)悟的人。他的父親希望他成為像自己一樣的統(tǒng)治者，想讓他免受痛苦而努力保護(hù)他。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知D選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題又是兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。第一個(gè)問(wèn)題“什么樣的佛教在佛陀死后500年才興盛起來(lái)，而且主要在東方發(fā)展得更遠(yuǎn)”，第四段第三句說(shuō)到“Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen)”，佛陀去世后500年內(nèi)，另一種佛教形式大乘佛教主要在印度北部流行起來(lái)；它最終在中國(guó)（作為禪宗和藏傳佛教）和韓國(guó)、日本（作為禪宗）興盛起來(lái)。第二個(gè)問(wèn)題“它的主要目的是什么”，第四段第四句說(shuō)到“whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse”，其目標(biāo)不是為涅槃，而是為宇宙中的每一個(gè)眾生成佛（開(kāi)悟）。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知A選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段中說(shuō)到“theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath”，佛陀在薩馬斯的鹿園里進(jìn)行了他的第一次教導(dǎo)，闡述了四圣諦的內(nèi)容：(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath…對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知C選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Storesgivenpermissiontosellfireworksallyearwillneedalicensewhichlocalauthorities______willbeabletorefuseandifnecessary.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.revolve

B.revolt

C.revoke

D.revive

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)revolve“使……旋轉(zhuǎn)”，B項(xiàng)revolt“反抗”，C項(xiàng)revoke“撤回”，D項(xiàng)revive“使復(fù)興”。根據(jù)句子意思“獲得全年銷售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方當(dāng)局將有權(quán)……該許可證?！笨赏茰y(cè)，空格部分表示“吊銷，撤銷”，C項(xiàng)最符合。句意：獲得全年銷售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方當(dāng)局將有權(quán)吊銷該許可證。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

15.翻譯