跨文化交際教程 課件

ChapterSixBarriersinIntercultural

CommunicationChapterSixOurNaturalCulturalContextWearelikeafishinwater.OurNaturalCulturalContextTheInterculturalContextWebecome“afishoutofwater”.TheInterculturalContextWe“outofwater”=outofcontext“Water”ismycultureOtherwaterorairare“otherculturalcontexts”“Ineedmyculturetofeelcomfortable!!”“outofwater”=outofcontext“

Case1:OneChinesestudentnamedLiYingwasstudyinginAmericaandwasonceinvitedtoattendafriend’sparty.Hearrivedthereontimebuthefoundmanyarrivedlateincasualclothes.Thefoodwassimpleandtherewerefewacquaintances.Hejusthadashortconversationwiththehost.Twohourslaterheleftindisappointment,determinednevertoattendthesekindofpartiesagain.Case1:

Case2:ComingfromManchester,SaraworksasateacherinXi’an.Whenshewasgivingalecture,shefoundthestudentskepttakingnoteswithoutaskinganyquestions.Sheencouragedthemtoposequestionsinclassbutitdidn’twork.Thestudentsusuallyaskedquestionsafterclassanddidn’treadmuchthereferencebooksshehadrecommended.Case2:BarriersinInterculturalCommunicationCulturalAssumptionsStereotypesEthnocentrismCulturalShock…BarriersinInterculturalCommLaRayBarna(afamousscholarininterculturalcommunication)believesthatthemainbarrierininterculturalcommunicationistoassumetheculturalnormsofone’sownareacceptedbyothercultures.

CulturalAssumptionsLaRayBarna(afamous

CraigStortibelieves

ininterculturalcommunication,peoplegenerallygothroughfourphases:

ExpectingpeopleinanotherculturetobehavesimilarlyCulturalconflictresultingfromthebiggapbetweentheexpectationandrealityFeelingangryandfearfulWantingtoshrinkandgiveup

CraigStortibelievesininCraigStortiCraigStortiisthedirectorofCommunicatingAcrossCultures,specializinginthedesignanddeliveryofseminarsininterculturalcommunications,cross-culturalbusinessdynamics,expatriationandrepatriation,culturaldiversity,andmanagingthemulticultural/globalworkforce—forclientsfromgovernment,business,military,andtheeducationsectors.

CraigStortiCraigStortiisthHowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptioninInterculturalCommunication１、Constantlyremindoneselfthatpeoplehavedifferentculturalbackgroundsandcontrastingcustoms.２、Learntoobserveothercountry’scultureandcompareitwithone’sownsoastoimprovethecross-culturalawareness.HowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptiStereotypesStereotypesareperceptionsandbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonourpreviouslyformedopinionsorattitudes.Theycanbepositiveornegative.Stereotypescanchangealongwithtime.Changeinsocialconditionscanleadtothechangeofstereotypes.StereotypesStereotReasonsforFormingStereotypes1、Socialenvironmentisthekeyfactor;2、Thepersonalexperienceofchildhoodplaysasignificantrole;3、Ithassomethingtodowiththecognitivedevelopmentofchildren.ReasonsforFormingStereotypeStereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象偏見Stereotypescanbeeitherpositiveornegativeandcanchangealongwithtime.Prejudicesaregenerallynegativeandtakemanyformsincluding“discrimination”,whichisanextremeandintentionalformofprejudice.StereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象DisadvantagesofStereotypesExaggeratethedifferencesbetweengroupsandignoreindividualdifferencesLeadtoethnocentricandprejudicialconceptionsandspeeches

NeglectthedynamicandchangeablenatureofcultureDisadvantagesofStereotypesExPreventionofStereotypesPayattentiontoindividualdifferences.

Reservethespaceforindependentexploring.

Betolerant.PreventionofStereotypesPayaEthnocentrismTobeethnocentricistobelieveinthesuperiorityofone’sowncultureandnegativelyjudgeaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone’sown，includingthebehaviors,communicationmodes,socialcustoms,managingmethodsandsocialvalues.EthnocentrismTobeethnManifestationofEthnocentrismThecoursebookofeachcountryallfocusesonthehistoryandcultureofitsown.Themapofeachcountryalwaysplacesitselfinthecenter.3.Whenmentioningthecontributiontotheworldcivilization,onecountryalwayshighlightitsownwhileunderestimatingothers’.4.Incomposingtheworldliteraturehistory,therehaslongexistedatendencytoplaceEuropeinthecentre,whilementioninglittleaboutthecontributionofAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,leadingtoalowevaluationoftheworksinthoseplaces.ThereasonthatliesbehindisthattheauthorsaremainlyEuropeans.5.…

ManifestationofEthnocentrismEthnocentrismVs.Patriotism

民族中心主義愛國主義

Ethnocentrismbelievesone’scultureissuperiortoothers’andlooksdownuponmembersinothergroupsandmocksatpeopleinothergroupswhentheyseethemhavedifferentsocialcustomsorbehavedifferently.Patriotismisakindofpositiveandsupportiveattitudeandemotionstowardsone’sowncountry.EthnocentrismVs.Patriotism

CultureShock文化休克CultureShockreferstoatransitionalprocessinwhichanindividualperceivesthreatstoherorhiswell-beinginaculturallynewenvironment.

CultureShock文化休克CultuWealllikethefamiliar.Culturemakesthingsfamiliar,andinsodoinghelpsusreducethestressoflife.Butwhenwearethrustintoanotherculture,byeitherchanceordesign,andexperiencepsychologicalandphysicaldiscomfortfromthiscontact,wehavebecomevictimsofCultureShock.ThetermwasfirstintroducedbytheanthropologistOberg.WealllikethefamilAccordingtoOberg(afamousanthropologist),CultureShockinvolves:

Asenseofidentitylossandidentitydeprivationwithregardtovalues,status,profession,friends,andpossessions;Identitystrainasaresultoftheeffortrequiredtomakenecessarypsychologicaladaptation;Identityrejectionbymembersofthenewculture;Identityconfusion,especiallyasregardsroleambiguityandunpredictability;Identityimpotenceasaresultofnotbeingabletocopewiththenewenvironment.AccordingtoOberg(afamousanCultureShockreasonsCommunicationbarriersDifferentdailyactivitiesSolitudeDifferentcustomsDifferentbeliefsandvaluesCultureShockreasonsCommunicathighDegreeofpersonalhappinesslowHoneymoonperiodFrustratedperiodRecoveryandadjustmentperiodAdaptiveperiodTheProcedureCharthighDegreeofpersonalhappineProcessofCultureShockSatisfiedwiththepeople,sightsandfoodofthenewenvironmentandhappywiththeprospectofworkingorlivinginaforeigncountry1.HoneymoonPeriodAppearanceofconflictsinvaluesbecauseofculturaldifferences;feelingofconfusionandfrustrationbecauseofinconveniencesindailylife2.FrustratedPeriodTolearnnewculturemodesaftertheexperienceoffrustrationandtoreshapeoneselfinordertobeadaptedtotheenvironmentofthenewculture3.RecoveryandAdjustmentPeriodToliveinharmonywiththenativeswithoutfrustrationandannoyance;toacceptthenativecustomsandbecomeadaptedtothenewculturalenvironment4.AdaptivePeriodProcessofCultureShockSatisfPreventionofCultureShockGettoknowthegeneralconditionsofthenewenvironment

beforehand.Dosomesimulatedtraining.Embracetheculturalmodesofthenewenvironmentwillingly.Lookoutforusefulsupportivesystem.PreventionofCultureShockGetThankyou！Thankyou！ChapterSixBarriersinIntercultural

CommunicationChapterSixOurNaturalCulturalContextWearelikeafishinwater.OurNaturalCulturalContextTheInterculturalContextWebecome“afishoutofwater”.TheInterculturalContextWe“outofwater”=outofcontext“Water”ismycultureOtherwaterorairare“otherculturalcontexts”“Ineedmyculturetofeelcomfortable!!”“outofwater”=outofcontext“

Case1:OneChinesestudentnamedLiYingwasstudyinginAmericaandwasonceinvitedtoattendafriend’sparty.Hearrivedthereontimebuthefoundmanyarrivedlateincasualclothes.Thefoodwassimpleandtherewerefewacquaintances.Hejusthadashortconversationwiththehost.Twohourslaterheleftindisappointment,determinednevertoattendthesekindofpartiesagain.Case1:

Case2:ComingfromManchester,SaraworksasateacherinXi’an.Whenshewasgivingalecture,shefoundthestudentskepttakingnoteswithoutaskinganyquestions.Sheencouragedthemtoposequestionsinclassbutitdidn’twork.Thestudentsusuallyaskedquestionsafterclassanddidn’treadmuchthereferencebooksshehadrecommended.Case2:BarriersinInterculturalCommunicationCulturalAssumptionsStereotypesEthnocentrismCulturalShock…BarriersinInterculturalCommLaRayBarna(afamousscholarininterculturalcommunication)believesthatthemainbarrierininterculturalcommunicationistoassumetheculturalnormsofone’sownareacceptedbyothercultures.

CulturalAssumptionsLaRayBarna(afamous

CraigStortibelieves

ininterculturalcommunication,peoplegenerallygothroughfourphases:

ExpectingpeopleinanotherculturetobehavesimilarlyCulturalconflictresultingfromthebiggapbetweentheexpectationandrealityFeelingangryandfearfulWantingtoshrinkandgiveup

CraigStortibelievesininCraigStortiCraigStortiisthedirectorofCommunicatingAcrossCultures,specializinginthedesignanddeliveryofseminarsininterculturalcommunications,cross-culturalbusinessdynamics,expatriationandrepatriation,culturaldiversity,andmanagingthemulticultural/globalworkforce—forclientsfromgovernment,business,military,andtheeducationsectors.

CraigStortiCraigStortiisthHowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptioninInterculturalCommunication１、Constantlyremindoneselfthatpeoplehavedifferentculturalbackgroundsandcontrastingcustoms.２、Learntoobserveothercountry’scultureandcompareitwithone’sownsoastoimprovethecross-culturalawareness.HowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptiStereotypesStereotypesareperceptionsandbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonourpreviouslyformedopinionsorattitudes.Theycanbepositiveornegative.Stereotypescanchangealongwithtime.Changeinsocialconditionscanleadtothechangeofstereotypes.StereotypesStereotReasonsforFormingStereotypes1、Socialenvironmentisthekeyfactor;2、Thepersonalexperienceofchildhoodplaysasignificantrole;3、Ithassomethingtodowiththecognitivedevelopmentofchildren.ReasonsforFormingStereotypeStereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象偏見Stereotypescanbeeitherpositiveornegativeandcanchangealongwithtime.Prejudicesaregenerallynegativeandtakemanyformsincluding“discrimination”,whichisanextremeandintentionalformofprejudice.StereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象DisadvantagesofStereotypesExaggeratethedifferencesbetweengroupsandignoreindividualdifferencesLeadtoethnocentricandprejudicialconceptionsandspeeches

NeglectthedynamicandchangeablenatureofcultureDisadvantagesofStereotypesExPreventionofStereotypesPayattentiontoindividualdifferences.

Reservethespaceforindependentexploring.

Betolerant.PreventionofStereotypesPayaEthnocentrismTobeethnocentricistobelieveinthesuperiorityofone’sowncultureandnegativelyjudgeaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone’sown，includingthebehaviors,communicationmodes,socialcustoms,managingmethodsandsocialvalues.EthnocentrismTobeethnManifestationofEthnocentrismThecoursebookofeachcountryallfocusesonthehistoryandcultureofitsown.Themapofeachcountryalwaysplacesitselfinthecenter.3.Whenmentioningthecontributiontotheworldcivilization,onecountryalwayshighlightitsownwhileunderestimatingothers’.4.Incomposingtheworldliteraturehistory,therehaslongexistedatendencytoplaceEuropeinthecentre,whilementioninglittleaboutthecontributionofAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,leadingtoalowevaluationoftheworksinthoseplaces.ThereasonthatliesbehindisthattheauthorsaremainlyEuropeans.5.…

ManifestationofEthnocentrismEthnocentrismVs.Patriotism

民族中心主義愛國主義

Ethnocentrismbelievesone’scultureissuperiortoothers’andlooksdownuponmembersinothergroupsandmocksatpeopleinothergroupswhentheyseethemhavedifferentsocialcustomsorbehavedifferently.Patriotismisakindofpositiveandsupportiveattitudeandemotionstowardsone’sowncountry.EthnocentrismVs.Patriotism

CultureShock文化休克CultureShockreferstoatransitionalprocessinwhichanindividualperceivesthreatstoherorhiswell-beinginaculturallynewenvironment.

CultureShock文化休克CultuWealllikethefamiliar.Culturemakesthingsfamiliar,andinsodoinghelpsusreducethestressoflife.Butwhenwearethrustintoanotherculture,byeitherchanceordesign,andexperiencepsychologicalandphysicaldiscomfortfromthiscontact,wehavebecomevictimsofCultureShock.ThetermwasfirstintroducedbytheanthropologistOberg.WealllikethefamilAccordingtoOberg(afamousanthropologist),CultureShockinvolves:

Asenseofidentitylossandidentitydeprivationwithregardtovalues,status,profession,friends,andpossessions;Identitystrainasaresultoftheeffortrequiredtomakenecessarypsychologicaladaptation;Identityrejectionbymembe