考研語(yǔ)法講義

考研基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法什么是語(yǔ)法？語(yǔ)言的法則：也就是遣詞造句的規(guī)律為什么學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法？？學(xué)習(xí)的角度：輸入與輸出①輸入一［初試］閱讀、完型、翻譯、新題型［復(fù)試］聽(tīng)力②輸出~［初試］寫(xiě)作［復(fù)試］口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)綜述03年第二篇第二段第一句：Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffing（供職于）ananimalrightsbooth（攤,亭）atarecentstreetfair（市場(chǎng),集市）wasdistributingabrochure（小冊(cè)子）thatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofur（毛皮），nomedicines.04年考研寫(xiě)作真題：18分范文第一段：Thecartoondepictsavividpictureinwhichanathlete,drippingsweat,isrushingtotheend.Obviously,hewinsthematch,butthisisnotthekeymessageconveyedbythemencement18分范文第一段：,Thecartoondepictsavividpictureinwhichanathlete,drippingsweat,isrushingtotheend.Obviously,hewinsthematch,butthisisnotthekeymessageconveyedbythepicture.語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)、兩條主線①基礎(chǔ)：簡(jiǎn)單句 ②主線一詞法、句法詞法：動(dòng)詞的變化時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)間狀態(tài)“時(shí)”分為四種：過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)?！皯B(tài)”分為四種：?般狀態(tài)、進(jìn)行狀態(tài)、完成狀態(tài)和完成進(jìn)行狀態(tài)。一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在do/doesbedoing.Have/hasdone.Havebeendoing過(guò)去Didwas/weredoing.Haddone.Hadbeendoing將來(lái)Willdo.Willbedoing.willhavedone.Willhavebeendoing過(guò)去將來(lái)Woulddo.WouldbedoingWouldhavedoneWouldhavebeendoing?？紩r(shí)態(tài)難點(diǎn)解析(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：(do/does)①表示客觀事實(shí)或真理e.gl.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.e.g2.Knowledgeispower.②表示習(xí)慣性、常規(guī)性的重復(fù)動(dòng)作e.g.3.Jackalwaysgoestoschoolbybike.(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)(did)?①過(guò)去特定時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?Isawhiminthelibraryyesterdaymorning.?②過(guò)去的重復(fù)性動(dòng)作?IwrotealetteronceaweektomyfamilywhenIwasinmyfirstcollegeyear.【注】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)vs一般過(guò)去時(shí)ThedogbitesXiaoQiang.見(jiàn)一次咬一次ThedogbitXiaoQiang.曾經(jīng)咬過(guò), (3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：(have/has+done)?從過(guò)去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)；?強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響和結(jié)果。,常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常表示"一段時(shí)間"：already,yet,never,以及,since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間，,in/for/throughout/over/during+段時(shí)間；,e.g.IhaveworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.,e.g.Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatalllivingthingsmustdie.,【注1】?主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；?如果是否定形式，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用瞬間動(dòng)詞?！咀?】一般過(guò)去時(shí)VS現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),Shewasmygirlfriend.（當(dāng)愛(ài)已成往事）Shehasbeenmygirlfriend（fortwoyears）.（依舊你儂我儂）（4）過(guò)去完成時(shí)（had+done）:a）表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。e.g:Bynineo'clocklastnight,wehadgot200picturesfromthespaceship.b）表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)e.g.:IhadstayedinAmericafor2yearsbeforeshemovedhere.,WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealingthat3monthsagoithadclonedanadultsheep（1999,閱讀T4-P1-L1）一個(gè)蘇格蘭的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)三個(gè)月前克隆了一只成年綿羊，并于近期披露從而震驚了世界。（5）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)性）,havedone+bedoing=?havebeendoing動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，進(jìn)行到現(xiàn)在，并將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。e.g.Thesepopfanshavebeenwaitingforthefamoussingerfornearlythreehoursinthecold.?【注1】現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以是短暫性動(dòng)詞,表示不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。,e.g:AmricanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.（1998閱讀T4-P3-L1）?二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，美國(guó)人口一直在向南部和西部大量流動(dòng)，這個(gè)趨勢(shì)現(xiàn)在仍然在繼續(xù)。,KoreanshavebeenmarryingUSsoldiersstationedheresincethe1950s.IIThepeakyearswereduringthe1970s,whenmorethan4000KoreansmarriedUSsoldiereachyear.,mai'ry短暫動(dòng)詞，表重復(fù)動(dòng)作?自1950年代以來(lái)就不斷有韓國(guó)人與當(dāng)?shù)孛绹?guó)駐軍成婚，在1970年代達(dá)到了高峰，每年有4000多韓國(guó)人嫁給美國(guó)兵。?【注2】,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)VS現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)如果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中沒(méi)有表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(since/for…)，那么它僅表示一個(gè)完成了的動(dòng)作而不再繼續(xù)。Shehasslept.她睡完了(不困了)Shehasbeensleeping.她一直在睡。(6)一般將來(lái)完成時(shí)(shall/willhave+done):將來(lái)某時(shí)必定會(huì)發(fā)生的事.IwillhavetaughtEnglishinNewOrientalSchoolforfiveyearsbytheendofnextmonth.語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)描述主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)間的關(guān)系語(yǔ)態(tài)分兩種1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)起者，稱(chēng)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；Hecleansthewindow.2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，稱(chēng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Thewindowiscleanedbyhim.動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在do/doesbedoing.Have/hasdone.Havebeendoing過(guò)去Didwas/weredoing.Haddone.Hadbeendoing將來(lái)Willdo.Willbedoing.willhavedone.Willhavebeendoing過(guò)去將來(lái)Woulddo.WouldbedoingWouldhavedoneWouldhavebeendoing動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)一般進(jìn)行完成現(xiàn)在am/is/aredoneam/is/arebeingdonehave/hasbeendone過(guò)去was/weredonewas/werebeingdoneHadbeendone.將來(lái)Willbedone./Willhavebeendone.過(guò)去將來(lái)Wouldbedone./Wouldhavebeendone.?動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)變被動(dòng)：1.動(dòng)詞全部變成done2.done前加be（形式隨be前一個(gè)詞而變）?被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通式：（以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為例）,動(dòng)作承受者+am/is/aredone+by施動(dòng)者使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的目的①實(shí)現(xiàn)句式結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性2006年考研寫(xiě)作真題通篇的漢語(yǔ)思維導(dǎo)致通篇的主動(dòng)句式，所以我們呼喚被動(dòng)句式！！范文末段倒數(shù)第二句Infact,somemeasureshavealreadybeentaken.Inmyuniversity,campaignshavebeenlaunchedtoeducatepeopletopaymoreattentiontoourtraditionalcultureandreadmorebooksinsteadoffocusingonourappearances.?②突出強(qiáng)調(diào)接受動(dòng)作的一方省略動(dòng)作發(fā)出者逃避責(zé)任,Ibrokethewindowthismorning.,Thewindowwasbrokenthismorning.③施動(dòng)者不明或沒(méi)必要提,IwasborninTianjin.ObamawaselectedasthepresidentofUSA（+bytheAmericanpeople）【注】：不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)要變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)帶賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞才能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。注：系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Helookshandsome.Itfeelsfantastic.句法*基礎(chǔ)：簡(jiǎn)單句*句法：從句二、簡(jiǎn)單句主+謂,主+謂+賓主+系+表主+謂+賓+賓,主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)①主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)Manproposes;Goddisposes.謀事在人，成事在天②主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)Beautywillbuynobeef.③主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)Itisnoneofyourbusiness.④主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)ChattingontheInternetbringsmealotoffun.⑤主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Ahedge(樹(shù)籬)betweenkeepsfriendshipgreen.君子之交淡如水1.什么能作主語(yǔ)？名詞名詞性詞組代詞,動(dòng)名詞?Doingbusinessisonethinganddoinggoodbusinessisanother.,不定式,Tohelpothersistohelpyourself.?名詞性從句,Thattheworldisroundisfact.2.什么詞能作謂語(yǔ)？動(dòng)詞①實(shí)義動(dòng)詞②情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,can/could,will/would,shall/should,may/might,must/need,haveto,oughtto,usedto…【注】i.一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分。2.并列句和復(fù)合句有兩個(gè)及兩個(gè)以上謂語(yǔ)部分。并列句:幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句由連詞(andbutor…)連接而成復(fù)合句:一句為主句，其余為從句，中間有引導(dǎo)詞。3.什么詞能作系動(dòng)詞？be動(dòng)詞：am9is,are,was,werebeing,been感官動(dòng)詞：feel,look,sound,smel1,taste…4.什么詞能作賓語(yǔ)？同主語(yǔ)5.什么詞能作表語(yǔ)？①形容詞,②名詞③代詞（賓格）④名詞性從句,⑤動(dòng)名詞Myhobbyisswimming.⑥介賓短語(yǔ),Theboxisonthedesk.⑦不定式Tohelpothersistohelpyourself.6.雙賓語(yǔ)？直接賓語(yǔ)、間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)一動(dòng)作直接作用的賓語(yǔ)，常常是物間接賓語(yǔ)一動(dòng)作間接作用的賓語(yǔ)，往往是人,Iboughtheragift.7賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)？有些動(dòng)詞后面接賓語(yǔ)是意思不完整，因而還需要在賓語(yǔ)的后面接補(bǔ)充賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。AllofuscalledRunningFanacoward.常見(jiàn)的帶賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞還有：,appoint,choose,voteprove,suppose,declare…?【注】雙賓語(yǔ)vs賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Iboughtheragift.AllofuscalledRunningFanacoward.在兩部分之間加入一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞，若能說(shuō)得通就是賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)；若說(shuō)不通就是雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。三.定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)？修飾名詞的成分。①單重定語(yǔ)：一個(gè)詞OR詞組,Adam'sapple,anythingpossible,thecatunderthetable,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayer②多重定語(yǔ)：>一個(gè)詞OR詞組考研翻譯1996（71）,reasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinscience考研翻譯2007（46）,anecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.,Intellectual:adj.知識(shí)的，智力的, n.知識(shí)分子?定語(yǔ)從句就是用一句話做定語(yǔ)，放在被修飾名詞的后面。,Thegirlwhoisdancingwiththatmanismygirlfriend.,thegirl：先行詞（定語(yǔ)從句所修飾名詞）who：引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞①指代先行詞并且在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)成分②連接主句和從句定從引導(dǎo)詞主要有：（that,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,why）【注】when =on/atwhichwhere =in/on/atwhichwhy=forwhich【注】定語(yǔ)從句不是完整句子！缺什么？缺先行詞！Thegirlwhoisdancingwiththatboy先行詞弓得詞定語(yǔ)從句ismygirlfriend.定語(yǔ)從句：找先行詞依據(jù)：①先行詞先行于引導(dǎo)詞出現(xiàn)②定語(yǔ)從句缺的就是先行詞前溯找名詞帶入從句，看：語(yǔ)法是否正確意思是否正確【注】先行詞一般是主句意思的中心詞前溯找名詞（2005—翻譯一49）Creatinga"EuropeanidentityvthatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice（2005-翻譯-49）CreatingaEuropeanidentity"thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinent運(yùn)noeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice?前溯找名詞?（2005閱讀T4-P4-L3）Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatall

varietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.先行詞+狀語(yǔ)+定從andor連接的兩個(gè)名詞地位相等2004-完型Forexample,changesintheeconomythat_30_lead_tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment__31_ingeneral^makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.先行詞+其他定語(yǔ)+定從例如，經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的變化使得青年的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)更少，失業(yè)率上升，從而導(dǎo)致賺錢(qián)的工作日益難找。（1994完型-45）Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistenerinterferewithhiscomprehension.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]whatC2006完型-12Evenwhenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda_12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachdaywanderingthestreet.[A][B]lodgingshelter（寄宿處，臨時(shí)住地）（避難所，收容所）[A][B]lodgingshelter（寄宿處，臨時(shí)住地）（避難所，收容所）[C]dwelling[D]house（住處）（房屋）限定性定語(yǔ)從句VS非限定性定語(yǔ)從句⑴形式上的不同（如何識(shí)別）：引導(dǎo)詞前有無(wú)逗號(hào)有逗號(hào)非限從無(wú)逗號(hào)限從⑵功能上的不同：①限定性定語(yǔ)從句：提供的是必要信息，且不能去掉，否則會(huì)引起讀者理解上的困難;②非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：提供的是非必要信息，可以去掉，去掉不會(huì)引起歧義；非限先行詞可以是詞或詞組，也可以是整個(gè)句子?WhoisMary'sboyfriend??坐在角落里的男生是瑪麗的男友。TheboywhositsinthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.Mygirlfriend1ikesdancingwithotherguys,whichreallydrivesmecrazy.（1998閱讀-T2-P2-L3）Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-1987average.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear.■■Allthebookswhichhavepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Allthebookswerewrittenbyhim,whichhavepicturesinthem.Hehasafather,wholivesinYunnanHehasafatherwholivesinYunnan【注】當(dāng)先行詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。,Theone（whom）Ilovemosthurtsmemostdeeply.我最?lèi)?ài)的人傷我最深。定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化：分詞結(jié)構(gòu)從句的簡(jiǎn)化：句子一短語(yǔ)精簡(jiǎn)句子，并使句式多樣！短語(yǔ)？①?zèng)]有主語(yǔ)；②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞f分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。注：定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化只能是引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)的情況。,現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：v.+ing,過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：v.+ed取決于與所伴隨的名詞之間的關(guān)系：語(yǔ)態(tài)該名詞發(fā)出動(dòng)作：主動(dòng)關(guān)系-現(xiàn)在分詞該名詞接受動(dòng)作：被動(dòng)關(guān)系一過(guò)去分詞ThemanthatIsawatthepartyismyteacher.,先行詞作賓語(yǔ)Themanthatsawmeatthepartyismyteacher.?先行詞作主語(yǔ),①?gòu)木浜衎e動(dòng)詞步驟：只需去掉引導(dǎo)詞和be動(dòng)詞即可,BooksthatarewritteninEnglisharemoreexpensive.,BookswritteninEnglisharemoreexpensive.■■（2006閱讀-T4-P4-L1）Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionwhichisalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?(2003-翻譯63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.②從句不含be動(dòng)詞步驟：去掉引導(dǎo)詞，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞TheboywhositsinthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.TheboysittinginthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.(2004-完型-24)TheoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchiIdrencommitcrimesinresponsetotheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,orasarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.(2004-完型-24)Theorieswhichfocusontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesinresponsetotheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,orasarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.分詞結(jié)構(gòu)定語(yǔ)從句可以簡(jiǎn)化成分詞結(jié)構(gòu)；但分詞結(jié)構(gòu)一定都作定語(yǔ)么？狀語(yǔ)伴隨關(guān)系Shecomesin,smilingatme.如何區(qū)分分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是定語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)？分詞結(jié)構(gòu)之前有無(wú)逗號(hào)！?一句話中同一主語(yǔ)發(fā)出多于一個(gè)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，你選擇其中一個(gè)動(dòng)作作主要?jiǎng)幼饕恢^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其他幾個(gè)動(dòng)作作次要?jiǎng)幼饕环衷~結(jié)構(gòu)。采菊東籬下，悠然見(jiàn)南山(陶淵明)采菊東籬下，(陶淵明)悠然見(jiàn)南山Taopickedtheflower.Taosawthesouthmountain.Taopickedtheflower,seeingthesouthmountain.Pickingtheflower,Taosawthesouthmountain.Police (hunt)thekillerofapart-timepoliceofficer (stab)outsideherhomeinnorthwestLondonareseekingaman_(wear)aT-shirt_(see) (run)awayfromthescene.Policehuntingthekillerofapart-timepoliceofficerstabbedoutsideherhomeinnorthwestLondonareseekingamanwearingaT-shirtseenrunningawayfromthescene.有自己主語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu):獨(dú)立主格不同主語(yǔ)發(fā)出兩個(gè)相關(guān)動(dòng)作Thebeautifulgirlstoodthere.Tearsstreameddownhercheeks.-Thebeautifulgirlstoodthere,tearsstreamingdownhercheeks.ItisSpringFestivaltoday.Wedonotneedtogotoschool.fItbeingSpringFestivaltoday,wedonotneedtogotoschool.,現(xiàn)在分詞vs動(dòng)名詞①動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的名詞化，可視作名詞，多數(shù)情況下屬于句子的主干：②現(xiàn)在分詞不是表伴隨，就是作修飾（不是定語(yǔ)，就是狀語(yǔ)），一般不是主干?，F(xiàn)在弱幅祝群表即娓壞琪翦動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)：居多說(shuō)明句子的具體內(nèi)容“是什么”XiaoQiang,sjobisfeedingdogs.,現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)：修飾句子主語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征，是別人對(duì)主語(yǔ)的感受Theresultofthismatchismostsatisfying.,過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)對(duì)其他人或物的感受Allthepeoplearenotsatisfiedwiththequalityofmilkpowder.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)：居多①一般表示被修飾名詞的行為狀態(tài)②通常具有進(jìn)行時(shí)的意味③可以變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句asleepingchild=achiIdwho/thatissleepingabarkingdog=adogwhich/thatisbarkingareadinggirl=agirlwho/thatisreading動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)：一般表示被修飾名詞的用途，不含有進(jìn)行時(shí)的意味，不可直接變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句asleepingbag=abagusedforsleepingvsasleepingchildareadingroom=aroomusedforreadingvsareadinggirl

四狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞（主要）和形容詞狀語(yǔ)從句：用一句話作狀語(yǔ)關(guān)鍵：不同連詞引導(dǎo)不同狀語(yǔ)從句，表示分句間不同邏輯關(guān)系。分類(lèi)：①時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：when,while,until定從？狀從？,有無(wú)一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的名詞作先行詞IwillneverforgetthatdaywhenImetyou.TheporkwasverycheapwhenIwasalittleboy②地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where定從？狀從？取決于引導(dǎo)詞之前的名詞是不是地點(diǎn)是地點(diǎn)一修飾地點(diǎn)一定語(yǔ)從句不是地點(diǎn)一修飾動(dòng)詞一地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkatthespotwhereyouhaveanyquestion.Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestion.③原因狀語(yǔ)從句：because,for,as,since④目的狀語(yǔ)從句：sothat（以便），inorderthat…（2003完型-35）Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized_35_participantscanremainactiveaslongifonlynowthatsothatremainactiveaslongifonlynowthatsothatevenif⑤條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if,longas既然即使unless,providedthat,onconditionthat,ase.g:Idon'tcarewhoyouare,whereyouarefrom,whatyoudid,aslongasyouloveme.?⑥讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：though,although,eventhough(if)while,whereas(2006完型-7)NoteveryoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimatesrangeanywherefrom600,000to3million._7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.[A] Nowthat[B] Although[C] Provided[D] Exceptthat(2005完型-9)Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,_9_othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.[A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereasWhile位于句首，一般表讓步(2005閱讀-T4-P2-L6)Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.在20世紀(jì)60年代之前,當(dāng)人們伏案寫(xiě)作時(shí)，即使受教育不多的人也追求一種高雅的風(fēng)格，而從那以后，即使是令人景仰的文章也在追求口語(yǔ)風(fēng)格。⑦比較狀語(yǔ)從句as,thanthemore--(b)than前后必為同類(lèi)事物?從句可倒裝：(b)than前后必為同類(lèi)事物?從句可倒裝：than+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)? (2006閱讀-T1-P4-L1)?Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.”? (2000閱讀-T4-P2-L6)?Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.(c)nomorethan=not…anymorethan(a)as+形容詞+a(n)+可數(shù)名詞+as(2006翻譯-47)47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,IIwhomustaccepttheobligation||ofrevealing11inasobviousamanneraspossibleIIthecourseofreasoningIIwhichledhimtohisdecision.翻譯為：…不能…，正如（than從句）不能…一樣（2006翻譯-49）49）Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化只有當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，才可以進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化。改錯(cuò)Whenattheageofeight,XiaoMing'sfathertaughthimtoclimbtrees.WhenXiaoMingwasattheageofeight,XiaoMing,sfathertaughthimtoclimbtrees.Whenattheageofeight,XiaoMingwastaughttoclimbtreesbyhisfather.①?gòu)木渲泻衎e動(dòng)詞：只需去掉狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Ialwaysgazeathotgirls.Whilewalkinginthestreet,Ialwaysgazeathotgirls.②從句不含be動(dòng)詞：去掉主語(yǔ)，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞BeforeIgraduatedfromcollege,Itookapart-timejobasaDJ.Beforegraduatingfromcollege,Itookapart-timejobasaDJ.五名詞性從句一句話充當(dāng)名詞性成分①句子的類(lèi)型？陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句②句中的名詞性成分？主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)③名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句①直接就是陳述句that+一句完整的陳述句（1998閱讀-T5-P2-L1）Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.67.Theauthorbelievesthat[A]themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearthJsinteriorthegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetruethehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections[D]themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapart（2006閱讀-T3-P2-L1）Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.That能否省略？Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.常將it作形式主語(yǔ)置于句首,而將主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。（考研英語(yǔ)常用句型）Itis+過(guò)去分詞+that+從句Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.ffIthasbeenknownforyearsthattheseasarebeingoverfished.尾重原則（2004閱讀-T2-P2-L1）IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccars.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccars.Itisreportedthat據(jù)報(bào)道…Itshouldbenotedthat 應(yīng)當(dāng)注意Itmustbeadmittedthat…必須承認(rèn)…Itmustbepointedoutthat必須指出…Itisgenerallythoughtthat人們普遍認(rèn)為②由一般疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)引導(dǎo)詞+一句話的其他部分（陳述句語(yǔ)序）Whether,if（只能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句）Whether,if均不充當(dāng)句中成分Whether…or是…還是1999-翻譯-74）Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkortotheresearchtechniques.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkortotheresearchtechniques.（2005閱讀-T1-P4-L6）However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependently,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,isanunansweredquestion.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependently,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,isanunansweredquestion.③由特殊疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)疑問(wèn)句引導(dǎo)詞+一句話的其他部分（陳述句語(yǔ)序）What,Which,Who,Whom,WhoseWhy,When,Where,How以上詞在句中充當(dāng)成分?（2006閱讀T3-P2-L1）,WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.,WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.同位語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)？這就是芙蓉姐姐。這就是芙蓉姐姐，一個(gè)新時(shí)代的偶像。這就是芙蓉姐姐，一個(gè)紅遍大江南北、逼瘋高矮胖瘦、秒殺男女老幼的新時(shí)代天皇級(jí)偶像?！?.名詞+that+從句（2005閱讀-T3-P1-L1）Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;?弗洛伊德闡述了他革命性的理論，即夢(mèng)是我們不曾意識(shí)到的欲望和恐懼的反映2.名詞+其他成分+that+陳述句例：Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.這里先行詞concern與that同位語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)wereraised隔開(kāi)人們?nèi)找鎿?dān)心，證人會(huì)受到鼓勵(lì)在法庭上夸大事實(shí)以保證有罪的判決。同位語(yǔ)從句VS定語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句（完整句）定語(yǔ)從句（不完整，缺先行詞）

先行詞（抽象名詞）：conclusion,news,fact,先行詞（抽象名詞）：conclusion,news,fact,idea,suggestion,view,evidence,opinion,problem,thought,understanding,assumption-**幾乎所有名詞和名詞性短語(yǔ)Wehavetofacethefactthatheisnothere.（同）Wehavetofacethefactthatheislookingfor.（定）（2005閱讀-T3-P1-L3）Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.（2001-完型-49）Concernswereraised_witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]thatD六倒裝.全部倒裝（FullInversion）,又稱(chēng)主謂倒裝整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分全部放在主語(yǔ)之前例：Nowcomesyourturn,

fNowyourturncomes.（1）表示地點(diǎn)/位置的介賓短語(yǔ)置于句首Fromthewindowcamesoundofmusic.（2003-翻譯-P5-L7）WithinTylor*sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.TheconceptiswithinTylor'sdefinitionthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.（2）here,there,now,then等地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)置于句首Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar-reachingeffects..部分倒裝PartialInversion）只將謂語(yǔ)的二W提到主語(yǔ)之前。①助動(dòng)詞②情態(tài)動(dòng)詞③be動(dòng)詞, （1）句首為否定詞：never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,rarely,nowherenotuntil,nosooner???than,notonly*but（also）,never/neither??,nor（不，,?也不）（2005翻譯-46）46）Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.（1998閱讀-T4-P10-L1）Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingnowherethanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate., （2）.“Only+狀語(yǔ)”置于句首方式狀語(yǔ)/地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)/時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)①方式狀語(yǔ)：,由介詞in/by/through引導(dǎo)Yourdreamofbeingagraduatecancometrueonlybystudyinghard.Onlybystudyinghardcanyourdreamofbeingagraduatecometrue.②地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)：（1993閱讀-T3-P3-L1）Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.Thelifespanofapatentisextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofeventsonlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances.③時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：Icangetmarriedonlywhenthepriceofrealestatefalls.Icangetmarriedonlywhenthepriceofrealestatefalls,ffOnlywhenthepriceofrealestatefallscanIgetmarried.七.專(zhuān)題：長(zhǎng)難句解析最高境界不是逐字翻譯,搞清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)難句解決的具體步驟1、抓主干（五種基本句型）2、理順主從句子關(guān)系找長(zhǎng)句主干，常需反其道而行之。你能一眼挑出長(zhǎng)句的主謂賓/主系表？主語(yǔ)易尋、謂語(yǔ)難找！怎么辦？先去枝葉，主干立現(xiàn)！?方法：去枝去葉；切分得當(dāng)?枝葉標(biāo)志：①標(biāo)點(diǎn)一一包括冒號(hào)，逗號(hào)，破折號(hào)②引導(dǎo)詞 that/which/who；that作引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)拆分，當(dāng)代詞時(shí)不能分割Helikesthatgirl.③連詞 并列的：and/but/or；從屬連詞：表因果關(guān)系的：becausefor/as/so/since;時(shí)間關(guān)系連詞：when/while/until；條件關(guān)系：if；讓步關(guān)系：though/althougho等@to——1）to當(dāng)不定式的連接符號(hào)時(shí)，不定式短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)；2）to可以作介詞⑤介詞一一介詞常構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)in/on/of/with ⑥分詞一一現(xiàn)在分詞-ing/過(guò)去分詞-ed分詞常常構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)?【注】從句自引導(dǎo)詞開(kāi)始到下一個(gè)動(dòng)詞結(jié)束綜合練習(xí)一（2003閱讀-T2-P1-L1）Allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcause運(yùn)thatgoodpeopledonothing.All||thatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseis||thatgoodpeopledonothing.①Allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcause定語(yǔ)從句②thatgoodpeopledonothing表語(yǔ)從句綜合練習(xí)二（2003閱讀-T4-P5-L1）IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Ialsoknow||thatpeopleIIvnJapanandSweden,||countriesIIthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,||haveachievedlonger,healthier1ivesthanwehave.綜合練習(xí)三（2003閱讀-T2-P2-LI）Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Forexample,agrandmotherlywoman||staffingananimalrightsboothIIatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.①Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfair②abrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofur,nomedicinesabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthat...abrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeat,nofur,n