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7/7I?非限定性動(dòng)詞(infinitive,-ingparticiple,-edparticiple)一、不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式都可以直接放在句首作主語(yǔ),也都適用于It句型,區(qū)別在于適用于不同的句型:a.不定式適用的句型為:Itisn.todo:Itismydreamtobecomeasuperstarinthefuture.Ittakessb。sometimetodosth。:Ittookmethree(cuò)hourstoflybacktomyhometown.Itisadj.forsb。todosth:Itisimportantforyoutomakeagoodpreparationfortingtest.Itisadj。ofsb.todosth:Itisverykindofyoutohelpussolvetheproblem.b。動(dòng)詞-ing形式適用的句型為:Itisnouse/nogood/nofun/agreatpleasure/awasteoftime/abore,etc+doingsth:Itisnousecringoverthespiltmilk.Itisexpensive/good/interesting/nice/pointless/useless/worthwhile,etc+doingsth.Itisuselessaskinghimforhelp.Thereisnodoing:Thereisnosaying(telling)whatmayhappennext。含義上的不同:Compare:Smokingisprohibitedhere。/Itisnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch。Tospendmysummervacat(yī)ioninFloridaismybiggestdreamthesedays。/SpendingthesummervacationinFloridaisquiteafunnything.二、通常情況下,動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞-ed形式在句中可充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),分句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)和主句的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Goinghome,aflowerpothitmeonthehead。×Goinghome,Iwashitontheheadbyaflowerpot?!套⒁?用—ing還是—ed形式取決于分詞及主句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系Lookingatinthisway,theproblemismucheasier.×Lookedatinthisway,theproblemismucheasier.√當(dāng)這兩種形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),由while,when,once,if,unless,though等詞引導(dǎo)的從句中的主語(yǔ)若和主句主語(yǔ)一致,可以直接寫(xiě)成while,when,once,if,unless,though+分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:When(weare)talkingaboutthenewplan,weareveryexcited。三、不定式的幾種形式:1.不定式的一般式,即“to+動(dòng)詞原形”,表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或之后發(fā)生。Iamgladtoseeyou。Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook。
2。不定式的完成式,即“tohave+過(guò)去分詞",表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,它的邏輯主語(yǔ)也是句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ).如:Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers。Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble。Robertissaid
___(dá)____(dá)___(dá)__abroad,butIdon'tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin。A.tohavestudied
B.tostudy
C.tobestudying
D。tohavebeenstudying英語(yǔ)中一些表示希望、愿望的詞,如wouldlove,meant,hoped,expected,planned,wished,wanted等詞常與不定式的完成式連用,表示過(guò)去曾希望過(guò),但未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)。它們之所以未能實(shí)現(xiàn),??赏ㄟ^(guò)后面but連接的句子看出來(lái).如:Ihopedtohavesee(cuò)nyouyesterday,butIdidn'thavetime.Iwouldlove___(dá)___(dá)______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport。
A.togo
B.tohavegone
C.going
D.havinggone3、不定式的進(jìn)行式(tobe+現(xiàn)在分詞)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:Theyseemedtobeeatingsomethingtheyhadcookedonthefire。(tobee(cuò)ating與seemed同時(shí)發(fā)生)Wepretendedtobeworkingveryhardwhenhecamein.(tobeworking與pretended同時(shí)發(fā)生)4、不定式的被動(dòng)式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),要用不定式被動(dòng)形式,即tobedone或tohavebeendone。如:Shehatedtobelaughedat.Themagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading—room.四、不帶to不定式hadbetter/wouldrather/wouldsooner/would(just)assoon/might(just)aswell,cannotbut/cannothelpbute.g.I’dratherhavee(cuò)ggsandbaconforbreakfast.Sinceit’safinedaywemightaswellwalk.Wecouldnotbutweepat(yī)thesadnews。wouldrather/wouldsooner/would(justassoon)之后也能跟than-/as—分句,表示“寧愿-——而不愿",在than-/as—分句中用不帶to不定式.e.g。Hewouldratherlistentoothersthantalkhimself?!癛atherthan/soonerthan"置于句首時(shí),其后跟不帶to的不定式;若出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí),其后不定式既可帶to也可不帶toe.g.Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.Hedecidedtowriteratherthan(to)telephone.Ratherthan_________(dá)___onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers______(dá)___(dá)___abicycle。
A.ride;ride
B.riding;ride
C.ride;toride
D。toride;riding在make,bid,command,tell,let,have等使役動(dòng)詞和see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch等感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)之后用不帶to的不定式e。g.Imadehimtellmethetruth.Theydidn'tobserveChristieinandgoupstairs。在介詞except/but之后:如果except/but之前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式,其后通常用不帶to不定式,否則帶toe。g。Theydidnothingexceptwork。/Ihavenothingtodobutstay。There’snochoicebuttowait.Why/whynot五、帶to的動(dòng)詞agree,aim,apply,arrange,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,pretend,profess,promise,refuse,resole,seek,swear,threat(yī)en,undertake,venture,voluntee(cuò)r,vow,andetc。六、帶—ing的動(dòng)詞??admit,acknowledge,anticipate,advocate,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp,can’tresist,can’tstand,consider,contemplat(yī)e,defer,delay,deny,detest,dislike,don’tmind,ensure,enjoy,escape,excuse,evade,facilitate,fancy,favor,finish,imagine,include,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,resent,report,risk,stop,suggest,andetc.有些動(dòng)詞如stop,
remember,
forget,
try,
mean,like,hat(yī)e,regret,prefer等接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ),意思各不相同。try
doing
sth試試看(沒(méi)有付諸的行動(dòng))
try
to
do盡力去做(已有行動(dòng))
mean
doing
sth意味著
?mean
to
do
sth打算1。_____atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesn’tseemsogloomy.(2000)A.Looking? B.Looked ?C.Havinglooked??D。Tolook
2。____(dá)_himtomorrow?(2001) A.Whynottocallon??B.Whydon’tcallon?C.Whynotcallingon??D.Whynotcallon3。__(dá)__(dá)_isnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife.(2001)?A.tobenottall B.Nottobetall C。Beingnottall??D.Notbeingtall4.Evenasagirl,tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteachers.(2001)A.performingbyMelissawereB。itwasknownthatMelissa’sperformanceswereC。knowingthatMelissa’sperformanceswereD.Melissaknewthatperformingwas5.AIDSissaid____(dá)_thenumber—onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion。(2002) A。being ??B.tobe? ??C.tohavebee(cuò)n??D.havingbeen6。Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential____(dá)_forthat(yī).(2003)?A.forustobeprepared ? B。thatweareprepared C.ofustobeprepared ? D。ourbeingprepared7。TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved__(dá)___ofimposingnewtaxestoraisee(cuò)xtrarevenue.(2004)?A.thatheisthinking??B。tobethinking?C。that(yī)heistothink?D.tothink8。Ifnot_____(dá)withtherespecthefeelsduetohim,Jackgetsveryill—temperedandgrumblesallthetime.(2004) A。beingtreated ?B.treated? C.betreated??D。havingbeingtreated?9.What’sthechanceof__(dá)___ageneralelectionthisyear?(2005)?A.therebeing? B。theretobe ?C。therebe??D.theregoingtobe10.Themee(cuò)tingwasputoffbecausewe__(dá)___(dá)ameetingwithoutJohn.(2005)?A.objectedhaving??B.wasobjectedtohaving C.objectedtohave D.objectedtohaving11.Lindawas___(dá)__toexperimentamonthago,butshechangedhermindatthelastminute.(2007)?A。tostartB.tohavestartedC。tobestartingD.tohavebeenstarting12.Itisnotuncommonforthere______(dá)_problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.?A.beingB.wouldbeC.beD.tobe13.__(dá)______at(yī)inhisway,thesituationdoesnotseemsodesperate。(2007)?A.LookingB.lookedC.BeinglookedD。tolook14.Whataniceday!Howaboutthethreeofus___(dá)__(dá)awalkintheparknearby?(2009)?A.totakeB。takeC.takingD。tobetaking15."Itseemsthatshewasthereattheconference.”Thesentencemeansthat(yī)(2009)
A。shesee(cuò)mstobethereattheconference.
B.sheseemedtobethereattheconference.
C.sheseemstohavebeenthereat(yī)theconference.?D.sheseemedtobeingthereattheconference。16。"Themanpreparingthedocumentsisthefirm'slawyer"hasallthefollowingpossiblemeaningsEXCEPT(2009)
A.themanwhohaspreparedthedocuments..。
B。themanwhohasbeenpreparingthedocuments.。。?C.themanwhoispreparingthedocuments..。
D.themanwhowillpreparethedocuments...17.Inthesentence"It’snousewaitingforher”,theitalicizedphraseis____。(2010)?A.theobject
B.anadverbial
C.acomplement
D.thesubject18。_____shouldnotbecomeaseriousdisadvantageinlifeandwork.(2010)
A。Tobenottall
B.Notbeingtall
C。Beingnottall
D。Nottobetall非限定性動(dòng)詞:BDDDC,ABAAD,BDBCC,DDB特殊用法:獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在某些情況下,主句和分句的主語(yǔ)無(wú)法保持一致,這時(shí)我們要用“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”,即分詞擁有自己獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ):Weatherpermitting,wewillgoforapicnictomorrow。Timegiven,wewillfulfillthetaskbetterthanthem.注意:1。用-ing還是-ed形式取決于分詞及其主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系2.-ing或-ed所用時(shí)態(tài)取決于主句和分句的時(shí)間先后順序e。g.Thepolicyhavingbee(cuò)nmade,thenextproblemwashowtocarryitout.1.There__(dá)__(dá)_nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.(2000)A。tobe? B.tohavebeen? C.being D。be2.Agricultureisthecountry’schiefsourceofwealth,wheat_____byfarthebiggestcerealcrop。(2003)A.is ?B.been???C。be ? ?D.being3。Time_____(dá),thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.(2003)A.permit???B。permitting??C.permitted???D。permits4.Thereareonlytenapplesleftinthebaskets,__thespoiltones。(2006)AnotcountingBnottocountCdon’tcountDhavingnotcounted獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):CDBAII?限定詞、代詞一、限定詞的先后順序:前位、中位、后位限定詞前位限定詞:all,both,half;double,twice,threetimes;one-third,two—fifths;what,such(a/an),etc。中位限定詞:a/an,the;this,that,these,those;my,your,his,her,Mary’s;some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc.后位限定詞:one,two,three;first,second,next,last,other;many,much,(a)few,(a)little;several,plentyof,alotof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,alarge/smallamountof;suchetc。e.g.allyourthreebooks,alltheselastfewyears,halfhislecture,allotherstudents,suchamisfortune,nosuchthing,severalhundredguests注意:such既屬于前位限定詞(sucha/an),又可歸入后位限定詞,即在與其它限定詞(some,any,no,all,few,another,other,many,one,two)搭配時(shí),放在其后,如somesuch,anysuch,nosuch,fewsuch,onesuch等。三、1。some,any:當(dāng)some與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配時(shí),相當(dāng)于acertain的含義;而any與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配,則相當(dāng)于every的含義:Someboyhasbrokenawindow.Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.2.a(chǎn)ll,both,none(noone),every,each,either,neither四、1.只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞:alittle(bit)of,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,much,less,least2.quiteafew,agoodfew,notafew不表示“少”,而表示“相當(dāng)多”e.g.Quiteafewofusaregettingworried。Youwillhavetowaitagoodfewweeks。3.manya只能與單數(shù)名詞搭配:Manyastudenthasseenthefilm.五、代詞:1.先行項(xiàng)為everyone,noone,anyone,someone等復(fù)合詞時(shí),代詞及相應(yīng)的限定詞按照語(yǔ)法一致原則用單數(shù)形式:e。g.Ifanyonecalls,tellhimI’llbebacklater.但在非正式語(yǔ)體中也可用復(fù)數(shù)代詞:e.g。Everyonewasclappingtheirhands。2.先行項(xiàng)為某些集體名詞時(shí)代詞的選擇取決于該集體名詞的意義e。g。Theteamhaswonitsfirstgame。Theteamarenowonthefloortakingtheirpracticeshotsatthebasket.3。不定代詞one通常用于正式語(yǔ)體,為避免在同一句中多次重復(fù)one/one’s,凡是要重復(fù)one/one’s的地方,可用he/his來(lái)取代。e.g.Onemustremembertoremainstillwhenheattendsaconcert。4。指示代詞的用法:this,that,these和those1)為避免重復(fù),可用that和those代替前面提到的名詞。如:Ourgrainoutputisnow5timesthatof1980.(that=thegrainoutput)2)用來(lái)回指上文提到的事情時(shí),可用this或that,但是若要指下文敘述的事情,通常要用this。如:Iwanttoknowthis:Isshebeautiful?3)除用作代詞外,this和that還可用作副詞,用以修飾形容詞或副詞,意為“這么”、“那么",相當(dāng)于so.如:I'vedoneonlythatmuch。Ishealwaysthisbusy?1._____(dá)ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.(2002)?A。None? B.Both C.Neither??D.All2。Yourideas,_____,seemunusualtome.(2003) A。likeher B。likehers ?C。similartoher D.similartoherself3.Becausefuelsuppliesarefiniteandmanypeoplearewasteful,wewillhavetoinstall_____solarheatingdeviceinourhome。(2005)?A。sometypeof??B。sometypesof ?C.sometypeofa D.sometypesof4。Hisremarkswere_____annoyeverybodyatthemee(cuò)ting.(2005) A.soasto?? ?B.suchasto? ?C.suchto D.asmuchasto5.--—Whyareyoustaring?——-I’veneverseen_____treebefore.(2005)?A。kindof??B.thatkindof??C.suchkind??D.such6。Landbelongstothecity;thereis__(dá)thingasprivateownershipofland.(2006)AnosuchaBnotsuchCnotsuchaDnosuch7.Mydaughterhaswalkedeightmilestoday。Weneverguessedthat(yī)shecouldwalk__far.(2006)A/BsuchCthatDas8.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECT?(2008)?A.Allhislectureswereboring。C.Herfewfriendsareallfondofdancing。
B。Halfhismoneywasgone。D.Heinvitedmanyhisfriendstotheparty.9.Thefollowingareallcorrectresponsesto”Whotoldthenewstotheteacher?"EXCEPT(2008)
A。Ji
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