哈佛大學幸福課第二課中英文講義

哈佛大學幸福課第二課中英文講義哈佛大學幸福課第二課中英文講義哈佛大學幸福課第二課中英文講義哈佛大學幸福課第二課中英文講義編制僅供參考審核批準生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:哈佛大學幸福課第二課中英文講義早上好Hi.Goodmorning.很高興你們都來了I'msogladthatyoucame.我還擔心在這種天氣沒人會來Iwasworriedthatnoonewouldshowupinthisweather.很高興你們都很好I'mgladyouareOk.首先做幾個聲明Justacoupleofannouncements.我通過郵件收到的幾個問題QuestionsthatIreceivedviaemail.在開始課程之前我要說的幾件事情Afewthingsbeforewejumpintothematerial.首先有人問我"這門課程是為誰設置的"Firstofall,Iwasasked,"whoisthisclassfor"這是積極心理學"Isitforpeople--youknowit'spositivepsychology--"它是為非常不開心的人設置的嗎"peoplethatareveryunhappy"它只是為抑郁的人設置的嗎"Isitonlyforpeoplewhoaredepressed"這門課程是為誰設置的"whoisthisclassfor"這門課程的授課對象是Well,theclassisforanyonewhoisinterestedin對積極心理學有興趣的人及想更開心的人Positivepsychologyandanyonewhowantstobehappier.如果你非常開心你還可以更開心Ifyouareextremelyhappy,youcanstillbehappier.如果你非常不開心你也可以更開心Ifyouareveryunhappy,youcanstillbehappier.所以這門課程適合任何sotheclassessentiallyisforanyone對它感興趣的人who'sinterestedinthematerial-我會邀請有興趣投入andIwouldaddsomeonewhoisreallyinterestedtowork,我們上次談到的那種努力的人上來toputthekindofeffortthatwetalkedaboutlasttime.你不需要投入那種Justnotthekindofeffortthatwewouldrequireyouto為了明白某個概念而大為頭痛的努力wreckyourheadaboutunderstandingcertainconcept,而是努力把這些觀念融入你的生活butitiseffortintermsofapplyingtheseideastoyourlives.也許你之所以上這門課程Nowyoumaywanttotakethisclass,是因為你對積極心理學的理論感興趣becauseyouareinterestedonacademiclevelinpositive這也沒問題psychologythat'sperfectlyfine.你將會得到很多...Andyou'llgetmany--我們每節(jié)課都會談到非常多的研究we'lltalkaboutnumerousstudiesineverylecture,從下節(jié)課開始startingnexttime.我們將接二連三地談到那些研究We'lltalkaboutstudyafterstudyafterstudy,所以你也可以得到理論方面的知識soyou'llgetthatelementaswell.但是如果你修積極心理學However,ifyouarethinkingabouttakingpositivepsychology是為了個人利益那么你就需要努力forpersonalbenefits,youneedtoputtheeffortin.對此今天我會作進一步的闡述AndI'lltalkmoreaboutthattoday.所以這門課程任何人都可以修Sotheclassisforeveryone.包括那些非常開心而且想更開心的人Anyonewho'sextremelyhappyandwantstobehappier,及那些不開心但是想更開心的人andanyonewho'snothappyandwantstobehappier.考試成績這不是個問題Pass/fail--perfectlyfine.這門課程的宗旨以你們的利益為上Againtheideaaboutthisclassisfirstandforemostforyou.所以我建議如果你想及格SoIwouldurgeyouifyoudotakepass那么就要努力andfailtoputinthework,因此是否及格的決定因素之一andthat'swhytheoneelementofpass/failisnotnegotiableis就是所有的回應報告必須交上來thatalltheresponsepapershavetobesubmitted.回應報告不會評分Nowtheresponsepapers,asyouknow,arenotgraded.它們基本上就是心得體會Theyarebasicallyreflectionpapers.也就是你會思考能夠融入Willyoureflectabouttheideasaboutthings你的生活的想法和事情嗎t(yī)hatcanbeappliedtoyourlife它們是必需要交的Buttheyarerequired.你交上來你就及格Soyouhandthemin,youpass.不交就不及格Ifyoudon'thandthemin,youfail.除此之外Butotherthanthat,byallmeans,如果你想?yún)⒓涌荚嚹且矝]問題ifyouwanttotakethisclasspass/fail,it'sperfectlyfine.第三件事Thirdthing,在這門課程你將會接觸很多理論和觀點you'llbeexposedtomanytheories,tomanyideasinthisclass.不是所有理論觀點都會引起你的共鳴Noteverythingwouldresonateofyou.2008年出版了一本很棒的書There'sawonderfulbookjustcameoutin2008,就在兩周前書名叫《快樂之道》justtwoweeksago,called"TheHowofHappiness"它由SonjaLyubomirsky所著bySonjaLyubomirsky.在書中她談到了一個概念...Andthereshetalksabouttheconcept--她是加州大學河濱分校的教授she'saprofessoratRiverside(UC),哈佛大學的畢業(yè)生斯坦福大學的研究生HarvardcollegegraduateandwenttoStanfordforgraduateschool她談到了找到"適合"的重要性shetalksabouttheimportanceoffindingfit,63也就是某種方法meaningthefitbetweencertaintechnique,某種工具某種觀點是否適合你ortool,oridea,andyourself.并不是你聽到的每種觀點Noteveryidea,每種研究noteverystudythatyou'veheardabout,以及你運用的每種介入方法...noteveryinterventionthatyouactuallypractice你在生活中將會運用介入方法andyouwillpracticeinterventionsinyourlife,不管是作善舉whetherit'sdoingactsofkindness,還是表達感激whetherit'sexpressinggratitude,還是體育鍛煉還是寫日記whetherit'sphysicalexercising,whetherit'sjournaling.這些事情你在整個學期里都要做Youwilldoallthesethingsthroughoutthesemester.然而并不是一切都適合你Noteverythingwouldberightforyou.你將會接觸它You'llbeexposedtoit.嘗試它You'lltryit.然后你將作出決定Andthenyou'llmakeupyourmind,"對我想把它融入到生活中""yes,thisiswhatIwanttoincorporate"或者"不它對我沒什么意義"or"no,thisisjustnotrelevantforme."所以記住這一點很重要Soit'simportanttokeepthatinmind.我所說的一切都有研究論證AnythingthatItalkaboutisbackedbyresearch,但是研究沒有說它適合所有人buttheresearchdoesn'tsayit'srightforeveryone.它說這對于大多數(shù)人或者對于很多人Itsaysit'sformostpeopleorformanypeople;都有作用或者正在起作用thishasworkedoritisworking.所以你要積極參與到課程中Soagainbeanactiveparticipantinthisclass而非某種學說的被動接受者asopposedtopassiverecipientofadoctrine.鑒別哪些東西適合你...不是一切東西Andidentifythethingsthatworkforyou--noteverything.我敢說并非一切東西都適合你Iguaranteenoteverythingwillworkforyou,但是有很多東西會適合你butalotofthingswill.關于我之前提到的回應報告YourresponsepapersthatIjustmentionedearlier:它們在下午五點鐘就要交很抱歉theyaredueat5pm,sorry,從下周二開始你將在每周二下午五點收到y(tǒng)ou'llgetthemby5pmonTuesday,startingnextTuesday.然后在周日下午五點前交到你的任務組Andtheywillbedueat5pmonSundaytoyourTF.回應報告對大多數(shù)人來說Againtheresponsepapersareusuallyformostpeoplefun,都是有趣而好玩的活動interestingandengagingactivities.它不會評分它讓你去思考Notgraded,justbasicallyforyoutoreflect,并通過它們?nèi)コ砷Lforyoutogrowthroughthem.要寫論文的人Thesiswriters.你們中有多少人要寫論文Howmanyofyouarethesiswriters請舉手讓我看看JustsoIgetashowofhandhere.好的很抱歉我沒有在開玩笑Ok,Iamsorry.NoI'mkidding.要寫論文的人你們不用參加期中考試Thesiswriters:you'llnotneedtotakethemidterms.我知道那段時間里非常緊張...Iknowit'scrunchtimearoundthattime-我自己也經(jīng)歷過那段時期beingthroughitmyselfhere.所以你們不用參加期中考試Soyou'llnothavetotakethemidterm.你的期末考占更多分數(shù)Yourfinalwillaccountformore.除非你想?yún)⒓悠谥锌荚嘦nlessyouwanttotakethemidterm,當然我們非常歡迎你參加ofcourseyou'llmorethanwelcometo.我們不會把你扔到教室外面wewon'tthrowyououtoftheclassroom.寫論文的人可以不用參加Yourthesiswritersmay.網(wǎng)上將會有很多公告There'llbemanyannouncementsonline.請經(jīng)常查看網(wǎng)站Docheckthewebsiteontheregularbasis.我們會發(fā)布很多東西而不是向你發(fā)郵件Wecommunicatealotofthings.Insteadofsendingyouemails,我們會發(fā)布公告we'llhavetheannouncements.需要經(jīng)常查看一下大概每天六七次Checkthemregularly,about67timesaday.這只是開玩笑Justkidding.一兩天一次就已經(jīng)足夠了Onceadayoronceeverytwodaysismorethanenough.在開始課程之前...I'dlikeBeforeIdojumpintothematerial今天的課程非常令人興奮andwehaveaveryexcitinglecturetoday,我們會邀請進修學院任務組組長DebLevytoinviteDebLevywhoistheheadTFforextensionschool--哈佛進修學院的同學們soextensionschoolstudents,我知道該學院的一些同學在這里Iknowthereareacoupleofyouhere,還有一些在家里...thoseofyouathome--有請DebLevyheresheis.DebLevy.00:06:13,050-->00:06:14,280好的DebLevy:Alright.我大概有二三十分鐘的發(fā)言時間Ihaveabout20,30minutestotalk所以我會從我小時候講起...這只是開玩笑soI'mgonnastartwithmychildhood.Iamjustkidding.我是進修學院的任務組組長我們很激動IamtheheadTFfortheextensionschoolandwearethrilled.進修學院有296名學生在選修這門課程Wehave296extensionstudentstakingthiscourseonline,也就是說他們會收看視頻whichmeanstheyaregoingtowatchvideos,進修學院的學生們andthenextensionstudents你們會參加電話會議you'llbeinsectionsonteleconference,人們會打電話進來Whenpeoplearegonnacallin,所以我們將會有電話會議therearegonnabeteleconferences這是個很好的機會whichisgoingtobeagreatopportunity.我們跟新西蘭的人打聲招呼Let'ssayhitopeopleoutthereinNewZealand.還有法國的肯塔基州的萊克星頓的人Hi.France.Kentucky.Lexington.真是難以置信It'sreallyunbelievable.另一件事就是我想拍一張照片SotheotherthingisIwanttotakeapictureactually.教室里不準拍照(Tal:Nopicturesintheclassroom.)也給你拍一張TalYou'lltakeapictureTal.我不會授課SoIamnotgoingtodoanylecturing.但是Tal和我有著相似的系統(tǒng)知識ButsinceTalandIhaveverysimilarsystematicstuff,所以如果Tal因某種原因缺席的話soifTalisabsentforanyreason,我會代你授課I'llbedoingthelectureforyou.很好(Tal:Good.)另一件事就是進修學院的學生們Theotheris:peoplewhoareextension,希望你們要耐心點Iwanttoyoubepatient.我們會盡快把信息發(fā)出去Wearegoingtogetinformationoutthereassoonaswecan.大概下周你們就會分組Andyou'llallbesectionedinnextweekorso.能來這里真是太激動了Andfeelthrilledtobehere.好的謝謝你DebGreat.ThankyouDeb.我想以一個故事開始今天的課程SoIwanttostartwithastory,那是兩年前發(fā)生在我身上的事somethingthathappenedtomeexactly2yearsago,恰好兩年justabouttotheday,那是我上次教積極心理學的最后一節(jié)課whenwasthelasttimewhenItaughtpositivepsychology.那學期開始的時候Asthesemesterstarted,同時那是壓力很大的一個時期我的導師itwasaverystressfulperiodalso,mymentor,我要把這節(jié)課程whoIamdedicatingthisclassaswellas以及將來的積極心理學課程獻給allmyfuturepositivepsychologyclassisto,在課程開始前一天去世的PhilipStonePhilipStonepassedawayjustthedaybeforetheclassstarted.那時候我壓力非常大Verystressfulperiod.我生病了病得非常嚴重AndIgotsick.AndIgotverysick.然而我還是上完了課SomehowIgotthroughtheclass.我教授周四的課程它從兩年前開始ItaughttheThursdayclass.Thatstarted2yearsago.課程在周二上ItstartedonTuesday.SoItaughtonTuesday.后來改為周四我服了很多藥SomehowThursday,completelydrugged.然而我還是上完了課ThislectureImadeitthroughsomehow.我回家后無法入睡AndIwenttohomeandIcouldn'tfallasleep.我感到非常痛所以我去看醫(yī)生了Iwasinrealpain.Iwenttothedoctors.那是周五下午我說ThatwasonFridayafternoon,justsaying"我必須要看醫(yī)生我服的藥不起作用""youknowIhavetogo.ThemedicationItookdidn'thelp."我去看了醫(yī)生驗了血Wenttothedoctors.Hadsomebloodtests.幾天無法入睡之后AndfinallyafterdaysIcouldn'tsleep由于痛苦我終于睡著了becauseofpain,fellasleep.那是周五晚上ThiswasFridaynight.午夜的時候電話響了Inthemidnight,therewasaphonecall.我沒有去接我很快睡著了Idon'thearit.Iamfastasleep.我的妻子Tommy拿起了話筒Mywifepicksitup.Tommypicksitup.那是醫(yī)生打來的It'sthedoctor.醫(yī)生對Tommy說AndthedoctorsaystoTommy,結果出來了"thetestresultsjustcamein.Tal要立刻到醫(yī)院來AndTalshouldgettothehospitalnow."她對醫(yī)生說Shesaidtothedoctor,他剛睡著他幾天沒睡了"Hejustfellasleep.Hehasn'tsleptfordays.能不能等到明天再去Canitwaittiltomorrowmorning"醫(yī)生說不行他要到BethIsrael醫(yī)院Andthedoctorsaid,"No.AndhehastogotoBethIsrael,那里有最好的實驗室可以給他提供治療becausetheyhavethebestlabsforwhatheneedsrightnow."她沒有再說Andshedoesn'telaborateitanymore.Tommy叫醒了我告訴我發(fā)生的事Tommywakesmeup,retellsmethestoryofwhat'shappening.我起來了SomehowIgetup.她不能帶我去醫(yī)院因為DavidShecan'ttakemetothehospitalbecauseDavid,當時他才一歲他正在睡覺atthattimeoneyearold,isasleep.我們不想叫醒他Wedon'twanttowakehimup.我們叫了一輛計程車帶我到BethIsrael醫(yī)院SowegetacabtotakemetoBethIsrael.路上...這是我不做Ontheway--sothiswastheyearLeverett的常駐導師資格的第二年afterIwasnolongerresidenttutorsinLeverett.我們駛經(jīng)查爾斯河Wewere(),drivingdowntheCharlesRiver.然后我們經(jīng)過哈佛UpanddriveandthennexttoHarvard.我當時看著哈佛看著美麗的河IlookatHarvard.Ilookatthebeautifulriver.四周靜悄悄It'sveryquiet.周五午夜之后沒有多少車輛NotmanycarsjustaftermidnightonaFridaynight.我情不自禁地想AndIcan'thelpmyselfbutthink,如果情況真的很嚴重呢"whatifthere'ssomethingreallyterriblegoingon"他們?yōu)槭裁次缫菇形胰メt(yī)院Imean,whywouldtheycallmemidnighttothehospital--還指定是BethIsrael醫(yī)院BethIsrael,insistingonjustonespecifichospital一定是出了很嚴重的問題Theremustbesomethingreallywrong.我開始思考Andmymindbeginstowander.我說AndIsay,如果我只剩下一年時間呢我在這一年里會做什么"whatifIonlyhaveayearleftWhatwouldIdointhatyear"我變得非常傷心因為我看不到David長大IbecomeverysadbecauseIthinkIwon'tseeDavidgrowup.我以后再也不會有孩子Iwon'tsee--Iwon'thaveanyfuturechildren.在上面要小心謹慎Becarefulupthere.我變得十分憂郁悲傷AndIbecomeverywistfulandsad.然后我問自己好的在職業(yè)上AndthenIaskmyself,"Oksoprofessionally,我在最后一年想做什么whatwouldIwanttodointhatlastyear"我知道在生活在我要做什么SoIknowpersonallyexactlywhatI'lldo.我會用所有時間和家人一起度過I'llspendallthetimethatIcanwithmyfamily.但是在職業(yè)上在這一年我想完成什么ButprofessionallywhatdoIwanttoaccomplishinthisyear我的第一反應就是Andmyimmediateresponsewas我要留下一個系列的課程Iwanttoleavebehindacoherentbodyofwork,一個向人們介紹積極心理學的系列課程acoherentcourseintroducingpeopletopositivepsychology.我到達醫(yī)院之后再進行了一些檢查WhileIarrivedatthehospital,Ihadsomemorechecks.結果是沒什么嚴重情況Itendsupbeingnothingtooserious.他們讓我服抗生素Theyputmeonantibiotics.幾天之內(nèi)我就開始復原了AndwithinacoupleofdaysIamonthewaytorecovery.但是今天我要和你們探討Iwanttosharewithyoutodaythoughwhy.為什么對我最重要的事情...Whyisitthemostimportantthingforme那時和現(xiàn)在都是如此atthattimeandstilltoday,就是留下一系列istoleavebehindacoherentbodyofwork關于積極心理學的課程aboutpositivepsychology,向你們介紹這個奇妙的領域tointroduceyoutothiswonderfulfield為什么是積極心理學為什么是這個領域WhypositivepsychologyWhyisitItsownfield為什么不只是研究Whyisitnot--well,juststudyhappiness,社會心理學或臨床心理學的幸福wellbeingaspartofsocialpsychologyorclinicalpsychology為什么世界上這么多學者Whyhavesomanyscholarsaroundtheworld都在研究積極心理學這個概念unitedaroundthisconceptofpositivepsychology這是我今天要說的SothisiswhatIwanttodotoday.2000年DavidMyers做了一項研究Intheyearof2000,aresearchwasdonebyDavidMyers.霍普學院的DavidMyers你們當中學過DavisMyers,fromHopeCollege--someofyou社會心理學的可能讀過他的書who'vestudiedsocialpsychologymayhavereadhistextbook,他做了心理學概念方面的研究didresearch,lookingatpsychologicalabstracts.他研究的是Whathelookedatwastheratio"消極研究"和"積極研究"之間的比率between"negativeresearch"and"positiveresearch".這是他的研究結果Hereiswhathefound.從1967年到2000年From1967toyearof2000-這是積極心理學的形成期thiswasaroundthetimewhenpositivepsychologystarted,他發(fā)現(xiàn)在這33年里有5000篇文章研究憤怒whathefoundinthe33yearsareover5000articlesonanger,5000篇文章研究憤怒5000researcharticlesonanger.超過41000篇文章研究焦慮Hefoundover41000researcharticlesonanxiety還有超過54000篇研究抑郁andover54000articlesondepression.然后他看看積極的概念積極的研究Andthenhelookedatthepositivewords,positiveresearch.他尋找關于快樂的研究Helookedforresearchonjoy.他僅僅找到了415篇研究Andhefoundstaggering415studies.情況會有所改善Itdoesgetbetter.他尋找關于幸福的研究Helookedatresearchonhappiness他發(fā)現(xiàn)在33年里有接近2000篇文章研究幸福andhefoundcloseto2000articlesonhappinessin33years.生活滿意度研究最多超過2500篇研究文章Lifesatisfactioncameontop:over2500studies.但是如果你看看Still,ifyoulookatthat,消極研究和積極研究的對比thenegativestudiesversusthepositivestudies,你得到的比率是21比theratiothatyougetis21to1.每份研究某個積極方面Foreveryonearticleonsomepositiveaspect,積極因素的文章somepositiveelementoflife,不管是研究健康滿意程度快樂還是幸福wellbeing,satisfaction,joy,happiness,都有21份消極方面的文章包括抑郁焦慮youget21articlesondepression,anxiety,精神分裂神經(jīng)衰弱等等schizophrenia,neurosisandsoon.21比1的比率Ratioof21to1.我得承認這是非常令人郁悶的比率Verydepressingratio,Imustadmit.實際上它讓我非常生氣和憂慮Infact,itmademeveryangryandanxious.那些研究主要集中于不起作用的東西上Studiesfocuson,primarilyonwhatdoesn'twork,大部分都是這樣而且這也不是新現(xiàn)象mostlyonwhatdoesn'twork.Andthisisnotanewphenomenon.這是AbrahamMaslow寫的一些東西HereissomethingfromAbrahamMaslow,我們上次提到過他whowementionedlasttime,他在1954年談到過這種現(xiàn)象talkingaboutthisphenomenonin1954:"心理學這一學科對于消極方面的研究""Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessful"遠比對于積極方面的研究成功"onthenegativethanonthepositiveside."它向我們展示了人類的短處"Ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutman'sshortcomings,"他的缺點他的過失"hisillnesses,hissins,"但很少談到他的潛能他的長處"butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,"他的實際愿望或精神高度"hisachievableaspirationsorhispsychologicalheight."好像心理學自愿固步自封"Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonly"讓自己僅限于研究黑暗低劣的一半"halfitsrightfuljurisdictionandthatdarker,meanerhalf."心理學研究什么Sowhatdoespsychologystudy學心理學的人Imeanthepsychologyconcentratorshereknowthat,可能會猜probablyguessthat.我們大量地研究偏見Westudyalotofprejudice.我們大量地研究抑郁和焦慮Westudyalotdepressionandanxiety.我們大量地研究相似性Westudyalotaboutconformity.我們大量地研究判斷錯誤和過失Westudyalotaboutmisjudgmentsanderrors,大概就是專門研究這方面而很少...verymuchfocusingonthisaspectandverylittle--21比1的比率表明很少研究積極方面again,21to1,verylittle--onthepositive.看到這個比率時我想AndwhenIlookatthisratioandIthinkaboutit,那是1954年到現(xiàn)在也沒多大改變thisis1954--hasn'tchangedmuchsince.當我思考它調(diào)查它的時候AndwhenIthinkaboutitandIlookintoit,我覺得心理學需要幫助Ithinkthatpsychologyneedshelp.我真的這樣覺得Ireallydo.你可以從個人的角度想想它Imeanthinkaboutitatapersonallevel.如果一個人一天里有21小時感到消沉thatifyouhadapersonwho21hoursadaywasdepressed而只有一個小時感覺良好會怎樣andonehourinadayfeltgood或者有一天感覺良好便有21天覺得焦慮Oronedayfeelinggoodandthen21daysfeelinganxious和消沉會怎樣anddepressed你會說這個人需要幫助Youwouldsaythatthispersonwouldneedhelp.我覺得這個領域需要幫助AndthefieldIthink,needshelp.但問題是這是正確的比喻嗎Butthequestionbecomes"isittherightanalogy"我們應該這樣去看待它嗎Shouldwelookatitthisway因為21比1的比率是不健康的Becausethe21ratioisunhealthy,從個人的角度來看肯定也是這樣certainlywouldbesoontheindividuallevel,但是它從多個角度反映了現(xiàn)實butitreflectsrealityinmanyways.因為我們今天所看到的Becausewhatweareseeingtoday是越來越多的研究表明inmoreandmoreresearchshowingthatthereismoreandmore世界上出現(xiàn)了越來越多的抑郁癥depressionaroundtheworld,還有越來越多的焦慮東南西北thatthereismoreandmoreanxiety,east,west,north,south--世界各地aroundtheworld.有些人會爭辯道...Andonecouldargue--那些主張繼續(xù)研究這片領域peoplewhoargueforcontinuingtodoresearchinthisarea,而少點研究積極心理的人認為fordoinglessinpositivepsychologies,--我們應該讓這個比率大于21比wellweshouldbedoingevenmorethanthe21to1ratio,因為我們想緩和人們受到的becausewewanttoalleviatetheanxiety焦慮和抑郁anddepressionthatpeopleexperience.今天的抑郁癥病例比1960年高十倍Todaydepressionis10timeshigherthanitwasin1960.部分的原因是人們的意識程度高了Nowpartofitisbecausethere'smoreawareness,我們對抑郁癥的診斷更準確becausewemeasurebetter.但這并非全部原因Butthat'snotall.還因為抑郁癥在客觀上增加了It'salsosimplybecauseobjectivelythere'smoredepression.其中的一種跡象就是最客觀的"診斷"Andonewayofknowingthatisthatthemostobjective"measure"不幸的是就是自殺thatwehaveisunfortunatelysuicide.自殺人數(shù)在世界范圍內(nèi)明顯上升Andnumbershaverisensignificantlyaroundtheworld,327不僅是在美國notjustintheUnitedStates--不管是在中國澳大利亞還是這里whetherit'sinChina,whetherit'sAustralia--aswellashere.現(xiàn)在抑郁癥人群的平均年齡小于15歲Themeanagefordepressiontodayislessthan15.孩子們在很小的時候就接觸了Kidsatveryyoungageareintroducedtothe信息高速公路"informationhighway".通常來說他們都沒有準備好Andveryoften,theyarenotprepared,他們無法有效地應對它notabletodealwithitinaneffectiveway.所以當我們看到這個數(shù)據(jù)時Sowhenwelookatthisdata,我們認為我們需要更多的研究幫助人們wesaywedoneedmoreresearchtohelppeople克服抑郁癥克服焦慮overcomedepression,tohelppeopleovercomeanxiety.這應引起足夠的重視AndIdon'twanttobelittlethat.這非常重要極度的重要Thatisimportant.Itisextremelyimportant.我主張的WhatI'marguing,whatIwillarguefor,是天平的偏移istheshiftofthependulum.這樣它將不會再是21比Soit'snolonger21to1.要有更多的研究關于積極心理學Therearemore,manymorestudiesinpositivepsychology,不是要只研究它根本不是--nottotheexclusionof,notatall,而是讓天平偏移一點butjustshiftingthependulum.這里的情況如何Howabouthere我們的象牙塔里的情況如何Inourlocalvillage有一篇文章...我無法找到更新的研究Thisarticle,--Icouldn'tfindastudythatismorerecent,它是在2004年發(fā)表的thiswaspublishedin2004.《哈佛克里姆森》HarvardCrimson這篇文章說經(jīng)過他們6個月的研究Thisarticlesaysthat,intheir6monthsstudyofthis,哈佛大學八成的學生在過去一年80%ofHarvardstudentsexperienceddepression都經(jīng)歷過抑郁期overthepastyear.我們說的不是大多數(shù)人一天里Nowwearenottalkingabouttheregularupsanddowns經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的情緒起伏我也是如此thatmostpeoplehavetentimesaday--Icertainlydo.我們說的是抑郁Wearetalkingaboutdepressionhere.它會持續(xù)一段時間Foranextendedperiodoftime.根據(jù)這份研究47%的哈佛學生...47%ofHarvardstudents,accordingtothis,--這不是學術研究andgrantit:thisisnotacademicstudy,但是我待會就和你們分享學術研究butIwillsharewithyouacademicstudyinaminute,它發(fā)表在高級期刊上publishedinatop-tierrefereedjournal.但是克里姆森里的研究表明ButCrimsonhasfoundedinitssurvey47%的哈佛學生在過去一年that47%Harvardstudentsoverthepastyear經(jīng)歷過無法正常生活學習的抑郁期haveexperienceddepressiontothepointofnotfunctioning.他們無法出門Sotheycouldn'tleavehome.他們要痛苦地度日Theywerereallystrugglingtojustbasicallygetthroughtheday.47%的人47%.人們看到這個數(shù)據(jù)的時候他們說Nowwhenpeoplelookatthis,theysay"當然了我們要努力研究精神病理學""wellofcourse,weneedtofocusmoreonpsychopathology."21比1還不足夠30比1才像樣"21to1--notenough!30to1soundsmorelikeit."這樣的情況各個校園都有Weseeitaroundcampuses.而不僅僅是哈佛ThisisnotpeculiartoHarvard.絕對不是哈佛才有的現(xiàn)象NotatallpeculiartoHarvard.RichardKadisonRichardKadison,他是這里的心理健康服務中心的領導whoistheheadofmentalhealthserviceshere,他最近在醫(yī)學領域的領先雜志intheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine--《新英格蘭醫(yī)學雜志》上probablytheleadingjournalinthefieldofMedicine,發(fā)表了一篇文章recentlypublishedanarticle,他談到了一項調(diào)查wherehetalkedaboutasurvey調(diào)查對象是全國13500名大學生thatwasdoneamong13500collegestudentsnationwide,他們來自不同類別的學院differentkindsofcolleges,大學公立學校私立學校universities,statesschools,privateschools.他們在這項重要的研究里發(fā)現(xiàn)Andwhattheyfoundinthisverysignificantstudy全國45%的大學生在過去一年wasthat45%ofcollegestudentsnationwideoverthepastyear經(jīng)歷過無法正常生活學習的抑郁期haveexperienceddepressiontothepointofnotfunctioning.《哈佛克里姆森》的數(shù)據(jù)是47%SoTheHarvardCrimsonfound47;在全國范圍的數(shù)據(jù)是45%基本上是一樣nationwide,itwas45--essentiallyidentical,兩者之間的差異并不大nosignificantdifferenceamongthetwo.這是一個全國性的現(xiàn)象Thisisanationwidephenomenon.這份研究表明Inthisstudy,全國94%的大學生感到壓抑94%ofcollegestudentsnationwidefeeloverwhelmed因為他們必須要做的事而不堪負重andstressedbyeverythingthattheyhavetodo.94%94%.這本應該是我們一生中最美好的四年Imeanthesearesupposedtobethebestfouryearsofourlives.事情不對勁Somethingisgoingonhere.不僅是美國才有這種現(xiàn)象NowthisisnotuniquetoUnitedStates.我最近剛從一次游歷回來Ijustrecentlycamebackfromatour.我到了歐洲包括英國法國Iwasin--spenttimeinEurope--intheUK,France;我在中國逗留了很久也去了澳洲spentalotoftimeinChinaandsometimeinAustralia.所有這些地方Ineveryoneoftheseplaces,政府都非常擔憂...thegovernmentsarereallyconcerned;大學校長們都非常擔憂universitypresidentsareveryconcerned越來越多的抑郁現(xiàn)象aboutthegrowinglevelofdepression,焦慮精神紊亂anxietyandgeneralmentaldisorder,自殺率的上升上面提到的所有國家都是如此riseofsuicideratesinallofthesecountriesthatImentioned.所以這是全球性流行病Sowehaveaglobalepidemichere.我們再看看21比1的比率是好事嗎Andonceagaingoingbackso:Isitthe21:1ratiogood它重要嗎它不是應該擴大嗎IsitimportantShouldn'titbeincreased我們怎么可以去研究幸福Howcanweeventhinkaboutstudyinghappiness健康愛和快樂andwell-beingandloveandjoy我們不是應該首先處理Shouldn'twefirstdealwith真正迫切的問題嗎比如抑郁therealpressingproblemofdepression,焦慮神經(jīng)衰弱等等anxiety,neurosisandsoon這樣說確實有些道理--Sometruthtothat,但是在這個課程里我要主張的是butagainwhatI'mgoingtoargueforinthisclass我們也要...isthatwedoneedtoalso,不是專門也不用主要notonly,notexclusively,notevennecessarilyprimarily,我們也要集中研究積極心理學weneedtoalsofocusonthepositive.我要說三個為什么應該這樣做的理由Iamgoingtotalkaboutthreereasonswhyweshoulddothat.首先集中研究有用的東西至關重要Thefirstreasonisthatitisimportanttofocusonwhatworks,因為有用的或者集中研究的會成為現(xiàn)實becausewhatworksorwhatwefocusonrathercreatesreality.如果我們集中研究起作用的Ifwefocusonwhatisworking,它就會在世界起更大的作用we'llhavemoreworkinginourworld,在我們身上以及關系上起更大作用moreworkinginourselves,moreworkinginourrelationships.其次為什么積極心理學Thesecondreasonwhypositivepsychology作為一門獨立領域的研究學科asanindependentfieldofstudyasacoursein是重要的這是因為快樂andofitselfisimportantisthatbeinghappy并非只是對痛苦的否定isnotjustthenegationofhappiness.擺脫我正在經(jīng)歷的Itdoesn'tmeanjustgetridofdepressionoranxiety抑郁或者焦慮并不意味著thatIamexperiencing,我同時就變得快樂了Ispontaneouslybecomehappy.情況并非是這樣問題不會這樣被解決That'snotthecase.That'snothowitworks.最后預防在今天來說非常重要Andfinally,preventionwhichisveryimportanttoday,預防困苦最有效的方法...themosteffectivewayofpreventinghardship,不管是抑郁還是焦慮--whetherit'sdepression,whetherit'sanxiety,實際上是通過專注于培養(yǎng)積極心態(tài)--isactuallybyfocusingonandcultivatingthepositive.我會跟你們分享一些關于這點的研究NowIwillsharewithyousomestudiesaboutthis.這三個原因表明我們需要積極心理學Soforthesethreereasons,weneedpositivepsychology.我從專注于有效方法的重要性開始Letmebeginwiththeimportanceoffocusingonwhatworks.在《積極心理學手冊》的序言里IntheintroductiontotheHandbookofPositivePsychology,我們上次提到的MartinSeligman...MartinSeligmanwhowetalkedaboutlasttime,他被認為是積極心理學之父consideredthefatherofpositivepsychology,影響了很多學者他說networkofscholars,saysthis:"積極心理學的目標是促成一種變化""Theaimofpositivepsychologyistocatalyzeachange"讓心理學從只關注補救生活中最糟糕的事"inpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworst"到同時建立生活中最美好的事"thingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife."請留意他說的是同時Notethathesaysalso.他沒有說專門甚至沒有說主要Hedoesn'tsayexclusivelyorevenprimarily.專注于研究有效的東西至關重要It'simportanttofocusonwhatworks,不管是對我們的關系對我們自身--whetheritisinourrelationship,whetherit'sinourselves,對其他人對哈佛whetherit'sinothers,whetherit'sinHarvard,對美國還是對世界而言whetherit'sinUnitedStatesortheworld--這是為了獲得更多有效的東西inordertohavemorewhatworks.問題是"如何專注于研究有效的東西"Nowthequestionis"howdowefocusonwhatworks"這個問題的答案Andtheanswertothisquestion就在我們提出的問題的本身isthroughthequestionsthatweask.我通過一個案例研究來闡明這點Letmeillustratethroughacasestudy.心理學家在20世紀40年代末開始Psychologists,startinginthelate1940s,研究受危人群studiedat-riskpopulation.越來越多的錢政府資金大學資金Moreandmoremoney--governmentmoney,universitymoney,慈善基金都投入到研究城市或地區(qū)里philanthropistmoney--wentintostudyinthecitiesorplaces所謂的受危兒童的身上wheregenerallythekidswereconsideredatrisk--他們更容易退學morepronetodroppingoutofschool,以后更容易犯罪少女妊娠等等morepronetolater-oncrime,teenpregnancyandsoon.他們?yōu)檫@項研究投入了大量金錢Sothisstudytheyputinalotofmoney,大量的精力alotofeffortintothis.心理學家們問的問題是Thequestionthatthepsychologistsaskedwas"為什么這些人會失敗""whydotheseindividualsfail00:25:47,760-->00:25:50,240"為什么受危人群中"whydoessuchahighpercentageofstudentsin"有如此高比例的學生退學"thatas-riskpopulationendupdroppingoutofschool"懷孕犯罪"GettingpregnantCrime"我們下周再談統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)--Andwe'lltalkaboutthestatisticslateronnextweek."為什么他們當中有這么多人會失敗""Whydosomanyoftheseindividualsfail"他們提出了很重要的問題Nowanimportantquestion,心理學家們動機良好頭腦靈活投入了很多錢goodintentionsofthepsychologists,smartpeople,lotofmoney,投入了很多資源lotofresourcesgoingin.然而變化卻非常少However,verylittlechangewasintroduced.這些研究帶來的變化微乎其微Verylittlechangecameaboutasresultsofthesestudies.很多地區(qū)的情況繼續(xù)惡化Andthesituationinmanyareascontinuedtoexacerbate.情況沒有任何好轉(zhuǎn)雖然動機良好Certaindidn'tgetanybetter,despitethegoodintentions,雖然資源充足雖然人們頭腦靈活despitetheresources,despitethebrainpower它們都被投入去研究這個問題thattwinedintotheresearchingintothisquestion.得到的答案卻非常有意思Interestinganswers--我們需要更好的教育更好的建筑well,weneedbettereducation,weneedbetterbuildings,更多的資源weneedmoreresources,但是實際上發(fā)生的變化很少butverylittlechangeactuallyinpracticecameabout.然后出現(xiàn)了一種范式Andthentherewasaparadigm,20世紀80年代出現(xiàn)了范式轉(zhuǎn)移quiteliterallyaparadigmshiftinthe1980s.通過Antonovsky的努力我上次提到過他ThroughtheworkofAntonovskywhoImentionedlasttime今天我要再次提到他通過AntonovskyandI'llmentionagaintoday,throughtheworkofAntonovsky,及EllenLanger和AliceIsen等其他人的努力andotherpeoplelikeEllenLanger,otherpeoplelikeAliceIsen,心理學家們提出了不同的問題differentquestionsstartedtobeaskedbypsychologists.他們不去問為什么這些人會失敗Insteadofaskingwhatdidtheseindividualsfail,積極心理學家開始問是什么讓某些人positivepsychologistsstartedtoaskwhatmadesomeindividuals成功了即便面對的是不理想的環(huán)境succeeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances也許是有很多人失敗了但并非所有人Maybeitwasthecasethatmanyfailed,butnoteveryone.有些人成功了而且非常成功Somesucceededandsucceededbigtime.心理學家們此時便開始問為什么Andwhatpsychologistsstartedtodothenwastoaskwhy.為什么他們?nèi)绱顺晒hatisitaboutthemthatissosuccessful用Frost的話來說這才是至關重要的Andthat,inthewordsofFrost,madeallthedifference.心理學家們開始識別這些人的各種因素Thepsychologistsstartedtoidentifyelements,以及各個方面并深入分析他們aspectsoftheseindividualsandstudiedthemindepth,他們開始研究這些成功的人