考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海海事大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海海事大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

Canapersonconsiderhimselfathinking,creative,responsiblecitizenandnotcareabouthistory?Cananinstitutionthatproposestofostersuchattributesdosowithoutincludinghistoryinitscurriculum?Manycollegestudentswouldanswersuchaquestionwithanimmediate"Yes!"Butthosewhoarequicktoanswerdosowithoutreflectingonwhathistorytrulyisandhowandwhyitisimportant.

Historyisboring,complainmanystudents.Unfortunately,alotofpeoplepickupabadtasteofhistoryfromtheprimaryandsecondaryschools.Toomanylower-levelhistorycourses(andcollegelevel,too)arerifewithrotememorizationofdatesandeventsdeemedimportantbytheteacherandtextbooks,coupledwithmonotonelecturesthatcouldinducecomasinhyperactivechildren.

InsteadofsimplymakingstudentsmemorizewhenPearlHarborwasattackedbyJapanese,teachersshouldconcentrateoninstillinganunderstandingofwhytheJapanesefelttheyhadnoalternativebuttoattacktheUnitedStates.Historyisadisciplineofunderstanding,notmemorization.

Anothercommoncomplaintisthathistoryisunimportant.Buteventhemostfanaticantihistorystudents,iftheywerehonest,wouldhavetoadmitthathistoryisimportantatleastwithinthenarrowconfinesoftheirowndisciplinesofstudy.Whybeanartistifyouaremerelygoingtorepeatthepast(andprobablynotasexpertly,sinceyouwouldhavetospendyourtimeformulatingtheoriesRevolutionagain?Howcouldanyonehopetobeamathematician,orascientist,withoutknowingthefield'shistory?Evenageniusneedsabasefromwhichtobuild.Historyhelpsprovidethatbase.

【答案】（1）一個(gè)人可以自認(rèn)為是有思想、有創(chuàng)造性、有責(zé)任心的人，卻對(duì)歷史毫不在意嗎？一所提倡培養(yǎng)人的這類(lèi)優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的學(xué)院會(huì)沒(méi)有歷史課程嗎？

（2）很多低年級(jí)的歷史課程（甚至是大學(xué)的歷史課程）都只是要求學(xué)生對(duì)老師和教科書(shū)認(rèn)為重要的歷史日期和事件進(jìn)行死記硬背，還伴隨著枯燥乏味的講課，使原本思想活躍的學(xué)生都變得昏昏欲睡。

（3）老師們不宜讓學(xué)生只是簡(jiǎn)單記住日本偷襲珍珠港事件的時(shí)間，還應(yīng)該將日本為何別無(wú)選擇地襲擊美國(guó)的原因慢慢灌輸給學(xué)生，最終讓他們理解。

（4）然而，即使是那些十分盲目地反對(duì)歷史的學(xué)生，只要他們還算誠(chéng)實(shí)，也不得不承認(rèn)，至少在他們自己所學(xué)的學(xué)科中，歷史對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是重要的。

（5）如果一個(gè)人不知道數(shù)學(xué)界或科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的歷史，他又怎能有望成為數(shù)學(xué)家或者科學(xué)家呢？即使是頗有天賦的人，也需要有一個(gè)良好的基礎(chǔ)去發(fā)展成為天才。歷史就是幫助打牢基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)鍵因素。

2.單選題

Inhernovelof“Reunion,AmericanStyle”,RonaJaffesuggeststhataclassreunion“ismorethanasentimentaljourney.Itisalsoawayofansweringthequestionthatliesatthebackofnearlyallourminds.DidtheydobetterthanI?”

Jaffe’sobservationmaybemisplacedbutnotcompletelylost.AccordingtoastudyconductedbysocialpsychologistJackSparacino,theoverwhelmingmajoritywhoattendreunionsaren'tthereinvidiouslytocomparetheirrecentaccomplishmentswiththoseoftheirformerclassmates.Instead,theyhope,primarily,torelivetheirearliersuccesses.

Certainly,afewreturntoshowtheirformerclassmateshowwelltheyhavedone;othersenjoyobservingthechangesthathaveoccurredintheirclassmates(notalwaysinthemselves,ofcourse).Butthemajoritywhoattendtheirclassreunionsdosotorelivethegoodtimestheyrememberhavingwhentheywereyounger.Inhisstudy,Sparacinofoundthat,ashighschoolstudents,attendeeshadbeenmorepopular,moreoftenregardedasattractive,andmoreinvolvedinextracurricularactivitiesthanthoseclassmateswhochosenottoattenD.Forthosewhoturnedupattheirreunions,then,theoldtimeswerealsothegoodtimes!

ItwouldappearthatAmericanshaveaspecialfondnessforreunions,judgingbytheirprevalence.Majorleaguebaseballplayers,fraternitymembers,veteransgroups,highschoolandcollegegraduates,andformerBoyScoutsallholdreunionsonaregularbasis.Inaddition,familyreunionsfrequentlyattractbloodrelativesfromfarawayplaceswhospendconsiderablemoneyandtimetoreunite.

Actually,intheiraffectionforreunitingwithfriends,familyorcolleagues,Americansareprobablynodifferentfromanyotherpeople,exceptthatAmericanshavecreatedamind-bogglingnumberandvarietyofinstitutionalizedformsofgatheringstofacilitatethesatisfactionofthisdesire.Indeed,reunionshaveincreasinglybecomeformaleventsthatareorganizedonaregularbasisand,intheprocess,theyhavealsobecomebigbusiness.

ShellNorrisofClassReunion,Inc.,saysthatChicagoalonehas1,500highschoolreunionseachyear.Aconservativeestimateonthenationallevelwouldbe10,000annually.Atonetime,allhighschoolreunionswereorganizedbyvolunteers,usuallyfemalehomemakers.Inthelastfewyears,however,asmoreandmorewomenhaveenteredthelabourforce,alumnireunionsareincreasinglybeingplannedbyspecializedcompaniesratherthanbypart-timevolunteers.

ThefirstcollegereunionwasheldbythealumniofYaleUniversityin1792.GraduatesofPennsylvania,Princeton,Stanford,andBrownfollowedsuit.Andbytheendofthe19thcentury,most4-yearinstitutionswereholdingalumnireunions.

Thevarietyofcollegereunionsisimpressive.AtPrinceton,alumniparadethroughthetownwearingtheirclassuniformsandsingingtheiralmamater.AtMariettaCollege,theygatherforadinner-danceonasteamshipcruisingtheOhioRiver.

Clearly,thethoughtofcruisingonasteamshipormarchingthroughthestreetsisusuallynot,byitself,sufficientreasonforlargenumbersofalumnitoreturntocampus.Alumniwhodecidetoattendtheirreunionsshareacommonidentitybasedontheyearstheyspenttogetherasundergraduates.Forthisreason,universitiesthatsomehowestablishacommonbond—forexample,becausetheyarerelativelysmallorespeciallyprestigious—tendtodrawsubstantialnumbersoftheiralumnitoreunions.Inanefforttoenhancethiscommonidentity,largercollegesanduniversitiesfrequentlybuildtheirclassreunionsonparticipationinsmallerunits,suchasdepartmentsorschools.Ortheyencourage“affinityreunions”forgroupsofformercheerleaders,editors,fraternitymembers,musicians,membersofmilitaryorganizationsoncampus,andthelike.

Ofcourse,noteveryalumnusisfondofhisorheralmamater.Studentswhograduatedduringthelate1960smaybeespeciallyreluctanttogetinvolvedinalumnievents.Theywerepartofthegenerationthatconductedsit-insandteach-insdirectedatuniversityadministrators,protestedmilitaryrecruitmentoncampusandmarchedagainst“establishmentpolitics.”Ifthisgenerationhasacommonidentity,itmayfalloutsideoftheiruniversityties—orevenbehostiletothem.Evenastheyentertheirmiddleyears,alumniwhocontinuetoholdunpleasantmemoriesofcollegeduringthisperiodmaynotwishtoattendclassreunions.

1.Accordingtothepassage,Sparacino'sstudy___.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasadistinctfeatureofU.S.classreunions?

3.Whatmainlyattractsmanypeopletoreturntocampusforreunion?

4.Therhetoricalfunctionofthefirstparagraphisto___.

5.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.providedstrongevidenceforJaffe’sstatement

B.showedthatattendeestendedtoexcelinhighschoolstudy

C.foundthatinterestinreunionswaslinkedwithschoolexperience

D.foundevidenceforattendees'intensedesireforshowingoffsuccess

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.U.S.classreunionsareusuallyoccasionstoshowoffone’srecentsuccess

B.Reunionsareregularandformaleventsorganizedbyprofessionalagencies

C.Classreunionshavebecomeaprofitablebusiness

D.Classreunionshavebroughtaboutavarietyofactivities

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thevarietyofactivitiesforclassreunion

B.Thespecialstatustheiruniversityenjoys

C.Sharedexperiencebeyondthecampus

D.Sharedundergraduateexperienceoncampus

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.introduceRonaJaffe’snovel

B.presenttheauthor’scounterargument

C.serveaspreludetotheauthor’sargument

D.bringintofocuscontrastingopinions

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.AhistoricalperspectiveforalumnireunionsintheUnitedStates

B.Reasonsforpopularityandattendanceforalumnireunions

C.AlumnireunionsandAmericanuniversitytraditions

D.Alumnireunionanditssocialandeconomicimplications

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Sparacino'sstudy”可以定位到文章第三段中“Inhisstudy,Sparacinofoundthat,ashighschoolstudents,attendeeshadbeenmorepopular,moreoftenregardedasattractive,andmoreinvolvedinextracurricularactivitiesthanthoseclassmateswhochosenottoattend.”，中文翻譯為：在他的研究中，斯帕拉奇諾發(fā)現(xiàn)，作為高中生，參加者比那些選擇不參加的同學(xué)更受歡迎，更常被視為有吸引力，更多地參與課外活動(dòng)。可以得知B選項(xiàng)“表明參與者往往在高中學(xué)習(xí)中表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)的班級(jí)聚會(huì)通常是炫耀自己最近成功的機(jī)會(huì)?！笨梢远ㄎ坏皆牡谌巍癈ertainly,afewreturntoshowtheirformerclassmateshowwelltheyhavedone;othersenjoyobservingthechangesthathaveoccurredintheirclassmates(notalwaysinthemselves,ofcourse).Butthemajoritywhoattendtheirclassreunionsdosotorelivethegoodtimestheyrememberhavingwhentheywereyounger.”，中文翻譯為：當(dāng)然，也有一些人回來(lái)向他們以前的同學(xué)展示他們做得多么好；還有一些人喜歡觀察他們同學(xué)身上發(fā)生的變化（當(dāng)然，他們自己并不總是這樣）。但大多數(shù)參加班級(jí)聚會(huì)的人都是為了重溫年輕時(shí)的美好時(shí)光。因此可知A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到文章倒數(shù)第二段“Alumniwhodecidetoattendtheirreunionsshareacommonidentitybasedontheyearstheyspenttogetherasundergraduates.Forthisreason,universitiesthatsomehowestablishacommonbond—forexample,becausetheyarerelativelysmallorespeciallyprestigious—tendtodrawsubstantialnumbersoftheiralumnitoreunions.”，中文翻譯為：決定參加校友聚會(huì)的校友們都有一個(gè)共同的身份，這個(gè)身份基于他們?cè)谝黄鸲冗^(guò)的大學(xué)生時(shí)代。出于這個(gè)原因，那些以某種方式建立了共同紐帶的大學(xué)——例如，因?yàn)樗鼈円?guī)模相對(duì)較小或特別有聲望——往往會(huì)吸引大量校友參加聚會(huì)?？芍狟

選項(xiàng)“他們大學(xué)享有的特殊地位”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段“Inhernovelof‘Reunion,AmericanStyle’,RonaJaffesuggeststhataclassreunion‘ismorethanasentimentaljourney.Itisalsoawayofansweringthequestionthatliesatthebackofnearlyallourminds.DidtheydobetterthanI?’”中文翻譯為：在她的小說(shuō)《美國(guó)風(fēng)格的重聚》中，羅娜?賈菲暗示，一次班級(jí)聚會(huì)“不僅僅是一次感傷的旅程。這也是一種回答隱藏在我們所有人內(nèi)心深處的問(wèn)題的方式。他們比我做得好嗎?”。以及原文第二段“Jaffe’sobservationmaybemisplacedbutnotcompletelylost.”，中文翻譯為：賈菲的觀察也許放錯(cuò)了地方，但并不是完全沒(méi)有意義。判斷出C選項(xiàng)“作為作者論證的前奏?！闭_。

5.主旨大意題。通讀全文判斷出答案為A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)校友聚會(huì)的歷史視角”，D選項(xiàng)“校友聚會(huì)及其對(duì)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。”屬于文章第四段、第五段內(nèi)容，B選項(xiàng)“受歡迎和出席校友聚會(huì)的原因。”屬于文章第二段、第三段的內(nèi)容，C選項(xiàng)“校友聚會(huì)和美國(guó)大學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。”屬于文章第六段、第七段、第八段、第九段的內(nèi)容。

3.單選題

AUNreportsaysthatmalnutritionisoneofthecommon______ofthepoorinAfrica.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.affections

B.appeasements

C.afflictions

D.attainments

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)affection“喜愛(ài)，感情，影響”，B項(xiàng)appeasement“緩和，平息，姑息”，C項(xiàng)affliction“苦難，苦惱，折磨”，D項(xiàng)attainment“達(dá)到，成就，學(xué)識(shí)”。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句子缺少一個(gè)表語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)malnutrition“營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“苦難，折磨”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：一份聯(lián)合國(guó)報(bào)告稱(chēng)，營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良是非洲窮人普遍遭受的折磨之一。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

“Whichcoatdidyourhusbandbuy?”“Theblackone,butI（）thegreenone.”

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wouldratherhavebought

B.wouldratherbuy

C.wouldhaveratherbought

D.ratherhadbought

【答案】A

【解析】句意:“你的丈夫買(mǎi)了哪一件外套？”“黑色的那件外套，但我寧愿買(mǎi)綠色的那件?！?/p>

語(yǔ)法題?？疾樘摂M語(yǔ)氣。這里表示對(duì)過(guò)去已發(fā)生事情的假設(shè),所以表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬:wouldratherhave+done。故選A。

5.單選題

Artisaboutcreativity,transmutingthehumblestsubjectsintothe（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.subdue

B.subjective

C.submissive

D.sublime

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)subdue“壓制，控制”；B選項(xiàng)subjective“主觀的”；C選項(xiàng)submissive“順從的，服從的”；D選項(xiàng)sublime“崇高的，崇高的事物”。句意：藝術(shù)是一種創(chuàng)造力，能夠把最卑賤的事物變得（）。sublime和humblest“最卑賤的”相對(duì)應(yīng)，使句子通順。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearersbackground,personalityandsocialoutlook.

Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeoples’impressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienatedbyayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.

Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestyleofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits,includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollegestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangethewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobintervieworacourtappearance.

Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming—shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon’tgetajob.”

1.Theauthorbelievesthatwecanuseclothesto（）.

2.Thephrase“agreeon”(Line1,Para.3)canbestbereplacedby“（）”.

3.Itiscommonlyagreedthat（）.

4.Bysayingthat“ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen”,theauthormeansthat（）.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,maleadministratorstendtohireawoman（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.leadotherstobelievewearewhoweappeartobe

B.makeacorrectjudgmentonpeople’spersonalities

C.improveoursocialstatus

D.influencepeople’smood

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.singhighpraiseof

B.beinfluencedby

C.beunanimousin

D.followtheexampleof

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.newscastersshouldbeconservative

B.collegestudentsplayanactiveroleininterpersonalrelationships

C.clothesenablespeopletobeconfident

D.jobinterviewsandcourtappearancesarestressfulsituations

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.womencouldn'tachievesuccessaseasilyasmen

B.womendon’thaveawell-defineddresscode

C.womenhavetomerge“masculine"attributesintoclothing

D.womenenjoymorefreedominthechoiceofclothing

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.withoutfeminineattributes

B.withamasculineappearance

C.withsomemasculineattributes

D.attractiveandfemininely-dressed

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第二段的首句“Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeoplesimpressionofus.由于衣服是社會(huì)信息的重要來(lái)源，我們可以利用它來(lái)改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)我們的印象?！保簿褪钦f(shuō)，可以讓別人相信我們就是我們所看起來(lái)的這個(gè)樣子。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。選項(xiàng)B“對(duì)人們的個(gè)性做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷”不正確，因?yàn)橐路皇翘峁┚€索，不一定判斷就是準(zhǔn)確的；選項(xiàng)C“提高社會(huì)地位”和選項(xiàng)D“影響人們心情”都是改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)我們的印象，讓別人相信我們就是我們所看起來(lái)的這個(gè)樣子。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

第2題:2.語(yǔ)義題。這個(gè)詞組在原文中所在句的意思是“人們往往會(huì)某些衣服類(lèi)型的含義”，“agreeon”本意表示“同意”，再根據(jù)下文的舉例，“青春期的女孩很容易那些穿某種服裝的女孩的生活方式，包括她們可能有多少男朋友，她們是否抽煙或喝酒”。兩處“agreeon”表達(dá)的是同樣的意思，所以這里是指“形成相同的看法”。所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段的第三句“新聞播音員，或者是那些在電視上讀新聞的播音員，當(dāng)他們穿著保守的時(shí)候會(huì)被認(rèn)為更有說(shuō)服力，更誠(chéng)實(shí)，更有能力”，原文并沒(méi)有說(shuō)新聞播音員應(yīng)該保守，所以選項(xiàng)A曲解了原文意思，不正確；再根據(jù)下一句“那些認(rèn)為自己在人際關(guān)系中扮演積極角色的大學(xué)生說(shuō)，他們關(guān)心的是成功扮演這些角色所必須穿的服裝”，并不能說(shuō)明大學(xué)生在人際關(guān)系中起著積極的作用，所以選項(xiàng)B也不正確；根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“當(dāng)你預(yù)期會(huì)有壓力的時(shí)候，比如面試或出庭，或許你會(huì)用衣服來(lái)獲得自信”，選項(xiàng)C“衣服使人自信”，這里的clothing并不是指任何的clothing，而是指特定的某種clothing，所以選項(xiàng)C所指過(guò)泛；選項(xiàng)D“工作面試和出庭都是壓力很大的情形”符合原文。所以本題答案為選項(xiàng)D。

第4題:4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.”可知，在工作場(chǎng)所，男性長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)都有明確定義的成功的先例和榜樣。對(duì)于女性來(lái)說(shuō)情況則完全不同，說(shuō)明男性有明確的穿衣模式，女性沒(méi)有。后文又講到商業(yè)中的女性不知道該如何選擇合適的著裝，由此可知選項(xiàng)B“女性沒(méi)有定義好的穿衣模式”符合原文。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless‘feminine’grooming—shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.”可知，男性管理者傾向于選擇那些女性特質(zhì)少的人任職管理崗位，也就是打扮得不那么具有“女人味”，要帶有一些男性特質(zhì)，比如短發(fā)、適度化妝、穿著簡(jiǎn)單的定制套裝。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

7.單選題

X.IntellectualProperties

UnitedStatesjoinedtheBerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorksin1989.Initsinitialimplementationact,CongressawardednoprotectiontoworksthathadfalleninthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates.

ThiswaschallengedasaviolationoftheConventionprovisiononretroactiveprotectionofsuchworks.CongressreversedcoursewhenitimplementedtheUruguayRoundresultsbecauseitknewitsfailuretoimplementArticle18couldnowbechallengedbeforeWTODisputeSettlementBody.ItthusreimplementedtheConventionbyprovidingextensiveprotectiontocopyrightholdersandrestoringworksthathadbeeninthepublicdomain,whileprovidinglimitedrightsto“relianceparties”thathadbeenexploitingthoseworkslegallywithoutpaymentorauthorization.Thisis,atitscore,thebasisofthechallengethathasreachedtheSupremeCourtinGolanv.Holder—namely,thatrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworksviolatestheconstitutionalrightsofthoserelianceparties.

WhenjoiningtheBemeConvention,theUnitedStatesadheredtoitsmostrecentversion,the1971ParisAct.Article18oftheParisActaddresseshowmemberstatesshouldimplementtheConventionattheirtimeofentry.Article18(1)providesthat:“ThisConventionshallapplytoallworkswhich,atthemomentofitscomingintoforce,havenotyetfallenintothepublicdomaininthecountryoforiginthroughtheexpiryofthetermofprotection.”Article18(2)goesontoclarifythat“[i]f,however,throughtheexpiryofthetermofprotectionwhichwaspreviouslygranted,aworkhasfallenintothepublicdomainofthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimed,thatworkshallnotbeprotectedanew.”P(pán)roponentsofarestrictivereadingoftheseprovisionstendtoemphasizethe“shall”inArticle18(1),butnotthe“shallnot”inArticle18(2).ButtheConventionclearlyestablishestheprincipleofprotectionofexistingworksinsomeinstancesonlywhilealsopreservingmostofthepublicdomain.Takentogether,Articles18(1)and18(2)providethataworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanew—thatis,removedfromthepublicdomainandplaced(back)intheexclusivedomainoftheforeigncopyrightholder(s)—onlyinthespecificcircumstancewhere:(1)thatworkbothremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin,and(2)itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotectionpreviouslygranted(e.g.,forfailuretocomplywitharegistrationrequirement).

87.Accordingtothe2ndparagraph,aworkpublishedin1971andprotectedinJapan,whichwasnotprotectedintheUSbeforetheestablishmentofWTO,is___intheUSin2012.

88.Theunderlinedphrase“relianceparties”meansthosewho___.

89.AccordingtoArticle18oftheBerneConvention,aworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanewwhenaworkremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin___itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotection.

90.Fromtheparagraphs,onecanimaginethatintheSupremeCourtcaseGolanv.Holder,thefollowingischallengedexcept___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.notprotected

B.conditionallyprotected

C.uncertainforitsprotection

D.protected

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.useaworkwiththebelievethattheworkisnotprotected

B.relyontheworkfortheirliving

C.arenotprotectedbyUSCopyrightAct

D.whowereplaintiffsinGolanv.Holder

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.or

B.and

C.and/or

D.but

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecopyrightprotectionofworksformallyinthepublicdomain

B.thelegislativepowertoenactlawdeprivingsomepeople’srights

C.thecorrectnessofArticle18oftheBerneConvention

D.theconstitutionalityofrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】87.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Takentogether,Articles18(1)and18(2)providethataworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanew—thatis,removedfromthepublicdomainandplaced(back)intheexclusivedomainoftheforeigncopyrightholder(s)—onlyinthespecificcircumstancewhere:(1)thatworkbothremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin,and(2)itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotectionpreviouslygranted(e.g.,forfailuretocomplywitharegistrationrequirement).（綜上所述，第18條第1款和第18條第2款規(guī)定，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)——即從公共領(lǐng)域移出并（重新）置于外國(guó)版權(quán)所有者的專(zhuān)有領(lǐng)域——只有在以下特定情況下：1作品在原產(chǎn)國(guó)仍受保護(hù)；2作品在因先前給予的保護(hù)期限屆滿以外的原因（例如，未能符合注冊(cè)要求）而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家不受保護(hù)）可知一本出版于1971年、在日本受到保護(hù)的著作，在WTO成立前在美國(guó)不受保護(hù)，2012年在美國(guó)有條件的受到保護(hù)，因?yàn)檫@本著作在日本受到版權(quán)保護(hù)，而第18條第1款和第18條第2款規(guī)定本公約特定情況下，選B選項(xiàng)“有條件地保護(hù)”；A選項(xiàng)“不受保護(hù)”，C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)其保護(hù)不確定”和D選項(xiàng)“保護(hù)”都不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

88.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段ItthusreimplementedtheConventionbyprovidingextensiveprotectiontocopyrightholdersandrestoringworksthathadbeeninthepublicdomain,whileprovidinglimitedrightsto“relianceparties”thathadbeenexploitingthoseworkslegallywithoutpaymentorauthorization.Thisis,atitscore,thebasisofthechallengethathasreachedtheSupremeCourtinGolanv.Holder—namely,thatrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworksviolatestheconstitutionalrightsofthoserelianceparties（因此，它重新實(shí)施了《公約》，為版權(quán)持有人提供了廣泛的保護(hù)，恢復(fù)了屬于公共領(lǐng)域的作品，同時(shí)為未經(jīng)付款或授權(quán)而合法利用這些作品的“信賴(lài)方”提供了有限的權(quán)利。這是最高法院在Golanv.Holder案中提出的質(zhì)疑的核心基礎(chǔ)，即恢復(fù)對(duì)公共領(lǐng)域作品的保護(hù)侵犯了這些信賴(lài)方的憲法權(quán)利）可知這些原文劃線句子中的信賴(lài)方指的是Golanv.Holder案中的原告，選D選項(xiàng)“他們是Golanv.Holder案的原告”，同時(shí)可知C選項(xiàng)“不受美國(guó)版權(quán)法保護(hù)”和原文不匹配，原文提到信賴(lài)方是合法利用這些作品；A選項(xiàng)“在使用作品時(shí)，請(qǐng)相信該作品不受保護(hù)”，B選項(xiàng)“依靠工作謀生”原文未涉及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

89.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干大意為：據(jù)《伯爾尼公約》第十八條的規(guī)定，當(dāng)作品在其原籍國(guó)仍然受到保護(hù)時(shí)，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)___在因保護(hù)期限到期以外的原因而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家，它不受保護(hù)。根據(jù)題干大意定位到原文最后一段Takentogether,Articles18(1)and18(2)providethataworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanew—thatis,removedfromthepublicdomainandplaced(back)intheexclusivedomainoftheforeigncopyrightholder(s)—onlyinthespecificcircumstancewhere:(1)thatworkbothremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin,and(2)itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotectionpreviouslygranted(e.g.,forfailuretocomplywitharegistrationrequirement).（綜上所述，第18條第1款和第18條第2款規(guī)定，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)——即從公共領(lǐng)域移出并（重新）置于外國(guó)版權(quán)所有者的專(zhuān)有領(lǐng)域——只有在以下特定情況下：1作品在原產(chǎn)國(guó)仍受保護(hù)；2作品在因先前給予的保護(hù)期限屆滿以外的原因（例如，未能符合注冊(cè)要求）而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家不受保護(hù)）可知當(dāng)1.作品在其原籍國(guó)仍然受到保護(hù)時(shí)，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)，2.作品在因先前給予的保護(hù)期限屆滿以外的原因（例如，未能符合注冊(cè)要求）而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家不受保護(hù)，是需要滿足的兩個(gè)情況，可以?xún)煞N情況都滿足，也可只滿足其中一種情況，選C選項(xiàng)“和/或”；A選項(xiàng)“或”，B選項(xiàng)“和”以及D選項(xiàng)“但”都不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

90.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句Initsinitialimplementationact,CongressawardednoprotectiontoworksthathadfalleninthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates.（在最初的《實(shí)施法》中，國(guó)會(huì)沒(méi)有對(duì)在美國(guó)屬于公共領(lǐng)域的作品給予保護(hù)）以及第二段開(kāi)頭ThiswaschallengedasaviolationoftheConventionprovisiononretroactiveprotectionofsuchworks.（有人質(zhì)疑這違反了《公約》關(guān)于追溯保護(hù)此類(lèi)作品的規(guī)定）可知A選項(xiàng)“正式進(jìn)入公共領(lǐng)域的作品的版權(quán)保護(hù)”是會(huì)被質(zhì)疑的內(nèi)容，排除；根據(jù)第二段ItthusreimplementedtheConventionbyprovidingextensiveprotectiontocopyrightholdersandrestoringworksthathadbeeninthepublicdomain,whileprovidinglimitedrightsto“relianceparties”thathadbeenexploitingthoseworkslegallywithoutpaymentorauthorization.Thisis,atitscore,thebasisofthechallengethathasreachedtheSupremeCourtinGolanv.Holder—namely,thatrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworksviolatestheconstitutionalrightsofthoserelianceparties.（因此，它重新執(zhí)行了《公約》，向版權(quán)持有人提供廣泛的保護(hù)，恢復(fù)屬于公共領(lǐng)域的作品，同時(shí)向在沒(méi)有支付或授權(quán)的情況下合法利用這些作品的“信賴(lài)方”提供有限的權(quán)利。這是最高法院在Golanv.Holder案中提出的質(zhì)疑的核心基礎(chǔ)，即恢復(fù)對(duì)公共領(lǐng)域作品的保護(hù)侵犯了這些信賴(lài)方的憲法權(quán)利）可知C選項(xiàng)“《伯爾尼公約》第18條的正確性”以及D選項(xiàng)“恢復(fù)對(duì)公共領(lǐng)域作品的保護(hù)的合憲性”是會(huì)被質(zhì)疑的內(nèi)容，排除；B選項(xiàng)“制定剝奪某些人權(quán)利的法律的立法權(quán)”原文沒(méi)有涉及。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Ithaslongbeenrecognizedthattheimmigrantgenerationoftenarrivesinanewlandaspioneerswithdreamsofmakingabetterlifeforthemselvesaswellasfortheirchildren.Theobjectivesofthefirstgenerationarerelativelyclear:getajob,earnmoney,learnanewlanguage,ifpossible,offeraneducationtothechildren,andingeneralimprovetheirlotinlife.Familyreunificationisanotherpowerfulmotivedrivingmanynewarrivals.Somenewimmigrants,perhapsmorethanthecurrentanti-immigrationlobbymayrealize,oftenwisheventuallytoreturnhometosettlethereoncefinancialconsiderationsallowit.

Theobviousdifficultiesthatmostimmigrantsfaceincludelanguageinadequacies,ageneralunfamiliaritywiththecustomsandexpectationsofthenewcountry(whatanthropologistsrefertoas“culturaldiscontinuities”),limitedeconomicopportunities,poorhousingconditions,discrimination,xenophobia,andwhatpsychologiststermthe“stressesofacculturation”.

Despitetheseobstacles,inmanycases,immigrantsexperiencetheirlotasbeingbetterthanitwasintheircountryoforigin.Becauseofaperceptionofrelativematerialimprovement,manyimmigrantsmayfailtointernalizetheanti-immigrantnegativeattitudesofthehostcountrytowardthem,maintainingtheircountryoforiginasapointofreference.Inaddition,recentimmigrantscommonlyviewandexperiencetheircurrentlotnotintermsoftheidealsandexpectationsofthemajoritysocietybutratherintermsoftheidealsandexpectationsofthe“oldculture”.

Thisispartofaninterestingorientationthathasbeentermed“theimmigrant’sdualframeofreference”.TheSuarez-Orozcoshavenoticedimmigrantsareconstantlycomparingandcontrastingtheircurrentlotinthehostsocietyagainsttheirexperiences,opportunities,andexpectationsinthecountryoforigin.Duringtheearliestphasesofimmigration,thenewarrivalsmaycometorealizethenewcountryasalandofunlimitedopportunities,concentratingonthenegativeaspectsoflifeinthelandleftbehind.Thesecondgeneration,incontrast,cannotcomparetheirowncurrentexperiencestopreviousexperiencesofrelativedeprivation.Instead,theirstandardofassessmentmaybethehostculture’saffluentideals(oftenrepresentedintelevisionandfilms)whichtheyarelikelytofindthemselveslacking.Fromthesecondgeneration’sperspective,theirlotinlifehasdecidedlynotimproved.

Researchershavesuggestedthatsocio-culturalandsocio-economicfactors,aswellasovercrowdedandpoorlystaffedschools,seemtoleadtomanyacculturalimmigrantstudentseventuallytodevelopambivalentattitudestowardschoolsandthevalueofeducation.Inaddition,weargue,ongoingdiscriminationanddisparagementspeciallytargetedto“unwanted”newimmigrantsisparticularlydestructive.Last,whenlearningandsuccessinaninstitutionofthedominantculture—thatis,theschool—cometobeexperiencedasanactofethnicbetrayal,signifyingawishto“bewhite”,learningmaybecomeaproblemtosomeethnicandimmigrantminoritystudents.Asaconsequence,ahighdrop-outratecontinuestobeasevereprobleminsomecommunitiesofminorityimmigra