考研考博-英語-寧波財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-寧波財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

TheStoicsandtheEpicureans,however（

）intherestoftheirsystems,agreedinholdingthemselvesboundtoprovethattheirrespectivemaximsofconductwerethedictatesofnature.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.irresponsible

B.irreconcilable

C.irreproachable

D.irremediable

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。irresponsible“不可靠的”；irreconcilable“矛盾的”；irreproachable“無可指責(zé)的”；irremediable“不能挽回的”。句意：斯多葛學(xué)派和伊壁鳩魯派在其余的體系中是矛盾的，但是他們一致認(rèn)為必須證明他們各自的行為準(zhǔn)則是符合自然要求的。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.寫作題

WriteontheANSWERSHEETaletterofabout150wordsbasedonthefollowingsituation:

SupposeyouareinterestedinaresearchprogramattheUniversityofCalifornia,UnitedStates.Writeanapplicationletter,statingyourpersonalqualities,accomplishmentsandotherreasonswhyyouareamongthosebestsuitedtodoresearchatthatuniversity.

【答案】略

3.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Throughoutextensiveareasofthetropicsthetallandstatelyprimevalforesthasgivenwaytoerodedland,scrubandthejumbleofsecondarygrowth.JustasthevirginforestsofEuropeandNorthAmericawerelaidlowbyman’simprovidence,sothoseofthetropicsarenowvanishing—onlytheirdestructionmaybeencompassedindecadesinsteadofcenturies.Afewauthoritiesholdthat,exceptforgovernmentreserves,theearth’sgreatrainforestsmayvanishwithinageneration.Theeconomiclosswillbeincalculable,fortheprimaryrainforestsarerichsourcesoftimber(mahogany,teak)andsuchby-productsasresins,gums,cellulose,camphorandrattans.Noone,indeed,cancomputetheirresources,forofthethousandsofspeciesthatcomposetheforestcover,thereareonlyafewwhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieshavebeenstudiedwithaviewtocommercialuse.

Mostimportantofall,theprimevalrainforestisareservoirofspecimens,adynamiccenterofevolutionwhencetherestoftheworld’splantlifehasbeencontinuallyenrichedwithnewforms.Therainforesthasthegreatestvarietyofplantlifefoundinanytypeofforestonearth.Anobserverintheforest,lookingforacertaintypeoftree,mightfindoneonlyevery3or4milesorso,yetallthewhilebesurroundedbysingleexamplesofmanyotherspecies.Theseextensivereservesmustbedefendedfromtheacquisitivehandofman.

6.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（）.

7.Concerningtherainforests,manstilllacksknowledgeoftheir（）.

8.Theresourcesoftherainforestsare（）.

9.Thesecondsentenceofthepassagesuggeststhat（）.

10.Theprimaryreasonforconservationofthegreatrainforestsisthatthey（）.

11.Asusedinthepassage,theword“primeval”means（）.

12.Thesituationdescribedissomewhaturgentbecause（）.

13.Theauthorwantschieflyto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Sceneofevolution

B.Virginforeststoday

C.Productsoftherainforests

D.Importanceoftherainforests

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.rateofdisappearance

B.exactgeographiclocations

C.needforprotectivefoliage

D.potentialcommercialdevelopment

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.incalculable

B.somewhatlimited

C.uncommercial

D.ofinterestonlytoscientists

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.manhasbeenunlucky

B.novirginforestshavebeenreplanted

C.manhasbecomemorewasteful

D.tropicalrainforestshavevanished

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.areareasofbotanicalevolution

B.arenotreadyforman’sruthlessax

C.arethechiefsourcesofincomeforgovernments

D.needfurtherdevelopmentbeforetheycanbeutilizedcommercially

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.commercial

B.gorgeous

C.original

D.thick

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.muchoftherainforestisstranglinginsecondarygrowth

B.destructionoftherainforestsmaywellcomewithinageneration

C.richandeleganttimberisavaluableresource

D.botanistscannotstudytherainforestfastenough

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.makemoneyfromforestresources

B.conservethevarietyoflifeoftherainforest

C.studyusesforresins,gums,cellulose,camphorandrattans

D.cureman’sacquisitivenature

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

第6題:C

第7題:B

第8題:B

【解析】6.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文Theeconomiclosswillbeincalculable,fortheprimaryrainforestsarerichsourcesoftimber(mahogany,teak)andsuchby-productsasresins,gums,cellulose,camphorandrattans.（經(jīng)濟(jì)損失將是不可估量的，因?yàn)樵加炅质悄静摹一ㄐ哪?、柚木和樹脂、樹膠、纖維素、樟腦和藤等副產(chǎn)品的豐富來源），后文也有提到雨林的其他作用。可知選擇D選項(xiàng)“雨林的重要性”。A選項(xiàng)“進(jìn)化的場景”，B選項(xiàng)“今天的原始森林”，C選項(xiàng)“雨林的產(chǎn)物”，均過于片面，所以A，B，C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因此，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第一段的第三句Afewauthoritiesholdthat,exceptforgovernmentreserves,theearth’sgreatrainforestsmayvanishwithinageneration.（一些權(quán)威人士認(rèn)為，除了政府的保護(hù)區(qū)，大片熱帶雨林可能會在一代人的時(shí)間內(nèi)消失），A選項(xiàng)“消失的速度”，B選項(xiàng)“具體地理位置”，C選項(xiàng)“需要保護(hù)樹葉”，D選項(xiàng)“潛在的商業(yè)發(fā)展”。因此，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句Noone,indeed,cancomputetheirresources,forofthethousandsofspeciesthatcomposetheforestcover,thereareonlyafewwhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieshavebeenstudiedwithaviewtocommercialuse.（沒有人能夠計(jì)算它們的資源，因?yàn)樵跇?gòu)成森林覆蓋的數(shù)千種物種中，只有少數(shù)幾個(gè)物種的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)經(jīng)過了研究，以便用于商業(yè)用途）可知選擇A選項(xiàng)“不可計(jì)算的，不可估量的”，B選項(xiàng)“有些限制”，C選項(xiàng)“非商業(yè)的”，D選項(xiàng)“只有科學(xué)家才會感興趣”。因此，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第一段的第二句話JustasthevirginforestsofEuropeandNorthAmericawerelaidlowbyman’simprovidence,sothoseofthetropicsarenowvanishing—onlytheirdestructionmaybeencompassedindecadesinsteadofcenturies.（就像歐洲和北美的原始森林因?yàn)槿祟惖膿]霍而被摧毀一樣，熱帶地區(qū)的原始森林也正在消失——只是它們的毀滅可能會持續(xù)幾十年，而不是幾個(gè)世紀(jì)）可知選擇C選項(xiàng)“人們變得更浪費(fèi)了”，A選項(xiàng)“人們一直不走運(yùn)”，B選項(xiàng)“沒有一片原始森林被重新種植”，均沒有提及，所以A，B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)“熱帶雨林已經(jīng)消失了”，原文說的是正在消失，與原文不符，所以D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因此，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段的第一句話Mostimportantofall,theprimevalrainforestisareservoirofspecimens,adynamiccenterofevolutionwhencetherestoftheworld’splantlifehasbeencontinuallyenrichedwithnewforms.（最重要的是，原始雨林是標(biāo)本的蓄水池，是一個(gè)動態(tài)的進(jìn)化中心，世界上其他植物的生命以新的形式不斷豐富起來）可知選擇A選項(xiàng)“是植物進(jìn)化的領(lǐng)域”，B選項(xiàng)“還沒有準(zhǔn)備好迎接人類無情的斧頭”，C選項(xiàng)是“政府的主要收入來源”，原文沒有提及，所以A，B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)“在商業(yè)化使用之前還需要進(jìn)一步的開發(fā)”，是原因之一，但不是主要原因，所以D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因此，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】語義推測題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文首段首句Throughoutextensiveareasofthetropicsthetallandstatelyprimevalforesthasgivenwaytoerodedland,scrubandthejumbleofsecondarygrowth.（在廣袤的熱帶地區(qū)，高大莊嚴(yán)的……森林已經(jīng)被侵蝕的土地、灌木叢和雜亂的次生植物所取代）根據(jù)后文的次生，可得知primeval指的是“原生的，原始的”。A選項(xiàng)“貿(mào)易的，商業(yè)的”，B選項(xiàng)“十分宜人的，很吸引人的”，C選項(xiàng)“起初的，原始的”，D選項(xiàng)“厚的，濃密的”。因此，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干問的是描述的情況有些緊急的原因是什么，根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段的第三句Afewauthoritiesholdthat,exceptforgovernmentreserves,theearth’sgreatrainforestsmayvanishwithinageneration.（一些權(quán)威人士認(rèn)為，除了政府保護(hù)區(qū)以外，地球上的大片熱帶雨林可能會在一代人的時(shí)間內(nèi)消失）可知選擇B選項(xiàng)“熱帶雨林的破壞很可能在一代人之內(nèi)就會發(fā)生”，A選項(xiàng)“熱帶雨林的大部分在扼殺次生植物”，D選項(xiàng)“植物學(xué)家對雨林研究得不夠快”，原文沒有提及，所以A，D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，C選項(xiàng)“豐富高雅的木材是一種寶貴的資源”，根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段的倒數(shù)第一句，可知有少數(shù)是寶貴的資源，但并不是描述情況緊急的原因，所以C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因此，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】作者意圖題。整篇文章講述了熱帶雨林的重要性，有著無可估量的價(jià)值，根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句Theseextensivereservesmustbedefendedfromtheacquisitivehandofman.（我們必須保護(hù)這些豐富的儲備免受人類貪婪的侵害）可知選擇B選項(xiàng)“保護(hù)熱帶雨林生物的多樣性”，A選項(xiàng)“從森林資源中賺錢”，由原文可知只有少數(shù)物種可以用于商業(yè)用途，所以A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，C選項(xiàng)“研究樹脂，樹膠，纖維素，樟腦和藤的用途”，D選項(xiàng)“治愈人貪婪的天性”，都過于淺顯，所以C，D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因此，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

Aconservativemanalways（）hostilitytothechangesthattakeplaceinthecontemporaryworld.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cherish

B.embrace

C.embody

D.harbour

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A:cherish“珍愛”；B:embrace“包括；擁抱”；C:embody“表現(xiàn)，象征”；D:harbour“隱匿；懷著；包含，藏有”。句意：一個(gè)保守的人總是對當(dāng)今世界發(fā)生的變化懷有敵意。根據(jù)語境和句意可知D為正確答案。

5.單選題

Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases（

）automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.persuaded

B.prompted

C.imposed

D.enlightened

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析。句意:燃油短缺和價(jià)格上漲汽車設(shè)計(jì)者縮小大型汽車的研發(fā)，轉(zhuǎn)而開發(fā)全新的小型汽車和卡車生產(chǎn)線。

persuade:說服，勸說。prompt:促進(jìn),促使。impose:強(qiáng)加,征稅,利用。enlighten:啟發(fā)，啟蒙，教導(dǎo)。因此B項(xiàng)符合句意。

6.單選題

Peopleweresurprisedtofindthathehadtheabilityto（）everythinghewasinvolvedin.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.precede

B.dominate

C.pervade

D.denominate

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項(xiàng)precede“領(lǐng)先，在……之前”，指在次序或地位上先于或高于；B項(xiàng)dominate“控制，支配”，指施加決定性、引導(dǎo)性影響于……；C項(xiàng)pervade“遍及，彌漫”，D項(xiàng)denominate“為……命名；把……稱作……”。句意：人們驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，他有能力支配他所參與的一切。根據(jù)句意，該題選B正確。

7.單選題

Youhaveyourchoiceofthree______oficecream.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.varieties

B.tops

C.respects

D.decks

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)varieties“（同一事物的）不同種類；品種”；B選項(xiàng)tops“頂端；表面”；C選項(xiàng)respects“（事物的）方面，細(xì)節(jié)”；D選項(xiàng)decks“（船或公共汽車的）一層”。句意：你有三______冰淇淋供你選擇。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是有三種不同的冰淇淋，A選項(xiàng)varieties“（同一事物的）不同種類”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.案例題

Thinkaboutwhatwouldmakeyoureally,reallyhappy.Moremoney?Wrong.Smiling,well-adjustedkids?Wrongagain.Thefactisweareterribleatpredictingthesourceofjoy.Andwhateverchoiceswedomake,welikelylaterdecideitwasallforthebest.

Theseareinsightsfromhappinesseconomics,perhapsthehottestfieldinwhatusedtobecalledthedismalscience.Happinessiseverywhere—onthebest-sellerlists,inthemindsofpolicymakers,andfrontandcenterforeconomists—yetitremainselusive.Thegoldenruleofeconomicshasalwaysbeenthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.That'swhynationsandpeoplealikestriveforhigherincomes-moneygivesuschoiceandameasureoffreedom.Afteracertainincomecap,wesimplydon'tgetanyhappier.Anditisn'twhatwehave,butwhetherwehavemorethanourneighbor,thatreallymatters.Sothenewslastweekthatin2006tophedge-fundmanagerstookhome$240million,minimum,probablydidn'tmakethemanyhappier,itjustmadetherestofuslessso.

Nowpolicymakersareracingtofigureoutwhatmakespeoplehappy,andjusthowtheyshoulddeliverit.CountriesasdiverseasBhutan,Australia,China,ThailandandtheU.K.arecomingupwith,"happinessindexer,"tobeusedalongsideGDPasaguidetosociety'sprogress.InBritain,the"politicsofhappiness"willlikelyfigureprominentlyinnextyear'selections.Nevermindthattheworld'stophappinessresearchersrecentlygatheredataconferenceinRometodebatewhetherjoyisevenmeasurable.

Whyisthisallhappeningnow?Onlyinthelastdecadehaveeconomists,psychologists,biologistsandphilosophersbeguncross-pollinatinginsuch-awaytoarriveat"happinessstudies."HarvardpsychologistDanielGilberthumorouslysumsupmuchofthenewwisdominhisbook"StumblingonHappiness."Hesays24-hourtelevisionandtheInternethaveallowedusalltoseemoreseeminglyhappypeoplethaneverbefore."We'resurroundedbythelifestylesoftherichandfamous,"saysGilbert,"rubbingournosesinthefactthatothershavemore."

Ofcourse,theideathatmoneyisn'ttherealkeytohappinessisn'tnew.The18th-centuryBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamarguedthatpublicpolicyshouldtrytomaximizehappiness,andmanyprominenteconomistsagreedbutcouldnotquiteembracetheidea.Therewasjustnowaytomeasurehappinessobjectively.

Oneoftheearlyrevelationsofhappinessresearch,fromRichardEasterlinattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,wasthatwhilethericharetypicallyhappierthanthepoor,thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.Thereason,saysEasterlin,isthe"hedoniccycle":wegetusedtobeingricherdarnquick,andtakeitforgrantedorcompareittowhatothershave,notwhatweusedtohave.Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,thankstoourpack-creatureroots.

Thoughmanyhappinessresearcherssay"workless,playmore"istheformulaforhappiness,RuutVeenhoven,aprofessoratErasmusUniversityinRotterdam,suggestsotherwise.Hard-workingAmericansranks17thonhislist;thehard-vacationingFrench39th.HumanbeingsdowantaEuropean-stylesafetynet,butalsowantfreedomandopportunity.

Andperhapsourintuitionsabouthappinessshouldtriumphoverthefuzzydata,anyway.Theeconomicsofhappinesshasgivenusacoupleoffairlyhardandfastrulesaboutwell-beingbeingtrulypoorisbad,andtimewithfriendsandfamilyaregood.Thegoodnewsisthatwhateverchoiceswemakeindividuallyandassocietiesinthepursuitofhappinessthere'sgoodchancethatthey'llseembetterinhindsight.Yetanothertruismofhappinessisthat"weallwearrose-coloredglasseswhenitcomestoourpastdecision-making."saysGilbert.Today'sdreadfullifechoicewilllikelybetomorrow'shappyaccident.

Thepassagebelowsummarizesthemainpointsofthepassage.Readthesummaryandthenselectthebestwordorphrasefromtheboxblowaccordingtothepassage.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Wearepooratprevisionoftheoriginofhappiness,andwewouldprobablybelievethedecisionwemadeisthemostsatisfactory.TheHappinesshasbecome(1)everywherebuttoughtodefine.Nationsandpeoplemanagetogainhigherincomesbasedontheprincipleofeconomicsthat(2)arerelatedtohappiness,butthatisnot(3).Wealthaloneisn'tnecessarilywhatmakesushappy.Itmakesdifferentifwepossessmorethan(4),andthat'swhywefeelunhappytofindthosetop(5)havesuperlativeincome.Somenationsarebeginningtoconsiderissueslikemeasuringsociety'sprogressby(6)aswellasGDP,andresearchersevenheldseminartoexchangesurveysaboutthe(7),thoughtheinfluentialtopicwasadvanced10yearsago.Theissuethatastatepolicyshouldbe(8)thehappinessofthemajority,eruptedmanydecadesagobyBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamandacceptedbymanyeminenteconomists,couldnotfairly(9),becausehappinesscannotbeobjectivelymeasured.The(10)ofthehappinessmadebyRichardEasterlinisthatthewealthmakespeoplehappier,buttheirhappinesswillnot(11)asgreatasitshouldbeiftheyliveabovethe(12).Theycaneasilytakethelifeforgrantedand(13)themoreexpansivewayoflife.Theyare(14)tocomparethelifewithothersandmanagetokeepupwiththeJoneses.RuutVeenhoven,aprofessoratErasmusUniversityinRotterdam,doesnotsupportthe(15)"workless,playmore".Accordingtohisinvestigationofhappinesslist,peoplewantaEuropean-style(16)andwanttoenjoyfreedomandopportunityaswell.Weshouldprobablygobeyondtheconfusinginformationand(17)thefairlyprinciplesofthehappiness:povertyis(18),stavingwithfriendsandfamilyis(19),andthedecisionsmade(20)arebychancetobehappyexperience.

A.happinessindexes

B.putintoeffect

C.preliminaryinterpretation

D.formulaforhappiness

E.terrible

F.earnings

G.safetyscheme

H.measurementofhappiness

I.adaptto

J.Mr.Joneses

K.optimize

L.povertyline

M.thecase

N.acquaintwith

O.innate

P.inthepast

Q.joyful

R.agitatingtopics

S.escalate

T.hedge-fundmanagers

【答案】1.R

2.F

3.M

4.J

5.T

6.A

7.H

8.I

9.B

10.C

11.S

12.L

13.N

14.O

15.D

16.G

17.K

18.E

19.Q

20.P

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段的第二句"Happinessiseverywhere—onthebest-sellerlists,inthemindsofpolicymakers,andfrontandcenterforeconomists—yetitremainselusive."可知,幸福是個(gè)有爭議的話題。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"agitatingtopics"。

2.根據(jù)第二段的三四句"Thegoldenruleofeconomicshasalwaysbeenthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome."經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的黃金法則一直是：幸福是收入的簡單函數(shù)。也就是說人們將收入和幸福聯(lián)系起來。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"earnings"。

3.thatisnotthecase為固定搭配，意為"事實(shí)并非如此"。文中第二段有提到"Afteracertainincomecap,wesimplydon'tgetanyhappier."收人增加不一定會使我們幸福。所以,空格處應(yīng)填"thecase"。

4.根據(jù)第二段的"butwhetherwehavemorethanourneighbor,thatreallymatters."重要的是我們是否比鄰居擁有的更多。以及倒數(shù)第三段的最后一句"Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,thankstoourpack-creatureroots."由此可以推斷，這里的neighbor和Mr.Joneses相對應(yīng)。

5.根據(jù)第二段的最后一句"Sothenewslastweek...madetherestofuslessso."2006年頂級對沖基金經(jīng)理至少賺了2.4億美元，這可能并沒有讓他們更快樂，只是讓我們其他人不那么快樂。所以使我們不快樂的是髙收入的對沖基金經(jīng)理。所以,空格處應(yīng)填"hedge-fundmanagers"。

6.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞"GDP"定位到第三段第二句“...,“happinessindexer,”tobeusedalongsideGDPasaguidetosociety'sprogress.”不丹、澳大利亞、中國、泰國和英國等多個(gè)國家都提出了“幸福指數(shù)”將與GDP一起作為社會進(jìn)步的指南。所以,空格處應(yīng)填"happinessindexes"。

7.根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“Nevermindthattheworld'stophappinessresearchersrecentlygatheredataconferenceinRometodebatewhetherjoyisevenmeasurable.”最近，世界頂尖的幸福研究人員在羅馬召開了一次會議，討論快樂是否可以衡量。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"measurementofhappiness"。

8.根據(jù)第五段的第二句“The18th-centuryBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamarguedthatpublicpolicyshouldtrytomaximizehappiness,...”18世紀(jì)的英國啟蒙思想家JeremyBentham認(rèn)為，國家政策應(yīng)該將幸福最大化。"adaptto"指適應(yīng)于...。

9.根據(jù)第五段的第二句“...andmanyprominenteconomistsagreedbutcouldnotquiteembracetheidea.”許多著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家同意這一觀點(diǎn),但并不完全贊同。也就是說不能完全實(shí)施執(zhí)行。"putintoeffect"意為執(zhí)行。

10.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“RichardEasterlin”定位到第六段第一句“Oneoftheearlyrevelationsofhappinessresearch,fromRichardEasterlinattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,...”由此可知RichardEasterlin曾對幸福做過早期的研究。所以,空格處應(yīng)填"preliminaryinterpretation"。

11.根據(jù)第六段第一句“...whilethericharetypicallyhappierthanthepoor,thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.”雖然富人通常比窮人更幸福，但獲得額外的金錢并不會像擺脫貧困線那樣更能增加幸福。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"escalate"。

12.根據(jù)第六段第一句“...thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.”可知，空格處應(yīng)填入"povertyline"。

13.根據(jù)第六段的倒數(shù)第二句“wegetusedtobeingricherdarnquick,andtakeitforgrantedorcompareittowhatothershave,notwhatweusedtohave.”我們很快就習(xí)慣了變得更富有，并且認(rèn)為這是理所當(dāng)然的，或者把它與別人所擁有的相比，而不是與我們曾經(jīng)擁有的相比。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"acquaintwith"。

14.根據(jù)第六段的最后一句“Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,...”事實(shí)證明，與他人攀比是我們大腦的固有模式。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"innate"。

15.定位到第七段第一句“"workless,playmore"istheformulaforhappiness.”"少工作,多娛樂"是幸福的公式。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"formulaforhappiness"。

16.根據(jù)第七段最后一句“HumanbeingsdowantaEuropean-stylesafetynet,...”人類確實(shí)需要一個(gè)歐洲式的安全網(wǎng)...。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"safetyscheme"。

17.根據(jù)最后一段的第一句“perhapsourintuitionsabouthappinessshouldtriumphoverthefuzzydata,anyway.”也許我們對幸福的直覺應(yīng)該超過那些模糊的數(shù)據(jù)。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"optimize"。

18.根據(jù)最后一段的第二句“Theeconomicsofhappinesshasgivenusacoupleoffairlyhardandfastrulesaboutwell-beingbeingtrulypoorisbad,...”由此可知，貧窮是不好的，是可怕的。所以應(yīng)填"terrible"。

19.根據(jù)最后一段的第二句“...andtimewithfriendsandfamilyaregood.”與家人和朋友在一起是令人愉快的。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"joyful"。

20.根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“...weallwearrose-coloredglasseswhenitcomestoourpastdecision-making...”談到我們過去的決策，我們都是樂觀的。所以，空格處應(yīng)填"inthepast"。

9.問答題

Manyoftoday'syoungpeoplehaveadifficulttimeseeinganymoraldimensiontotheiractions.Thereareanumberofreasonswhythat'strue,butnonemoreprominentthanafailedsystemofeducationthateschewsteachingchildrenthetraditionalmoralvaluesthatbindAmericanstogetherasasocietyandaculture.Thatfailedapproach,called"decision-making",wasintroducedinschools25yearsago.Ittellschildrentodecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Itreplaced"charactereducation".Charactereducationdidn'taskchildrentoreinventthemoralwheel;instead,itencouragedthemtopracticehabitsofcourage,justiceandself-control.

Inthe1940s,whenacharactereducationapproachprevailed,teachersworriedaboutstudentschewinggum;todaytheyworryaboutrobberyandrape.Decision-makingcurriculumsposethornyethicaldilemmastostudents,leavingthemwiththeimpressionthatallmoralityisproblematicandthatallquestionsofrightandwrongareindispute.Youngstersareforcedtoquestionvaluesandvirtuesthey'veneveracquiredinthefirstplaceoruponwhichtheyhaveonlyatenuoushold.Theassumptionbehindthismethodisthatstudentswillarriveatgoodmoralconclusionsifonlytheyaregiventhechance.Buttheactualresultismoralconfusion.

Forexample,arecentnationalstudyof1,700sixth-toninth-gradersrevealedthatamajorityofboysconsideredrapetobeacceptableundercertainconditions.Astoundingly,manyofthegirlsagreed.

Thiskindofmoralilliteracyisfurtherencouragedbyvalues-educationprogramsthatarelittlemorethancoursesinself-esteem.Theseprogramsarebasedonthequestionableassumptionthatachildwhofeelsgoodabouthimselforherselfwon'twanttodoanythingwrong.Butitisjustasreasonabletomakeanoppositeassumption:namely,thatachildwhohasuncriticalself-regardwillconcludethatheorshecan'tdoanythingbad.

Suchnaiveself-acceptanceresultsinlargepartfromthenon-directive,non-judgmentalas-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choicesmentalitythathaspervadedpubliceducationforthelasttwoandone-halfdecades.Manyoftoday'sdrugeducation,sexeducationandvalues-educationcoursesarebasedonthesame1960sphilosophythathelpedfueltheexplosioninteendruguseandsexualactivityinthefirstplace.

Meanwhile,whileeducatorsarestillfiddlingwithoutdated"feel-good"approaches,NewYork,Washington,andLosAngelesareburning.Youngstersareleavingschoolbelievingthatmattersofrightandwrongarealwaysmerelysubjective.Ifyoupassastrangeronthestreetanddecidetomurderhimbecauseyouneedmoney一ifitfeelsright一yougowiththatfeeling.Clearly,murderisnottaughtinourschools,butsuchaconclusion―justaboutanyconclusion—canbereachedandjustifiedusingthedecision-makingmethod.

Itistimetoconsignthefadsof"decision-making"and"non-judgmentalism"totheashheapoffailedpolicies,andreturntoaprovedmethod.Charactereducationprovidesamuchmorerealisticapproachtomoralformation.Itisbuiltonanunderstandingthatwelearnmoralitynotbydebatingitbutbypracticingit.

【答案】InhisessayChildrenMustBeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong",WilliamKilpatrickarguesthatthe"decision-making"approachtothemoraleducationofAmericanyouth,whichreplaced"charactereducation"25yearsago,haspreventedjuvenilesfrombehavingandthinkinginaccordancewiththetraditionalmoralprinciplesthatarefundamentaltoAmericansociety.

AccordingtoKilpatrick,decision-makingmethodsinstillinstudentsawrongbeliefthatallnormsofmoralityaresubjectiveconstructswithonlyrelativetruthinthemandthereforecanbeinterpretedflexiblyandevenquestioned.Thisbeliefdeprivesthemofthechancetosecuresolidmoralstandardsandcausesmisconceptionsaboutwhatshouldbeclearlyrightorwrong.

Inparallelwiththisinadequacyofthe"decision-making"approacharetheunexpectedoutcomesofthosevalues-educationprogramsfocusingonstudents,self-esteemthatsupportsthe"non-judgmental"mindsetdominating"decision-making"curriculums.Theirmistakenassumptionthatfeelinggoodwarrantsmoralityexcusesstudentsfromcriticizinganddiscipliningtheirownbehaviors.

Basinghisconclusiononhisanalysisofthefundamentalflawsofthedecision-makingapproach,Kilpatrickfinallyproposesanimmediateshiftbacktocharactereducationwhichhebelievesteachesmoralitymoreeffectivelybyemphasizingpracticeinsteadofdiscussion.

10.單選題

Tomaintainaleadingpositioninthemarket,companieshavetodevelopproductswhicharecheaper,more（）andmorereliablethanthoseoftheircompetitors.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.innovative

B.commensurate

C.enlightening

D.legitimate

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析題。innovative創(chuàng)新的，革新的；commensurate相稱的，同量的；enlightening富有啟發(fā)的；legitimate合法的，合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)?。句意：為了在市場上保持領(lǐng)先地位，公司必須開發(fā)出比競爭對手更便宜、更創(chuàng)新、更可靠的產(chǎn)品。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

11.單選題

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

3.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat（）.

4.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

B.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

C.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

D.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.

C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.

D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.

B.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.

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