托福8天訓練-閱讀1016任務1范例tpo26-sumer and the first cities of ancient near.條件變既定事實

TPO26- SumerandtheCitiesoftheAncientNearWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asadisadvantageofthe

The

ofthecitystatesof【【 ATherewasnotverymuchrainfallformostoftheBMeltingsnowcausedfloodingeveryCThesiepositedbyriversdamagedDTimber,stoneandmetalswerenotreadilyAccordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingmadeitpossibleforanelitetoemerge?ANewcrops【無中生有】weredevelopedthatwerebettersuitedtoconditionsontheMesopotamianBTherichestindividualsmanagedtogaincontrolofthemostvaluablecropland.【無中生有】CControloverthefewavailablenaturalresourcesmadesomepeoplefourtofivetimesricherthaneveryoneelse.【條件變既定事實】DThebuildingofcstoincreaseagriculturaloutputrequiredorganization.Theword“sustain"inthepassageisclosestmeaning ABCD

ancientNearEastappearedatthesouthernendoftheMesopotamianplain,theareabetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversinwhatisnowIraq.Itwasherethatthecivilizationknownas【定義】Sumeremergedinitsearliestforminthefifthmillennium.Atsight,theplaindidnot【否定】appeartobealikelyhome[AW-]foracivilizationTherewerefew【naturalRainfallwaslimited【Q1,A】andwhatwatertherewasrushedacrosstheplainintheannualfloodmetersin500kilometers,thebedsoftheriversshiftedconstantly.Itwasthisthatmadetheorganizationofirrigation,particularlythebuildingofcstochannelandpreservethewater,essential.Oncethiswasdoneandthesiltcarrieddownbytheriverswasplanted,therewardswererich:fourtofivetimeswhatrain-fedearthwouldproduce.Itwastheseconditionsthatallowed【因果邏輯】anelitetoemerge,probablyasanorganizingclass,andtosustainitselfthroughthecontrolofsurpluscrops.Accordingtoparagraph2,EriduandUrukareexamplesofurbansettlementsthatAlackedthefeaturesusuallyfoundinotherearlyurbansettlementsisolated，選BdevelopedaroundreligiousCgrewmuchmorerapidlythanmostoftheurbansettlementsfoundinSumer【因果變比較邏輯】Dweremysteriouslydestroyedandabandoned【明顯Theword“sovereign"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoABCD

Itisdifficulttoisolate【區(qū)分】thefactorsthatledtothenextdevelopment—theemergenceofurbansettlements.Theearliest,thatofEridu,about4500B.C.E.,andUruk,athousandyearslater,centeronimpressivetemplecomplexesbuiltofmudbrick.Insomeway,theelitehadassociatedthemselveswiththepowerofthegods.Uruk,forinstance,hadtwopatrongods—Anu,thegodoftheskyandsovereignofallothergods,andInanna,agoddessofloveandwar—andtherewereotherspatronsofdifferentcities.Humanbeingswereattheirmercy1】.ThebiblicalstoryoftheFloodmayoriginateinSumer.Intheearliestversion,thegodsdestroythehumanracebecauseitsclamorhadbeensodisturbingtothem.【總--e.g1---e.g.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingledtotheappearanceofwriting?AAnincreasinglysophisticatedadministrativeBCoordinationbetweensecularandreligiousCThelargevolumeoftrade,particularlyimports并列DArapidlyexpandingandchangingInparagraph3,whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatthenumberofsignsinusehaddroppedfrom2,000to600by2300B.C.E.?AToarguethatthedevelopmentofwritinginvolveddeclinBTodemonstratethatearlierwrittentextsusedawereaimedatabroaderaudienceCTosupporttheclaimthattherangeofwordsexpressedbylogogramsvariedwidelydependingontimeperiodandtypeoftextDToprovideevidencefortheincreasedefficiencyofusingsignstoexpresssyllablesratherthanwholeAccordingtoparagraph3,ancienttextsmostcommonlydealtwith AtheologyBCD

Itusedtobebelievedthatbefore3000B.C.E.thepoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecitieswascenteredontheirtemples,butitnowseemsprobablethatthecitieshadsecularrulersfromearliesttimes,withinthecitylivedadministrators,craftspeople,andmerchants.(Tradingwasimportant,assomanyrawmaterials,thesemipreciousstonesforthedecorationofthetemples,timbersforroofs,andallmetals,hadtobeimported.)Anincreasinglysophisticatedsystemofadministrationledinabout3300B.C.E.totheappearanceofwriting.Theearliestscript【最早期】wasbasedonlogograms,withasymbolbeingusedtoexpressawholeword.Thelogogramswereincisedondampclaytabletswithastyluswithawedgeshapeatid.(TheRomanscalledtheshapecuneusandthisgivesthescriptitsnameofcuneiformTwothousandlogogramshavebeenrecordedfromtheseearlycenturiesofwriting.Amore【比較邏輯】economicalapproachwastouseasigntoexpressnotawholewordbutasinglesyllable.(Totakeanexample:theSumerianwordfor"head”was“sag.”Wheneverawordincludingasyllableinwhichthesound“sag”wastobewritten,thesignfor“sag"couldbeusedtoexpressthatsyllablewiththeremainingsyllablesofthewordexpressedbyothersigns.)By2300B.C.E.thenumberofsignsrequiredhadbeenreducedto600,andtherangeofwordsthatcouldbeexpressedhadwidened.Textsdealingwitheconomicmatterspredominated,astheyalwayshaddone;butatthispointworksoftheology,literature,history,andlawalsoappeared.Accordingtoparagraph4,theearliestwheelsAweredevelopedinareasoutside【明顯駁斥】BwereusedtomakeCappearedonboxlikesledgesDwereusedtotransportgoodsbetweenTheword“engraved”inthepassageisclosestmeaningABCDWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.AAlsoaround3000B.C.E.,itwasdiscoveredthatmixingcopper,knownfromabout3500B.C.E.,withtinwouldcreateamuchhardermetalknownasbronze.BAlthoughcopperhadbeenknownsince3500B.C.EinMesopotamia,thediscoveryofbronzedidnotoccuruntilaround3000B.C.E.CAnothermajordevelopmentaround3000B.C.E.wasthediscoverythatcoppercouldbemixedwithamuchhardermetalknownastin.DThedevelopmentofbronzebymixingcopperandtinprobablyoccurredaround3000B.C.E.butmayhavehappenedasearlyas3500B.C.E.Theword“widespread”inthepassageisclosestmeaning ABCD

Otherinnovationsofthelatefourthmillenniumincludethewheel,probablydevelopedasamoreefficientwayofmakingpotteryandthentransferredtotransport.Atabletengravedabout3000B.C.E.providestheearliestknownexamplefromSumer,aroofedboxlikesledgemountedonfoursolidwheels.Amajordevelopmentwasthediscovery,againabout3000B.C.E.,thatifcopper,whichhadbeenknowninMesopotamiasinceabout3500B.C.E.,wasmixedwithtin,amuchhardermetal,bronze,wouldresult.Althoughcopperandstonetoolscontinuedtobeused,bronzewasfarmoresuccessfulincreatingsharpedgesthatcouldbeusedasanythingfromsawsandscythestoweapons.Theperiodfrom3000to1000B.C.E.,whentheuseofbronzebecamewidespread,isnormallyreferredtoastheBronzeAge.Itusedtobebelievedthatbefore3000B.C.E.thepoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecitieswascenteredontheirtemples,butitnowseemsprobablethatthecitieshadsecularrulersfromearliesttimes.█Withinthecitylivedadministrators,craftspeople,andmerchants.(Tradingwasimportant,assomanyrawmaterials,thesemipreciousstonesforthedecorationofthetemples,timbersforroofs,andallmetals,hadtobeimported.)█Anincreasinglysophisticatedsystemofadministrationledinabout3300B.C.E.totheappearanceofwriting.█Theearliestscriptwasbasedonlogograms,withasymbolbeingusedtoexpressawholeword.█Thelogogramswereincisedondampclaytabletswithastyluswithawedgeshapeatid.(TheRomanscalledtheshapecuneusandthisgivesthescriptitsnameofcuneiform.)Twothousandlogogramshavebeenrecordedfromtheseearlycenturiesofwriting.Amoreeconomicalapproachwastouseasigntoexpressnotawholewordbutasinglesyllable.(Totakeanexample:theSumerianwordfor"head”was“sag.”Wheneverawordincludingasyllableinwhichthesound“sag”wastobewritten,thesignfor“sag"couldbeusedtoexpressthatsyllablewiththeremainingsyllablesofthewordexpressedbyothersigns.)By2300B.C.E.thenumberofsignsrequiredhadbeenreducedto600,andtherangeofwordsthatcouldbeexpressedhadwidened.Textsdealingwitheconomicmatterspredominated,astheyalwayshaddone;butatthispointworksoftheology,literature,history,andlawalsoappeared.Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Citylifewasdiverse,andthepopulationwasengagedinavarietyofDirections:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesente