醫(yī)學(xué)英語第二章課件

MedicalEnglish:

AReadingCourse(I)外國語學(xué)院張超E-mail:samtengchao@126.comPresentationTopic1:InvestigatethedrugabuseinChinesehospitalsandthemeasurestodealwithit.Topic2:IntroduceLancettotheclass.Note:thistaskcanbedoneinsmallgroups.Thenumberofgroupshouldbewithin5.What’smore,only1-2presentersareallowedtobeonthestage.Chapter2

DrugResistanceandAllergies1.Vocabulary2.Lead-in3.Textanalysis4.Discussion1.Vocabulary（2）..…術(shù)…operationof….縫合術(shù):-orraphy

aneurysmorraphy(suture);動脈瘤縫術(shù)

aneurysm:動脈瘤切除術(shù):ectomy:removal

pharyngectomy咽切除appendectomy:闌尾切除術(shù)append/o:appendic/o:appendix闌尾固定術(shù):-pexy:fixingrectopexy直腸固定術(shù)

rect/o:rectum1.Vocabulary（3）方位/時(shí)間方面的詞綴上：upper//superior;epi-;supra-epithelium上皮組織；下：lower//inferior;infra-;sub-

subcutaneous皮下的；cutane/o:skin前：front//anterior//prior//fore-;ante-;pre-;antero-forehead前額；anteroposterior前后的

precirrhosis前期肝硬化；cirrh/o:orange硬變后：back//posterior//post-;retro-postheptical肝后的；heptic/o:liver;retrocardiac心后的；cardi/o:heart1.Vocabulary內(nèi)：inner//internal//in-;endo-;ento-;entro-;intro-;inhale,inhalation吸入

endoscopy內(nèi)窺鏡檢；-scopy：visualexam外：outer//external//ex-;exo-;ultra-；extra-；

extract抽出；exhale呼出

excretion排泄物；exocardial心外的間：inter-;between;intermuscular肌肉間的；1.Vocabulary常見藥物詞綴：-cillin青霉素類藥物阿莫西林(羥氨芐青霉素)amoxicillin片劑、膠囊劑氨芐西林鈉(氨芐青霉素)ampicillinsodium注射劑羧芐青霉素鈉carbencillin雙氯青霉素dicloxacillin2.Lead-inPharmaceuticalscienceThepharmaceuticalsciencesareagroupofinterdisciplinaryareasofstudyinvolvedwiththedesign,action,delivery,disposition,anduseofdrugs.Thisfielddrawsonmanyareasofthebasicandappliedsciences,suchaschemistry(organic,inorganic,physical,biochemicalandanalytical),biology(anatomyandphysiology,biochemistry,cellbiology,andmolecularbiology),statistics,mathematics,physics,andchemicalengineering,andappliestheirprinciplestothestudyofdrugs.MRSA,abacteriumresponsibleforseveraldifficult-to-treatinfectionsinhumans.MRSAisespeciallytroublesomeinhospital-associatedinfections.Inhospitals,patientswithopenwounds,invasivedevices,andweakenedimmunesystemsareatgreaterriskforinfectionthanthegeneralpublic.VancomycinVancomycinwasfirstisolatedin1953fromasoilsamplecollectedfromtheinteriorjunglesofBorneobyamissionary.Theoriginalindicationforvancomycinwasforthetreatmentofpenicillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureus.Erythromycin

Erythromycinisanantibioticsimilartoorslightlywiderthanthatofpenicillin,andisoftenusedforpeoplewhohaveanallergytopenicillins.WhenPenicillinPays:

WhyChinaLovesAntibioticsaLittleTooMuch

ByChengchengJiang/BeijingThursday,Jan.05,2012

Lastmonth,thecountry'sMinistryofHealthrevealedthatonaverageeachChinesepersonconsumes138gofantibioticsperyear—10timestheamountconsumedpercapitaintheU.S.Meanwhile,threetimesasmanyChinesepeopleareprescribedpenicillincomparedwiththeinternationalstandard.TheMinistryalsopointedoutthat70%ofinpatientsatChinesehospitalsreceivedantibiotics;theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)recommendsamaximumof30%.China'sthirstforantibioticshasseriousconsequences.TheWHOsaystheeffectivenessofantibioticsisunderthreatfromoveruseinChina,asdiseasesmutatetodevelopimmunity.Itestimatesthat6.8%oftuberculosiscasesinChinaaremultidrugresistant,comparedjust2%indevelopedcountries.ExpertsbelievethatdiseasesasdiverseassyphilisandthehospitalsuperbugMRSAarethrivingastheyadapttoChina'santibiotic-heavyenvironment."Wearenowonthebrinkoflosingthispreciousarsenalofmedicines,"Dr.MichaelO'Leary,theWHO'sChinarepresentative,saidina2011statement,callingformoreresponsibleuseofantibiotics."Thespeedwithwhichthesedrugsarebeinglostfaroutpacesthedevelopmentofreplacementdrugs."

Despitethebesteffortsofhealthcareofficials,itisnotclearjustwhytheproblemhasgrownsosevere—orexactlywhatthesolutionmightbe.Formanyyears,researchersbelievedtheexpectationsofpatientsthemselvesweretoblame:apatientdidn'tgetaninjectionoradripwouldfeelthattheyweren'tgettingagoodstandardofcare.ButresearchbytheWHOsuggeststhatmedicalpractitionersinChinawilloftenprescribeantibiotics"tobeonthesafeside,"reasoningthatattheveryleastthedrugswon'tharmtheirpatients.

Financialmotivationsmayalsoplayarole.Bysomeestimatesthegovernmentsubsidiescoverjust8%oftherunningcostsofhospitals,leavingtheinstitutionstocovertheother92%bychargingforcare.Atstudycalled"PatientKnowledgeandAntibioticAbuse,"publishedearlierthisyearbyateamfromChinaEuropeInternationalBusinessSchool,PrincetonandPekingUniversity,showedthatdrugsalesnowaccountforover50%ofallhospitalrevenuesandantibioticsaccountfor47%ofalldrugsales—andthathospitalswereallowedtochargea15%markupondrugsales.Theyalsofoundthatdoctors'incomeswerealsocloselylinkedtotheirprescriptionofcertainpharmaceuticals,withbothbonusesfromtheirhospitalsandkickbacksfromcompaniesaugmentingtheirsalaries.

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3.TextanalysisReadthroughTextAandfinishtheexerciseonP15-16.QuestionsquestingdetailsfortextA:1.Whatarethepossibledisastersbroughtbyantibioticresistance?2.Whywastheantibioticdevelopmentlaggedbehind?3.Whatareproblemsfacedbydevelopingcountriesintermsoffoodandhealth.3.TextanalysisSomefactsaboutdrugallergy:(1)AllergyAllergyisawordthatisasoftenmisusedasitisusedcorrectly.Manypeoplewillsaytheyareallergictosomethingwhenthisisnotstrictlythecase.Inscientificterms,allergyisusuallycausedbyproteinscalledallergens.Theseallergensenterthebodythroughtheairways,thegastrointestinaltractortheskin.Mostcommonly,allergyisduetoproteinsthatweinhalesuchaspollensofthehouse-dustmite.Theseaeroallergenscausediseasessuchasasthmaandallergicrhino-conjunctivitis.Foodsarealsoimportantallergens,particularlyinchildhood,causingdiseasessuchasatopiceczema.Othercommonsourcesofallergensaredomesticanimals,insects,moulds,medicinesandindustrialchemicals.‘Allergyisaninappropriateandharmfulimmuneresponsetoanormallyharmlesssubstance’.3.Textanalysis(3)WhatAretheSymptomsofaDrugAllergy?Symptomsofadrugallergycanrangefrommildtolife-threatening.Eveninpeoplewhoaren'tallergic,manydrugscancauseintoleranceandirritation,suchasanupsetstomach.Butduringanallergicreaction,thereleaseofhistaminecancausesymptomslikehives,skinrash,itchyskinoreyes,congestion,andswellinginthemouthandthroat.Amoreseverereaction,calledanaphylaxis,mayincludedifficultybreathing,bluenessoftheskin,dizziness,fainting,anxiety,confusion,rapidpulse,nausea,diarrhea,andabdominalproblems.3.Textanalysis(4)HowAreDrugAllergiesDiagnosed?Adoctordiagnosesdrugallergiesbycarefullyreviewingyourmedicalhistoryandsymptoms.Ifyourdoctorsuspectsthatyouareallergictoanantibiotic,suchaspenicillin,heorshemaydoaskintesttoconfirmit.However,skintestingdoesnotworkforalldrugs,andinsomecasesitcouldbedangerous.Ifyouhavehadasevere,life-threateningreactiontoaparticulardrug,yourdoctorwillsimplyruleoutthatdrugasatreatmentoptionforyou.Conductingan