11分析化學(xué)術(shù)語課件

信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀（化學(xué)0701-0702）2010年3月12日信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀2010年3月12日第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學(xué)時(shí)）第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時(shí)）第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時(shí)）第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第二章原子、分子和離子第三章氣態(tài)第四章熱化學(xué)第五章有機(jī)化合物和基團(tuán)的命名第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分析化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語

第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學(xué)時(shí)）第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時(shí)）

第一章松香酸度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半導(dǎo)體制備的新方法：InP納米晶的超聲化學(xué)合成

第三章分子離子材料的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬

第四章透射Laue法的X射線衍射

第五章銷售合同

第六章專利說明書

第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時(shí)）

第一章松香酸度第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時(shí)）

第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)

第二章超星圖書館

第三章中國(guó)期刊網(wǎng)

第四章維普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美國(guó)化學(xué)文摘（CA）

第七章專利

第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時(shí)）

第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)教材和參考書：

1、魏高原，

化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語知識(shí)（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大學(xué)出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自編講義)。3、

陳英，科技信息檢索（第二版），科學(xué)出版社，2005。4、

萬錫仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注釋，

化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語（II），

北京大學(xué)出版社，2001。

教材和參考書：Chapter6Inorganicchemical,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms

第六章

無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分析化學(xué)和生物化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語

4、分析化學(xué)術(shù)語Chapter6第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課教學(xué)要求說明詞匯預(yù)習(xí)課文閱讀理解第二節(jié)課課文閱讀理解（續(xù)）答疑布置課后作業(yè)詞匯和短文翻譯（書面練習(xí)）課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課一、教學(xué)要求掌握：常用的分析化學(xué)的化學(xué)術(shù)語和概念；化學(xué)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀和理解。熟悉：分析化學(xué)（中文）。了解：儀器分析的專業(yè)英語詞匯。

一、教學(xué)要求二、詞匯（NewWordsandExpressions）analyticalchemicalterm分析化學(xué)術(shù)語elucidation說明,闡明balance天平,秤quantitativemeasurement定量測(cè)量notion概念,觀念,想法philosophical哲學(xué)的二、詞匯（NewWordsandExpressionanalyticalchemicaltermelucidationbalancequantitativemeasurementnotionphilosophicalanalyticalchemicaltermabstraction抽象analyticalmethod分析方法relyupon依賴

aspireto渴望specialization專業(yè)化prospective預(yù)期的，未來的abstraction抽象abstractionanalyticalmethodrelyuponaspiretospecializationprospectiveabstractionobligedto不得不physician醫(yī)生bodyfluid體液diagnose診斷indispensable不可缺少的,絕對(duì)必要的biochemist生物化學(xué)家metabolic新陳代謝的obligedto不得不obligedtophysicianbodyfluiddiagnoseindispensablebiochemistmetabolicobligedtobombardment轟擊inestimable無價(jià)的,無法估計(jì)的article商品commodity日用品automobile小汽車premium獎(jiǎng)金,獎(jiǎng)賞,保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)ultimate最終bombardment轟擊bombardmentinestimablearticlecommodityautomobilepremiumultimatebombardmentendeavor努力，盡力trait特性，特點(diǎn)cultivation培養(yǎng),教養(yǎng)qualitativeanalysis定性分析quantitativeanalysis定量分析comprise包含,由...組成province范圍sample樣品endeavor努力，盡力endeavortraitcultivationqualitativeanalysisquantitativeanalysiscompriseprovincesampleendeavorchemicalanalysis化學(xué)分析instrumentalanalysis儀器分析gravimetricanalysis重量分析volumetricanalysis容量分析colorimetricanalysis比色分析electroanalysis電分析ascertain確定,探知chemicalanalysis化學(xué)分析chemicalanalysisinstrumentalanalysisgravimetricanalysisvolumetricanalysiscolorimetricanalysiselectroanalysisascertainchemicalanalysissecuring固定mean平均數(shù)arithmeticmean數(shù)學(xué)平均synonymous同義的replicate重復(fù)median中值securing固定securingmeanarithmeticmeansynonymousreplicatemediansecuringprecision精密度absolutedeviation絕對(duì)偏差relativedeviation相對(duì)偏差standarddeviation標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差accuracy精確度absoluteerror絕對(duì)誤差relativeerror相對(duì)誤差acceptedvalue公認(rèn)值precision精密度precisionabsolutedeviationrelativedeviationstandarddeviationaccuracyabsoluteerrorrelativeerroracceptedvalueprecisionprecipitationmethod沉淀法volatilizationmethod揮發(fā)法constituent要素，

組分insoluble不（未）溶的volatility揮發(fā)性weightloss重量減輕，失重interference干擾precipitationmethod沉淀法precipitationmethodvolatilizationmethodconstituentinsolublevolatilityweightlossinterferenceprecipitationmethodcalibration校準(zhǔn)widespread分布廣泛的,普遍的gravimetricmethod重量分析法volumetricmethod容量法concentration濃度titration滴定back-titration反滴定calibration校準(zhǔn)calibrationwidespreadgravimetricmethodvolumetricmethodconcentrationtitrationback-titrationcalibrationstandardsolution標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液primarystandard基準(zhǔn)物standardization標(biāo)定endpoint終點(diǎn)titrationerror滴定誤差indicator指示劑

wherein在其中standardsolution標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液standardsolutionprimarystandardstandardizationendpointtitrationerrorindicatorwhereinstandardsolutionreagent反應(yīng)物,試劑judge判斷dilute稀釋purify純化，使純凈referencematerial參比物質(zhì),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料whereby由此reagent反應(yīng)物,試劑reagentjudgedilutepurifyreferencematerialwherebyreagentequivalencepoint當(dāng)量點(diǎn)sulfuricacid硫酸sodiumhydroxide氫氧化鈉manifest表明,證明inadequacy不充分supplementary附助的,附加的equivalencepoint當(dāng)量點(diǎn)equivalencepointsulfuricacidsodiumhydroxidemanifestinadequacysupplementaryequivalencepoint三、課文的閱讀理解學(xué)生閱讀課文5~10分鐘，教師指定學(xué)生逐段朗讀課文，并翻譯成中文，教師及時(shí)評(píng)講。三、課文的閱讀理解學(xué)生閱讀課文5~10分鐘，教Chapter11AnalyticalChemicalTerms1.

TheImportanceofAnalyticalChemistryChapter11

Historically,analyticalchemistryhasalwaysoccupiedavitalpositioninthedevelopmentofchemistry.Thesuccessfulelucidation說明,闡明oftheprocessofcombustionbyLavoisier(拉瓦錫(AntoineLaurent,1743-1794,法國(guó)化學(xué)家,氧發(fā)現(xiàn)者))wasduemainlytohisemploymentofabalanceinhisinvestigations;Historically,analyticahewasamongthefirsttorecognizetheimmensepower巨大的動(dòng)力ofquantitativemeasurementsinchemicalresearch.hewasamongthefirsttoreco

TheatomicconceptofmatterdatesbackatleasttoancientGreece,andcertainlywasnotoriginalwithJohnDalton'scontribution.Dalton'scontribution,aboveall,wastointroduceaquantitativeaspecttothisnotion概念,觀念,想法---anaspectthatwasverifiablebyactualexperiment.Theatomicconceptofma

Inaveryrealsense,then,chemicalanalysisprovidedthesupportnecessarytoconverttheatomictheoryfromaphilosophical哲學(xué)的abstraction抽象intosomethingofphysicalsignificance.Inaveryrealsense,then,

Earlychemistrywasprincipallyanalyticalinnature.Onlyasthebody（大量）ofexperimentalfactincreaseddiditbecomepossibleforthechemisttospecialize-accordingtohisinterests-inotherfields.

Earlychemistrywasprin

Irrespectiveofchoice,however,hecontinuedtorelyheavilyuponanalyticalmethodsandtechniquestoprovidehimwithexperimentalinformation.Irrespectiveofchoice,hoAnalyticalchemistrythusassumedthesupportingroleofanindispensable（不可缺少的）toolinadvancing（推進(jìn)）thestateofknowledgeinthefieldsofinorganic,organic,andphysicalchemistry.Analyticalchemistrythusassu

Thissituationisasapplicabletothechemistryoftodayastothatofthepast;everyexperimentalinvestigationrelies,toanextent,upontheresultsofanalyticalmeasurements.ThissituationisasappAthoroughbackgroundinanalyticalchemistryisthusavitalnecessityforallwhoaspireto渴望bechemists,regardlessoftheirfieldofspecialization.Athoroughbackgroundinan

Norneedtheseremarksbelimitedtoprospectivechemists.Investigatorsinvirtually事實(shí)上allofthephysicalandbiologicalsciencesareobligedto不得不makeuseofanalyticaldatainthecourseoftheirwork.NorneedtheseremarksThephysician醫(yī)生reliesheavilyupontheresultsofanalysisofbodyfluids（體液）inmakinghisdiagnoses.

Thephysician醫(yī)生reliesheavily

Analyticaltechniquesareindispensableinthebiochemist'sstudyoflivingmatteranditsmetabolic新陳代謝的processes.Theclassificationofamineralisincompletewithoutknowledgeofitschemicalcomposition。

Analyticaltechniquesa

Analyticaltechniquesareemployedbythephysicistindentifyingtheproductsofhigh-energybombardments轟擊。

Acataloguesuchasthiscanbeextendedvirtuallywithoutlimit.Analyticaltechniquesare

Theemploymentofanalyticalchemistryinmodernindustryisofinestimableimportance.Itisdifficulttoimagineanarticle商品ofpresent-daycommercewhoserawmaterialshavenot,atsomestage,beensubjectedtoanalyticalcontrol.Theemploymentofanalyt

Theuniformqualityofthepaperuponwhichthesewordsareprintedisdueinparttocarefulanalysisduringthevariousphases階段ofitsproduction;hundredsofanalysesareperformeduponthematerialsthatgointoascomplexacommodity日用品asanautomobile.Theuniformqualityofthe

Finally,asidefromthesehighlypracticalconsiderations,astudyofquantitativeanalysisisofbenefitinthatitplacesthehighestpremium獎(jiǎng)金,獎(jiǎng)賞uponcareful,orderlyworkandintellectuallyhonestobservation;Finally,asidefromtheseregardlessofone'sultimate最終fieldofendeavor努力，thesearetraits特性，特點(diǎn)worthyofcultivation培養(yǎng).regardlessofone'sultimat2.analyticalchemistry,qualitativeorquantitativeanalysis

Analyticalchemistrycomprisesthetechniquesandmethodsthatprovideanswerstothequestions"What?"and"Howmuch?"withrespecttothechemicalcompositionofasampleofmatter.

2.analyticalchemistry,quali

Theformeristheprovince（范圍）ofqualitativeanalysis.Quantitativeanalysisisconcernedwiththeproblemsattendingthedeterminationoftheamountofspeciespresentinagivensample.Theformeristheprovince3.chemicalanalysis,instrumentalanalysis

Chemicalanalysisisbasedonchemicalreactionswhileinstrumentalanalysisreliesuponoptical,electrochemical,andotherphysicalorphysicochemicalpropertiesofsamplesolutions.3.chemicalanalysis,instrume4.gravimetricanalysis,volumetricanalysis,colorimetricanalysis,electroanalysis（稱重法分析，容量分析(法)，比色分析,電分析）4.gravimetricanalysis,volum

Theultimate最終的aimofaquantitativeanalysisistoascertainhowmuchofagivenspeciesispresentinasampleofmatter;dependingupontheprocedureemployed,thismaybeaccomplisheddirectlyorveryindirectly.

Theultimate最終的aimofa

Regardlessofhowitisdone,however,afinalmeasurementofsomesortisinherent固有的,內(nèi)在的ineverydeterminationandfromthis,thequantityofthespeciesinquestionisderived.

Regardlessofhowiti

Itisconvenienttoclassifythemethodsofquantitativeanalysisaccordingtothenatureofthisfinalmeasurement.ItisconvenienttoclasThusifthisconsistsofsecuring得到theweightofasolid,themethodisclassifiedasagravimetricanalysis-wherethefinalmeasurementinvolvesdeterminationofavolume,themethodiscalledavolumetricanalysis;Thusifthisconsistsofsecur

iftheabsorptionoflightismeasured,theprocedureissometimestermedacolorimetricanalysis;andwhereanelectricalpropertyisdetermined,themethodcanbeclassifiedaselectroanalytical.iftheabsorptionofligh5.mean(arithmeticmean,average),median（平均值（數(shù)學(xué)平均，平均數(shù)）,中值

）

5.mean(arithmeticmean,averThemean,arithmeticmean,andaveragearesynonymous同義的termsthatrefertothenumericalvalueobtainedbydividingthesumofasetofreplicate重復(fù)measurementsbythenumberofindividualresultsintheset.

Themean,arithmeticmean,and

Themedianofasetisthatvalueaboutwhichallothersareequallydistributed,halfbeingnumericallygreaterandhalfbeingnumericallysmaller.

Ifthesetconsistsofanoddnumberofmeasurements,selectionofthemedianmaybemadedirectly;Themedianofasetistforasetcontaininganevennumber偶數(shù)ofmeasurements,theaveragevalueofthecentralpairistakenasthemedian.Weshallseethatintheidealcasethemeanandmedianarenumericallyequal;thisfailstobetruemoreoftenthannot,however,whenonlyasmallsetofmeasurementshasbeentaken.forasetcontaininganevenn6.precision,absolutedeviation,relativedeviation,standarddeviation（精密度，絕對(duì)偏差，相對(duì)偏差，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差）

Thetermprecisionisfrequentlyusedtodescribethereproducibilityofresults.Itcanbedefinedastheagreementbetweenthenumericalvaluesoftwoormoremeasurementsthathavebeenmadeinanidenticalfashion.

6.precision,absolutedeviati

Absolutedeviationissimplythedifferencebetweenanexperimentalvalueandthat(of)whichistakenasthebestfortheset(usuallythearithmeticmean).Absolutedeviationiss

Relativedeviationisdefinedasaverageabsolutedeviationdividedbythemean.Thestandarddeviationisequaltothesquarerootofthequantityobtainedbythedivisionofthesumofthesquaresofabsolutedeviationsbythenumberoftimesofmeasurementsminusone.Relativedeviationisdefi7.accuracy,absoluteerror,relativeerror（精確度，絕對(duì)誤差，相對(duì)誤差）Thetermaccuracydenotesthenearnessofameasurementtoitsacceptedvalueandisexpressedintermsoferror.Absoluteerroristhedifferencebetweentheobservedvalueandtheacceptedvalue,whilerelativeerrorthedivisionoftheabsoluteerrorbytheacceptedvalue.7.accuracy,absoluteerror,r8.precipitationmethod,volatilizationmethod（沉淀法,揮發(fā)法）

8.precipitationmethod,volatTwogeneraltypesofgravimetricanalysesareprecipitationmethodandvolatilizationmethod.Intheformer,thesubstancetobedeterminedisisolatedfromtheotherconstituentsinthesamplebyformationofaninsolubleprecipitate;Twogeneraltypesofgravimetr

theanalysisiscompletedbydeterminingtheweightofthisprecipitate,orofsomesubstanceformedfromit,bysuitabletreatment.theanalysisiscompletedbThelattertakesadvantageofthepropertyofvolatility;herethesubstancetobedeterminedisisolatedbydistillation.Thelattertakesadvantageof

Theproductmayeitherbecollectedandweighed,ortheweightlossinthesampleas(因?yàn)?aresultofthedistillationmaybemeasured.

Ofthetwo,precipitationmethodsarethewidelyused.Terference（干擾）

Compoundsorelementsthatpreventthedirectmeasurementofthespecies

erference（干擾）10.calibration（校準(zhǔn)）

Probablythesimplestmethodofcalibrationofanalyticalweightsinvolvesadirectcomparisonofeachweightinasetwithonewhosevalueisknownwithcertainty.10.calibration（校準(zhǔn)）11.gravimetricmethod,volumetricmethod（

重量分析法和容量法）

11.gravimetricmethod,volumeAgravimetricmethodisoneinwhichtheanalysisiscompletedbyaweighingoperation.Avolumetricmethodisoneinwhichtheanalysisiscompletedbymeasuringthevolumeofasolutionofestablishedconcentrationneededtoreactcompletelywiththesubstancebeingdetermined.

Agravimetricmethodisonein

Ordinarily,volumetricmethodsareequivalentinaccuracytogravimetricproceduresand(they)aremorerapidandconvenient;theiruseiswidespread.Ordinarily,volumetricmet12.titration,back-titration,standardsolution,primarystandard,standardization,endpoint,titrationerror,indicators滴定，反滴定，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液，基準(zhǔn)物，標(biāo)定，滴定終點(diǎn)，滴定誤差，指示劑12.titration,back-titration,

Atitrationisaprocesswherein在其中thecapacity（能力）ofasubstancetocombinewithareagentisquantitativelymeasured.AtitrationisaprocesOrdinarilythisisaccomplishedbythecontrolledadditionofareagentofknownconcentrationtoasolutionofthesubstanceuntilreactionbetweenthetwoisjudged判斷tobecomplete;thevolumeofreagentisthenmeasured.Ordinarilythisisaccomplishe

Occasionally（偶爾，有時(shí)）itisconvenientornecessarytocarryoutavolumetricanalysisbyaddinganexcessofthereagentandthendeterminingtheexcessbytitrationwithasecondreagentofknownconcentration.Thesecondtitrationiscalledaback-titration回滴定,反滴定(法).Occasionally（偶爾，有時(shí)）itis

Thereagentofexactlyknowncompositionusedinatitrationiscalledastandardsolution.Theaccuracywithwhichitsconcentrationisknownsetsadefinitelimitupontheaccuracyofthemethod;Thereagentofexactlykforthisreason,muchcareistakeninthepreparationofstandardsolutions.

Commonlytheconcentrationofastandardsolutionisarrivedineitheroftwoways:forthisreason,muchcareis

(1)acarefullymeasuredquantityofapurecompoundistitratedwiththereagentandtheconcentration(is)calculatedfromtheweightandvolumemeasurements;(1)acarefullymeasuredq

or(2)thestandardsolutionispreparedbydissolvingacarefullyweighedquantityofthepurereagentitselfinthesolvent;thisisthendilutedtoanexactlyknownvolume.

or(2)thestandardsolu

Ineithermethod,ahighlypurifiedchemicalcompound-calledaprimarystandard基準(zhǔn)物--isrequiredasthereferencematerial.Ineithermethod,ahighlTheprocesswhereby由此theconcentrationofastandardsolutionisdeterminedbytitrationofaprimarystandardiscalledastandardization標(biāo)定.

Theprocesswhereby由此theconce

Thegoalofeverytitrationistheadditionofstandardsolutioninsuchamountastobechemicallyequivalenttothesubstancewithwhichitreacts.Thisconditionisachievedattheequivalencepoint.

Thegoalofeverytitrat

Forexample,theequivalencepointinthetitrationofsodiumchloridewithsilvernitrateisattained獲得whenexactlyoneformulaweightofsilverionhasbeenintroducedforeachformulaweightofchlorideionpresentinthesample.Forexample,theequivale

Inthetitrationofsulfuricacidwithsodiumhydroxide,theequivalencepointoccurswhentwoformulaweightsofthelatterhavebeenintroducedforeachformulaweightsoftheformer.Inthetitrationofsulfur

Theequivalencepointinatitrationisatheoreticalconcept.Inactualfactwecanonlyestimateitspositionbyobservingphysicalchangesassociatedwithitinthesolution.

Theequivalencepointin

Thepointintitrationwheresuchchangesmanifest表明,證明themselvesiscalledtheendpoint,itistobehopedthatthevolumedifferencebetweentheendpointandtheequivalencepointwillbesmall.Thepointintitration

Differencesdoarise,however,owingtoinadequacies不充分inthephysicalchangesandourabilitytoobservethem.Thisresultsinananalyticalerrorcalledatitrationerror.

Differencesdoarise,ho

Oneofthecommonmethodsofend-pointdetectionemployedinvolumetricanalysisinvolvestheuseofsupplementarychemicalcompoundsthatexhibitchangesincolorasaresultofconcentrationchangesoccuringneartheequivalencepoint.Suchsubstancesarecalledindicators.Oneofthecommonmethods四、答疑一般情況下，爭(zhēng)對(duì)學(xué)生提出的問題進(jìn)行個(gè)別答疑。四、答疑一般情況下，爭(zhēng)對(duì)學(xué)生提出的問題進(jìn)行1.TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2.TranslatethistextintoChinese.

五、課后作業(yè)1.Translatethetechnicalter六、課堂練習(xí)1、詞匯翻譯六、課堂練習(xí)1、詞匯翻譯物理化學(xué)術(shù)語蒸發(fā)蒸發(fā)升華冷凝液化11分析化學(xué)術(shù)語課件熔點(diǎn)熔化沸點(diǎn)過熱的臨界溫度臨界壓力熔點(diǎn)臨界點(diǎn)過冷的三相點(diǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凝固點(diǎn)沉積平衡臨界點(diǎn)相圖粘度

表面張力反抗,抵抗流動(dòng)性相圖膜使膨脹,擴(kuò)張結(jié)晶固體無定形的固體晶體重復(fù)的不重復(fù)的膜糖鹽焦油相交,交叉相交周期性糖六方密堆積立方密堆積

配位數(shù)順序六方密堆積層空間點(diǎn)陣晶體結(jié)構(gòu)單胞素單胞復(fù)單胞層理論密度粒子取向頂點(diǎn)，角多晶型的半徑比理論密度同晶型的,同形的(TiO2)陽陰離子半徑比孔,空隙非化學(xué)計(jì)量化合物同晶型的,同形的插入,合并點(diǎn)缺陷間隙位置組成方鐵體,維氏體,鐵酸鹽,Fe<1O插入,合并飽和溶液溶解度（性）不飽和溶液過飽和溶液不溶解的,未溶解的互溶性飽和溶液無限互溶的不互溶的理想溶液溶質(zhì)亨利定律獨(dú)立的，無關(guān)的溶劑無限互溶的physicalchemicaltermevaporationvaporizationsublimationcondensationliquefactionphysicalchemicaltermmeltingpointfusionboilingpointsuperheatedcriticaltemperaturecriticalpressuremeltingpointcriticalpointsupercooledtriplepointnormalfreezingpointdepositionequilibriumcriticalpointphasediagramviscositysurfacetensionresistancefluidityphasediagrammembraneexpandcrystallinesolidamorphoussolidcrystalrepetitivenonrepetitivemembranesugarsalttarintersectintersectingperiodicallysugarhexagonalclosestpackingcubicclosestpackingcoordinationnumbersequencehexagonalclosestpackinglayerspacelatticecrystalstructureunitcellprimitiveunitcellmultipleunitcelllayertheoreticaldensityparticleorientationcornerpolymorphousradiusratiotheoreticaldensityisomorphoustitaniumdioxideratioofcationtoanionradiiholenon-stoichiometriccompoundisomorphousincorporatepointdefectinterstitialsitecompositionwustiteincorporatesaturatedsolutionsolubilityunsaturatedsolutionsupersaturatedsolutionundissolvedmiscibilitysaturatedsolutioninfinitelymiscibleimmiscibleidealsolutionsoluteHenry'slawindependentsolventinfinitelymiscible2、將下列英語短文翻譯成中文：2、將下列英語短文翻譯成中文：

Evaporationistheescapeofmoleculesfromaliquidinanopencontainertothegasphase.Vaporizationisthemoregeneraltermforescapeofmoleculesfromtheliquidorsolidphasetothegasphase.

Evaporationistheesc

Sublimationisthevaporizationofasolid(thereversetransition,fromthegasphasedirectlytothesolidphase,iscalled"deposition沉積").Condensationisthemovementofmoleculesfromthegaseousphasetotheliquidphase.

Sublimationisthevapo

Wealsospeakofthetransformationofagasintoaliquidasliquefaction.(Notetheeinliquefaction--touseiinitsplaceiswrong.)Themeltingpointofasolidisthetemperatureatwhichthesolidandliquidphasesofasubstanceareatequilibrium.Wealsospeakofthetra

Fusionisatermalsousedinscientificpublicationstomeanmelting.

(Rememberthat"fusion"meansmelting,notsolidification.)Theboilingpointisthetemperatureatwhichthevaporpressureofaliquidequalsthepressureofthegasesabovetheliquidandbubblesofvaporformthroughouttheliquid.

Fusionisatermalsous

Thenormalboilingpointistheboilingpointat760Torr,theatomsphericpressureatsealevel.Itispossibleforaliquidtobesuperheated-heatedtoatemperatureabovetheboilingpointwithouttheoccurrenceofboiling.Thenormalboilingpoin

Superheatingoccurswhenitisdifficultformoleculeswithenoughkineticenergytogettogethertoformabubble.Thecriticaltemperatureisthetemperatureabovewhichasubstancecannotexistasaliquidnomatterhowgreatthepressure.Superheatingoccurswhen

Thecriticalpressureisthepressurethatwillcauseliquefactionofagasatthecriticaltemperature.Thevapor-liquidequilibriumcurveterminatesatthecriticalpoint,atwhichthedensitiesoftheliquidandthevaporhavebecomeequal,andtheboundarybetweenthephasesdisappears.

Thecriticalpressureis

Aliquidcanbesupercooled-cooledbelowitsfreezingpointwithouttheoccurenceoffreezing.Atthepointwherethreelinesintersect相交,交叉inaphasediagram--calledatriplepoint--threephasesareinequilibrium.

Aliquidcanbesuperco

Thenormalfreezingpointofaliquidisthetemperatureatwhichtheliquidfreezesat760Torrpressure,thatis,thetemperatureatwhichsolidandliquidareinequilibriumat760Torrpressure.Thetemperaturesofthenormalfreezingpointandthetriplepointareusuallynotthesame.Thenormalfreezingpoint2.viscosity,surfacetension

Theresistanceofasubstancetoflowisviscosity--theoppositeoffluidity流動(dòng)性.Surfacetensionisthepropertyofasurfacethatimparts給予membrane-likebehaviortothesurface;itisformally形式上definedastheamountofenergyrequiredtoexpandthesurfaceofaliquidbyaunitarea.2.viscosity,surfacetension3.crystallinesolid,amorphoussolid,crystal

Acrystallinesolid,alsocalledatruesolid,isasubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshaveacharacteristic,regular,andrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.Sugarandsaltarecrystallinesolids.3.crystallinesolid,amorphou

Anamorphoussolidisasubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshavearandomandnonrepetitive不重復(fù)的three-dimensionalarrangement.

Tar焦油isanamorphoussolid.Acrystalisasolidthathasashapeboundedbyplanesurfacesintersectingatfixedangles.Anamorphoussolidisa

Toachemist,acrystalisanarrayofatoms,molecules,orionsinwhichastructuralpatternisrepeatedperiodicallyinthreedimensions.Toachemist,acrystalis4.hexagonalorcubicclosestpacking,coordinationnumber(crystal)

4.hexagonalorcubicclosestInthearrangementcalledhexagonal(cubic)closestpacking,closestpackedlayersofatomsarearrangedinanABABAB....(ABCABCABC...)sequence順序.Inbothhexagonalandcubicpacking,eachspheretouchessixotherspheresinitsownlayer,plusthreeinthelayeraboveandthreeinthelayerbelow.Inthearrangementcalledhexa

Thisgiveseachspheretwelvenearestneighbors.Thecoordinationnumberofanatom,ion,ormoleculeinaparticularcrystalstructureisthenumberofnearestneighborsofthatatom,ion,ormolecule.Thisgiveseachspheretwel5.spacelattice,crystalstructure,unitcell,primitiveunitcell,multipleunitcells,theoreticaldensity

5.spacelattice,crystalstruAspacelatticeisasystemofpointsrepresentingsiteswithidenticalenviromentsinthesameorientationinacrystal.Thecrystalstructureofasubstanceisthecompletegeometricalarrangementoftheparticlesthatoccupythespacelattice.Aspacelatticeisasystemof

Aunitcellisthemostconvenientsmallpartofaspacelatticethat,ifrepeatedinthreedimensions,willgeneratetheentirelattice.Aprimitiveunitcellisaunitcellinwhichonlythecornersareoccupied.Aunitcellisthemost

Insomecases,unitcellsarechosenthatcontainotherlatticepointsinadditiontothoseatthecorners;thesearecalledmultipleunitcells.Themassoftheunitcellofametal

dividedbythevolumeoftheunitcell

givesthedensityofthemetal,sometimescalledthetheoreticaldensity.Insomecases,unitcells6.polymorphous多晶型的,radiusratio,isomorphous同晶型的Titaniumdioxide(TiO2)isanexampleofacompoundthatispolymorphousabletocrystallizeinmorethanonecrystalstructure.Theradiusratio--theratioofcationtoanionradii--neededforaniontofitintoaspecifictypeofholecanbecalculatedfromsimplegeometry.6.polymorphous多晶型的,radiusra

Substance