雅思Test 2 Passage 3 閱讀譯文

AIntheearlydaysmountaineering,questionsofsafety,standardsofpractice,andenvironmentalimpactwerenotwidelyconsidered.Thesportgainedtractionfollowingthesuccessful1786ascentofMontBlanc,thehighestpeakinWesternEurope,bytwoFrenchmountaineers,JacquesBalmatandMichel-GabrielPaccard.Thiseventestablishedbeginningofmodernmountaineering,buttheconsiderationoverthenextyearswasthesuccessorfailureofclimbersinreachingthesummitandclaimingtheprestigeofhavingmadefirstascent.早期的登山運動并不會對安全性，可行性和環(huán)境因素多做考量。這項運動在1786年兩位法國登山者杰克斯馬以及帕德成功登上西歐最高峰白朗峰之后受到關注和追捧次成功標志著現代登山運動的開始在之后的一百多年里登者登頂的成敗以及登上從前無人造訪的山峰而獲得的聲望成為唯一的關注點。BTowardtheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,developmentstechnologyspurreddebateregardingclimbingpractices.Ofparticularconcerninthiserawastheintroductionpitons(metalspikesthatclimbershammertherockfaceforleverage)andthe①techniques.AsuchasItalianclimberGuidoRay,supportedthesemethodsaswaystorenderclimbinglessburdensomeandmore'acrobatic'.feltwereonlyofvalueassafetynetifallelsefailed.AustrianPaulPreusswentsofarasallartificialaids,scalingastonishingheightsusingonlyhisshoesandhisbarehands.AlbertMummery,awell-knownBritishmountaineerandauthorwhoclimbedtheEuropeanAlps,and,morefamously,theHimalayas,whereheattheageof39attemptinganotoriouslydifficultascent,developedthenotionof'fairmeans'asakindinformalprotocolbytheuseof'walk-through'guidebooksandequipmentsuchasladdersandgrapplinghookswerediscouraged.然而，在19世紀末，技術工藝發(fā)展引發(fā)了對登山保護措施的討論。其中對巖釘（登山者攀巖時釘入巖壁的金屬釘狀物系技術的使用尤其受到關注括意大利登山家圭多雷在內的少數人這些工具能使登山過程中累贅更少具“雜技性”他則認為這些工具只具有在失敗時作為一張安全網的價值國山家保羅羅伊斯為此拒絕使用鞋子除外的所有輔助工具手登的高同樣令人震驚經登頂過位于歐洲的阿爾卑斯山的著名英國登山家，作家阿爾伯特墨里在39歲時向更具名氣，登頂難度極大的喜馬拉雅山發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)，卻不幸在途中遇難。他認為使用工具是“不擇手段”的，因為不能使用穿行指南以及像梯子、抓鉤這樣的工具是已經是一項不成文規(guī)定了。CBythe1940s,boltshadbeguntoreplacepitonsastheclimber'schoiceofequipment,andcriticismsurroundingtheirusewasnolessfierce.In1948,whentwoAmericanclimbersscaledMountBrusselsintheCanadianRockiesusingasmallofpitonsandbolts,climberFrankSmythewroteoftheirefforts:stillregardMountBrusselsasunclimbed,andmyfeelingsarenodifferentfromthoseIshouldhavethatwereItohearthatahelicopterhaddepositeditspassengeronthesummitofthatmountainjustsothathecouldboastthathehadtroddenanuntroddenmountaintop.'上世紀四十年代山對工具選擇從巖釘轉向了膨脹栓使用它的批評聲仍然不絕于耳年位美國登山者利巖釘和膨脹栓登頂位于加拿大落基山脈的布魯塞爾斯山，對此登山家弗蘭克斯斯這樣價道我仍然認為布魯塞爾斯山是無法登頂的，對此我的感覺就和聽到直升機將乘客送達山頂并向他人夸耀自己征服了無人涉足的頂峰無異?！?/p>

DClimbingpuristsaside,itwasnotuntilthethatthegeneraltidebeganturnagainstboltingandpitons.TheUSA,andmuchofwesternworld,waswakinguptothedamageithadbeencausingtheplanet,andenvironmentalistcampaignsandnewgovernmentpoliciesbecomingwidespread.Thisawarenessandsensitivitytoenvironmentalissuesspilledoverintotherockclimbingcommunity.Asaresult,astripped-downstyleofrockclimbingknownas'cleanclimbing'becamewidelyadopted.Cleanclimbinghelpedpreserverockfacesand,witholderapproaches,itwasmuchsimplertopractise.Thiswaspartlyduetothehallmarkofcleanclimbing-theusenuts-whichwerefavouredoverboltsbecausetheycouldplacedintowallwithonehandwhileclimbersmaintainedtheirgripontherockwiththeother.直到上世紀年，登山運動化者開始興起反系栓、反巖釘運動。美國和很多西方國家開始意識到這些工具對地球帶來的危害人士的呼吁和政府制定的政策使這樣的意識深入人心。對環(huán)保問題的意識和敏感性也深入到攀巖群體之中。最后，被稱作“清潔攀巖”的簡裝攀巖方式被廣泛接受巖于保護巖壁與舊方式相比更加便于行動。這歸功于“清潔攀巖”方式的特色——對巖石塞的使用巖釘和膨脹栓更受到歡迎，因為攀巖者在用一只手卡住巖石時，可以用單手將其固定在墻上。ENoteveryoneembracedthecleanclimbingmovement,however.Adecadelater,debatesovertwomoredevelopmentswereerupting.Therelatedthepracticeofchipping,inwhichclimberschipawaypiecesofrockinordertocreatetinycracksinwhichtoinserttheirfingers.Theothermajorpointofcontentionwasaprocessthatinvolvessettingboltsinreversefromthetopoftheclimbdown.boltingmakesalmostrockclimbablewithrelativeease,andresultthisnewtechnique,sporthaslostmuchofitsriskfactorandsenseofpioneeringspirit;indeed,ithasbecomemoreaboutmusclepowerandtechnicalmasterythanapsychologicaltrialoffearlessnessunderpressure.Becauseofthisshiftinfocus,manyamateurclimbershaveflockedtoindoorclimbinggyms,wheretheriskofseriousisnegligible.然而，并非所有人都接受“清潔攀巖”運動。上世紀八十年代，多種攀巖工具的發(fā)展引發(fā)了激烈的議論首先是鑿壁行為攀巖者在巖壁上鑿出小凹槽以便他們卡進手指一個爭論的焦點是在終點使用膨脹栓從反方向爬下的攀巖過程。栓索下降幾乎使攀巖難度大大減輕，而且新技術的使用使得這項運動喪失了風險性和首創(chuàng)精神于面對壓力時克服恐懼的心理鍛煉攀巖運動逐漸對肌肉力和技術使用更加看重為運動焦點的改變很業(yè)余攀巖者紛紛涌向了嚴重傷害的風險性可以忽略不計的室內攀巖館。Giventheenvironmentaldamagerockclimbingcause,thisbepositiveoutcome.isironicclimbersandmountaineerslovetheoutdoorsandhavegreatrespectforthemajestyofnatureandtheimpressivechallengessheposes,butinthepursuitoftheirgoalstheyinevitablytramplesensitivevegetation,damaginganddisturbingdelicatefloraandlichenswhichgrowonledgesandclifffaces.TworesearchersfromaCanadianuniversity,DougLarsonandMichelleMcMillan,havefoundthatrockfacesthatareregularlyclimbedhavelostto80%ofthecoverageanddiversityofnativeplantspecies.Ifthatwerenotbadenough,non-nativespecieshavealsobeeninadvertentlyintroduced,havingcarriedinonclimbers'boots.

但考慮到攀巖所造成的環(huán)境破壞內攀巖也許會帶來正面積極的效果對多數熱愛室內攀巖尚自然以及她所賦的威嚴挑戰(zhàn)的攀巖者而言是諷刺的是在他們力求達到攀巖目標的同時確不可避地踩踏敏感植被壞長在壁架和崖面上的脆弱植物群和地衣，擾亂它們的生長。來自加拿大一所大學的兩名研究者道格·拉爾森，米歇爾·麥美倫發(fā)現常被攀爬的巖面會喪失超過百分之八十的本土植物覆蓋面和植物多樣性糕是，非本土植物會附在攀巖者的靴子上從而被無心的引進。GThisleavesrockclimbingwithanuncertainfuture.Climbersareonlyusergroupthatwishestoenjoywilderness-hikers,mountainbikersandhorsebackridersvisitthesameareas,andmoreimportantly,theyarebetterorganised,withlong-establishedlobbygroupsprotectingtheirinterests.Withincreasedpressureonlimitednaturalresources,ithasbeensuggestedthatclimberstheirdifferencesovertheethicsvariousclimbingtechniques,andfocusoneffectoftheirpracticesontheenvironmentandrelationshipwithotherusersandlandowners.這使攀巖運動前途未卜山者并不是唯一想要享受荒野樂趣的團體——徒步跋涉者地自行車騎行者馬騎行者都造著同一年土地更為重要的是他組織的更加完善，有成立多年的游說團體維護他們的利益限自然資源帶來的壓力日益增加人議攀巖團體放下對使用攀巖工具的成見他們的行為