(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories

Chapter6NewTradeTheoriesEconomiesofScaleImperfectCompetitionandTradeExternalEconomiesandTradeChapter6NewTradeTheories1KeyTermsExternal/internaleconomiesofscaleImperfect/monopolisticcompetitioninterindustrytradeintraindustrytradeOligopolypricediscriminationdumpingreciprocaldumpingspecializedsupplierslabormarketpoolingknowledgespilloversKeyTerms2KeyTermsforward-fallingsupplycurvedynamicincreasingreturnslearningcurveinfantindustryargumentdynamictechnologicaldifferencesnon-tradedgoodsproductcyclemodelKeyTerms3TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNewTradeTheoriesEconomiesofscaleandmarketstructureMonopolisticcompetitionandtradeExternalEconomiesandInternationalTradeTransportationCosts,Environmentalstandards,andInternationalTradeMaincontentsTheHeckscher-OhlinModeland4Ⅰ.TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNewTradeTheories1.Therearetwonations,andtwofactorsofproduction.

(factor-intensityindextopredictthepatternoftrade)2.Bothnationsusethesametechnologyinproduction.

(regardasafactorofproduction)Ⅰ.TheHeckscher-OhlinModelan53.CommodityXislaborintensiveandcommodityYiscapitalintensiveinbothnations.

(thoughempiricalstudiesindicatethatfactor-intensityreversalisnotverycommonintherealworld,itdoesexist)4.Bothcommoditiesareproducedunderconstantreturnstoscaleinbothnations.

(internationaltradecanalsobebasedonincreasingreturnstoscale)3.CommodityXislaborintens65.Thereisincompletespecializationinproductioninbothnations.(completespecialization)6.Tastesareequalinbothnations.

(moreorlessverifiedempirically)7.Thereisperfectcompetitioninbothcommoditiesandfactormarketsinbothnations.

(halfofthetradeinmanufacturedgoodsamongindustrializednationsisbasedonproductdifferentiationandeconomiesofscale)

5.Thereisincompletespecial78.Thereisperfectfactormobilitywithineachnationbutnointernationalfactormobility.

(Withsome,butlessthanperfect)9.Therearenotransportationcosts,tariffs,orotherobstructionstothefreeflowofinternationaltrade.

(theyreducethevolumeandthebenefitsofinternationaltrade,butonlymodifytheH-OandFPEtheorem)8.Thereisperfectfactormob810.Allresourcesarefullyemployedinbothnations.

(thefullemploymentassumptionisforthemostpartsatisfied)11.Internationaltradebetweenthetwonationsisbalanced.(couldleadanationwithatradedeficittoimportsomecommoditiesinwhichitwouldhaveacomparativeadvantage)10.Allresourcesarefullyem9Ⅱ.EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTradeⅡ.EconomiesofScale10Externaleconomiesofscale

occurwhenthecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofanyonefirm.Internaleconomiesofscaleoccurwhenthecostperunitdependsonthesizeofanindividualfirmbutnotnecessarilyonthatoftheindustry.Externaleconomiesofscaleoc11ExternaleconomiesInternaleconomiesExternaleconomiesInternaleco12Ⅲ.ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTradeⅰ.ThetheoryofimperfectcompetitionⅢ.ImperfectCompetitionⅰ.The13Themorethefirmsthereareintheindustry,thelowerthepriceeachfirmwillcharge，andthehigherisaveragecost.ConclusionThemorethefirmsthere14ECCPPNumberoffirms,nCostCandpricePCCandPPinMonopolisticModelECCPPNumberoffirms,nCostC151CC1

PPNumberoffirms,nC,P2CC2

n2

n1

P2

P1

EffectsofalargermarketSACCC1CC2PPline?1CC1PPNumberoffirms,nC,P216Effectsofalargermarket★Ariseinnindicatesthatthere’remoredifferentproductsproducedandconsumershavemorechoices.★Thedecreaseinpprovidesmoreconsumer’ssurplus,aswellasthewelfare.Effectsofalargermarket★Ar17ⅱ.MonopolisticCompetitionandTradeMonopolisticcompetitioninternaleconomieslowercosts,moredifferentproductslowerprices,morechoicesofconsumptionTrade1.thebaseoftradeintegratedmarketCCandPPoftheindustryⅱ.MonopolisticCompetitionan182.thepatternoftrade---interindustrytrade&intraindustrytradeInterindustrytrade:

Tradeinwhichtheproductsofoneindustryareexchangedforproductsofanother.Intraindustrytrade:

Two-waytradeindifferentiatedproductswithinanindustry.IncreasedMarketSizemayberesultedfromintraindustrytade.2.thepatternoftradeInterin19Home（capital-abundant）Foreign（labor-abundant）manufacturesfoodHome（capital-abundant）Foreign（labor-abundant）manufacturesfoodInter-industryIntra-industryHomeForeignmanufacturesfoodH20ClassificationofIntraindustryTradeHorizontalintraindustrytradeVerticalintraindustrytradeClassificationofIntraindustr21MeasuringIntraindustryTrade(1)Intra-industrytradeindex(T)

T=1--

—————│X-M││X+M│T∈[0,1]T=0Nointra-industrytradeT=1Intra-industrytradeismaximumMeasuringIntraindustryTrade22IndexesofintraindustrytradeforU.S.industries,1993Inorganicchemicals0.99Power-generatingindustry0.97Electricalmachinery0.96Organicchemicals0.91Medicalandpharmaceutical0.86Officemachinery0.81Telecommunicationsequipment0.69Roadandsteel0.65Ironandsteel0.43Clothingandapparel0.27Footwear0.00Indexesofintraindustrytrade23MeasuringIntraindustryTrade(2)GLIITIndexIIT∈[0,100]=0Nointra-industrytrade=100Nointer-industrytradeMeasuringIntraindustryTrade24(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories25各國(guó)和地區(qū)總產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的變化各國(guó)和地區(qū)總產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的變化26我國(guó)與主要貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)近12來(lái)平均產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易指數(shù)我國(guó)與主要貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)27(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories283.ThegainsfromtradeProducers:

largermarket,largerproductionscale,lowerACConsumers:

morechoices,lowerpricesmutualbenefit3.ThegainsfromtradeProducer29Casestudy☆BeforeIntegrationCasestudy☆BeforeIntegration30☆A(yù)fterIntegration☆A(yù)fterIntegration31LowerpricesFewerproducersHigherproductivitiesLowerpricesHigherproductivit324.TheIncomeDistributionEffects

Inthecasethatintraindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtradewhencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies,andwhenscaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationareimportant，

Incomedistributioneffectsoftradewillbesmallandtherewillbesubstantialextragainsfromintraindustrytrade.4.TheIncomeDistributionEffe335.ThedifferencesBetweenInterindustry

TradeandIntraindustryTrade5.ThedifferencesBetweenInte34InterindustryTradeIntraindustryTradeDefinitionTradebetweenclothandfoodTradebetweencarsandcarsComparativeadvantageReflectsDoesnotreflectPatternoftradepredictableUnpredictableRelativeimportanceDifferentinthecapital-laborratioSimilarinthecapital-laborratioEffectsonincomedistributionStrongweakInterindustryTradeIntraindust35ⅲ.DumpingandReciprocal

Dumping1.TheEconomicsofDumping2.ReciprocalDumpingⅲ.DumpingandReciprocalDump361.TheEconomicsofDumpingDumpingisapricingpracticeinwhichafirmchargesalowerpriceforexportedgoodsthanitdoesforthesamegoodssolddomestically.1.TheEconomicsofDumping37ConditionsforDumping1st,Theindustrymustbeimperfectlycompetitive,sothatfirmssetpricesratherthantakingmarketpricesasgiven.2nd,Marketsmustbesegmented.3rd,Salesaremoreprice-responsiveinforeignmarketthaninhome.ConditionsforDumping1st,The38Dumping:ANumericalExampleHomeForeignSales1000100Price$20$15NewsalesNewprice1001$19.99101$14.99IncreasedrevenueReducedreceipts$19.99$10$14.99$1Marginalrevenue$9.99$13.99Dumping:ANumericalExampleHo39DumpingModel1st,thereisasinglemonopolisticdomesticfirminanindustry.2nd,Indomesticmarket,thefirmfaceadown-slopingdemandcurvewhileintheexportmarket,itsdemandcurveisahorizontallineThatis,exportdemandisinfinitelyprice-responsive.3rd,marketsaresegmented.AssumptionsDumpingModel1st,thereisas40DumpingModelExportsDomesticsalesCost,CandPrice,PQuantitiesproducedanddemanded,QMCDFOR=MRFORMRDOMDDOM2PFORPDOMQDOMQMONOPOLYTotaloutput13DumpingModelExportsDomestics412.ReciprocalDumpingThesituationinwhichdumpingleadsto2-waytradeinthesameproductisReciprocaldumping.2.ReciprocalDumpingThe42ReciprocaldumpingandemergenceoftradeExportsDomesticsalesCost,CandPrice,PQuantitiesproducedanddemanded,QMCDFOR=MRFORMRDOMDDOM2PFORPDOMQDOMQMONOPOLYTotaloutput13ReciprocaldumpingExportsDome43recognizingthatifittriestosellmoreitwilldrivedownthepriceonitsexistingdomesticsales,eachfirmwilllimitthequantityitsellsinitshomemarket.Ifafirmcansellalittlebitintheothermarket,itwilladdtoitsprofitsevenifthepriceislowerthaninthedomesticmarket.Soeachfirmhasanincentivetoraidtheothermarket,sellingafewunitsatapricethatislowerthanthehomemarketpricebutstillabovemarginalcost.Ifbothfirmsdothis,theresultwillbetheemergenceoftradeeventhoughtherearesometransportationcost.Therewillbetwo-waytradeinthesameproduct.

recognizingthatifittriest44ReciprocaldumpingandwelfareOnonehand,Itisobviouslywasteful

toshipthesamegoods,orclosesubstitutes,backandforthwhentransportationiscostly.Ontheotherhand,theemergenceofreciprocaldumpingeliminateswhatwereinitiallypuremonopolies,leadingtosomecompetition.Theincreasedcompetitionrepresentsabenefitthatmayoffsetthewasteofresourcesintransportation.Reciprocaldumpingandwelfare45Ⅳ.ExternaleconomiesandInternationalTradeTheoryofExternalEconomiesExternalEconomiesandthePatternofTradeTradeandWelfarewithExternalEconomiesDynamicIncreasingReturnsⅣ.ExternaleconomiesTheory46PorCNumberoffirmscompetitionscaleMarshall’sConflictTheoryofExternalEconomiesPorCNumberoffirmscompetiti47ConcentradedindustrySpecializedsuppliersLabormarketpoolingKnowledgespilloversothersMarshall’sconflictSpecializedLabormarketKnowle48ExternalEconomiesandthePatternofTrade---Strongexternaleconomiestendtoconfirmsexistingpatternsofinterindustrytrade.

---Externaleconomiespotentiallygiveastrongroletohistoricalaccidentindeterminingwhoproduceswhat,andmayallowestablishedpatternofspecializationtopersistevenwhentheyruncountertocomparativeadvantage.ExternalEconomiesand-49ACSwiss

21Q1

P1

C0

QPrice,cost（perwatch）

ACThiland

CaseStudyDACSwiss21Q1P1C0QPrice,cos50TradeandWelfarewithExternalEconomies---EffectsoftradeonHomeForHomeorSwitzerland,tradebasedonexternaleconomiesresultsinlowerpriceforitsconsumersandlowercostandlargermarketforitsfirms.SotradebenefitsHome.TradeandWelfare---Effectso51---EffectsoftradeonForeign

IfForeigncouldnotproducethegoodsatlowercostthanHome,thenconsumersinForeignisbetteroffwhilefirmswillbeworseoff.Thenationalwelfareisuncertain.Inthecaseofhighercost---EffectsoftradeonForeign52InthecaseoflowercostItispossiblethattradebasedonexternaleconomiesmayactuallyleaveacountryworseoffthanitwouldhavebeenintheabsenceoftrade.Inthecaseoflowercost53ACSwiss

21P1

C0

QPrice,cost（perwatch）

ACThiland

P2

Dworld

DThiland

ExternalEconomiesandLossesfromTradeACSwiss21P1C0QPrice,cost（p54

Theworldasawhole

ismoreefficientandthusricherbecauseinternationaltradeallowsnationstospecializeindifferentindustriesandthusreapthegainsfromexternaleconomies.Theworldasawholei55DynamicIncreasingReturns★L(fēng)earningCurve★Dynamicexternaleconomies&Lock-ineffect★InfantindustryargumentDynamicIncreasingReturns★L(fēng)ea56Whenanindividualfirmimprovesinproductsorproductiontechniquesthroughexperience,otherfirmsarelikelytoimitatethefirmandbenefitfromitsknowledge.

Thisspilloverofknowledgegivesrisetoasituationinwhichtheproductioncostsofindividualfirmsfallastheindustryasawholeaccumulatesexperience.Thegreaterthecumulativeoutput,thelowertheindustryunitcost.Whenanindividualfirmimprov57LearningcurveLearningcurve58

★Whencostsfallwithcumulativeproductionovertime,ratherthanwiththecurrentrateofproduction,thisisreferredtoasacaseofDynamicIncreasingReturns.★Whencostsfallwithc59★Dynamicexternaleconomies&Lock-ineffectLikeordinaryexternaleconomies,dynamicexternaleconomiescanlockinaninitialadvantageorheadstartinanindustry.★Dynamicexternaleconomies&60(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories61Dynamicexternaleconomiespotentiallyjustifyprotectionism.Supposethatacountrycouldhavelowenoughcoststoproduceagoodsforexportifithadmoreproductionexperience,butthatgiventhecurrentlackofexperiencethegoodscannotbeproducedcompetitively.Suchacountrymightincreaseitslong-runwelfareeitherbyencouragingtheproductionofthegoodsbyasubsidyorbyprotectingitfromforeigncompetitionuntiltheindustrycouldstandonitsownfeet.

★InfantindustryargumentDynamicexternaleconomiespot62Theargumentfortemporaryprotectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownastheinfantindustryargument.

Ithasplayedanimportantroleindebatesovertheroleoftradepolicyineconomicdevelopment.Theargumentfortempora63雁形模式

(FlyingGeesePattern)３０年代，”雁行模式“的命題研究日本產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)變化；６０－８０年代，“雁形模式”形象地描述了實(shí)際形成的東亞地區(qū)內(nèi)部產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移和產(chǎn)業(yè)分工的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系。日本香港新加坡臺(tái)灣韓國(guó)東盟中國(guó)沿海地區(qū)內(nèi)地雁形模式

(FlyingGeesePattern)３０年64Ⅳ.

TheTechnologicalGapand

ProductCycleModelsTheTechnologicalGapandProductCycleModelsTechnologicalgapmodelPosnerin1961TemporarymonopolyintheworldmarketBasedonpatentsandcopyrightsⅣ.TheTechnologicalGapand65ProductCycleModelVernonin1966introducedmaturesstandardizedtechnologycapitallaborProductCycleModelVernonin66(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories67IllustrationoftheProductCycleModelIllustrationoftheProductCy68X0Mt1t2t5t6t4t3時(shí)間發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家次發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)展中國(guó)家X0Mt1t2t5t6t4t3時(shí)間發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家次發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)展中國(guó)69Ⅴ.TransportationCosts,EnvironmentalStandards,andInternationalTradeⅤ.TransportationCosts,Enviro70ⅰ.TransportationCostsandNontradedCommoditiesTransportationCostsABNontradedgoodsandservicesTradedcommoditiesTradebarriersⅰ.TransportationCostsTranspo71(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories72TransportationCostsandtheLocationofIndustryResource-orientedindustriesMarket-orientedindustriesFootlooseindustriesTransportationCostsandtheL73---thetradevolumewillbelessinpractice,---thespecializationintherealinternationaleconomyisnotextreme,---somegoodsbecomenontraded,---internationaldirectinvestmentreplacesinternationaltradetosomedegree.Theresultsofintroducingtransportcosts:---thetradevolumewillbele74ⅱ.EnvironmentalStandards,

IndustryLocation,andInternationalTradeⅱ.EnvironmentalStandards,75Pollution-IntensiveIndustries,PIIs國(guó)際上比較有代表性的是Main和Wheeler(1997,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)M&W分類(lèi))的分類(lèi)方法,按照M&W的分類(lèi),鋼鐵、有色金屬、化學(xué)工業(yè)、造紙和紙漿以及非金屬礦物制品業(yè)被劃分為PIIs。污染密集型產(chǎn)業(yè):

造紙及紙制品業(yè);化學(xué)原料及制品業(yè);黑色金屬冶煉及延壓加工業(yè);電力煤氣及水供應(yīng)業(yè);采掘業(yè);非金屬礦物制造業(yè);水泥制造業(yè)。低污染行業(yè):

印刷業(yè)、記錄媒介的復(fù)制;塑料制品業(yè);皮革、毛皮及其制品業(yè);機(jī)械、電氣及電子設(shè)備制造業(yè);紡織業(yè)等。

中等污染行業(yè):

不在上述分類(lèi)中的行業(yè),包括食品煙草及飲料制品業(yè);醫(yī)藥制造業(yè);化學(xué)纖維制造業(yè);金屬制品業(yè)等。Pollution-IntensiveIndustri762004年江蘇省利用外資產(chǎn)業(yè)構(gòu)成2004年江蘇省利用外資產(chǎn)業(yè)構(gòu)成77Developingcountrieswhichhavelowerenvironmentalstandardstendtoproduceandexportpollution-intensiveproducts.ConclusionDevelopingcountrieswhic78Summary1,Intltradecanresultfromeconomiesofscale,whichcanbeexternalorinternal.Thischapterdiscusses3issues:theeffectofintraindustrytrade,tradearisingfromdumping,externaleconomiesandintltrade.2,Inthemonopolisticcompetitionmodel,trademaybedividedintointerindustrytradewhichreflectscomparativeadvantageandintraindustrytradewhichreflectseconomiesofscale.Summary1,Intltradecanresul793,Intraindustrytradeleadstolowerpriceandincreasedrangeofchoicesandsmallereffectsonincomedistributionthaninterindustrytrade.4,Dumpingisaprofit-maximizingstrategy.Reciprocaldumpingcanbeacauseofintltradeandleadtoabreakdownofpuremonopoly.5,Externaleconomiesgiveanimportantroletohistoryandaccidentindeterminingthepatternoftrade.Trademaynotbebeneficialtoallcountriesandtheremaybesomejustificationforprotectionism.3,Intraindustrytradeleadst80exercisesexercises811.Ifoutputmorethandoubleswhenallinputsaredoubled,productionissaidtooccurunderconditionsof

A.increasingreturnstoscale.B.imperfectcompetition.C.intra-industrytrade.D.inter-industrytrade.E.Noneoftheabove.AnswerA1.Ifoutputmorethandoubles822.ThesimultaneousexportandimportofwidgetsbytheUnitedStatesisanexampleof

A.increasingreturnstoscale.B.imperfectcompetition.C.intra-industrytrade.D.inter-industrytrade.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:C2.Thesimultaneousexportand833.Intra-industrytradeismostcommoninthetradepatternsof

A.developingcountriesofAsiaandAfrica.B.industrialcountriesofWesternEurope.C.allcountries.D.North-Southtrade.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:B

3.Intra-industrytradeismost844.Historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsoftradeinvolving

A.RicardianandClassicalcomparativeadvantage.B.Heckscher-Ohlinmodelconsideration.C.tastereversals.D.scaleeconomies.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:D4.Historyandaccidentdeterm85Quantitative/GraphingProblems

Quantitative/GraphingProblems86ThefigureaboverepresentsthedemandandcostfunctionsfacingaBrazilianSteelproducingmonopolist.Ifitwereunabletoexport,andwasconstrainedbyitsdomesticmarket,whatquantitywoulditsellatwhatprice?Nowthemonopolistdiscoversthatitcanexportasmuchasitlikesofitssteelattheworldpriceof$5/ton.Itwillthereforeexpandfor-exportproductionuptothepointwhereitsmarginalcostequals$5.Howmuchsteelwillthemonopolistsell,andatwhatprice?Thefigureaboverepresentsth873.Giventheopportunitytosellatworldprices,themarginal(opportunity)costofsellingatondomesticallyiswhat?4.Whilesellingexportsitwouldalsomaximizeitsdomesticsalesbyequatingitsmarginal(opportunity)costtoitsmarginalrevenueof$5.Howmuchsteelwouldthefirmselldomestically,andatwhatprice?3.Giventheopportunityt88Chapter6NewTradeTheoriesEconomiesofScaleImperfectCompetitionandTradeExternalEconomiesandTradeChapter6NewTradeTheories89KeyTermsExternal/internaleconomiesofscaleImperfect/monopolisticcompetitioninterindustrytradeintraindustrytradeOligopolypricediscriminationdumpingreciprocaldumpingspecializedsupplierslabormarketpoolingknowledgespilloversKeyTerms90KeyTermsforward-fallingsupplycurvedynamicincreasingreturnslearningcurveinfantindustryargumentdynamictechnologicaldifferencesnon-tradedgoodsproductcyclemodelKeyTerms91TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNewTradeTheoriesEconomiesofscaleandmarketstructureMonopolisticcompetitionandtradeExternalEconomiesandInternationalTradeTransportationCosts,Environmentalstandards,andInternationalTradeMaincontentsTheHeckscher-OhlinModeland92Ⅰ.TheHeckscher-OhlinModelandNewTradeTheories1.Therearetwonations,andtwofactorsofproduction.

(factor-intensityindextopredictthepatternoftrade)2.Bothnationsusethesametechnologyinproduction.

(regardasafactorofproduction)Ⅰ.TheHeckscher-OhlinModelan933.CommodityXislaborintensiveandcommodityYiscapitalintensiveinbothnations.

(thoughempiricalstudiesindicatethatfactor-intensityreversalisnotverycommonintherealworld,itdoesexist)4.Bothcommoditiesareproducedunderconstantreturnstoscaleinbothnations.

(internationaltradecanalsobebasedonincreasingreturnstoscale)3.CommodityXislaborintens945.Thereisincompletespecializationinproductioninbothnations.(completespecialization)6.Tastesareequalinbothnations.

(moreorlessverifiedempirically)7.Thereisperfectcompetitioninbothcommoditiesandfactormarketsinbothnations.

(halfofthetradeinmanufacturedgoodsamongindustrializednationsisbasedonproductdifferentiationandeconomiesofscale)

5.Thereisincompletespecial958.Thereisperfectfactormobilitywithineachnationbutnointernationalfactormobility.

(Withsome,butlessthanperfect)9.Therearenotransportationcosts,tariffs,orotherobstructionstothefreeflowofinternationaltrade.

(theyreducethevolumeandthebenefitsofinternationaltrade,butonlymodifytheH-OandFPEtheorem)8.Thereisperfectfactormob9610.Allresourcesarefullyemployedinbothnations.

(thefullemploymentassumptionisforthemostpartsatisfied)11.Internationaltradebetweenthetwonationsisbalanced.(couldleadanationwithatradedeficittoimportsomecommoditiesinwhichitwouldhaveacomparativeadvantage)10.Allresourcesarefullyem97Ⅱ.EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTradeⅡ.EconomiesofScale98Externaleconomiesofscale

occurwhenthecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofanyonefirm.Internaleconomiesofscaleoccurwhenthecostperunitdependsonthesizeofanindividualfirmbutnotnecessarilyonthatoftheindustry.Externaleconomiesofscaleoc99ExternaleconomiesInternaleconomiesExternaleconomiesInternaleco100Ⅲ.ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTradeⅰ.ThetheoryofimperfectcompetitionⅢ.ImperfectCompetitionⅰ.The101Themorethefirmsthereareintheindustry,thelowerthepriceeachfirmwillcharge，andthehigherisaveragecost.ConclusionThemorethefirmsthere102ECCPPNumberoffirms,nCostCandpricePCCandPPinMonopolisticModelECCPPNumberoffirms,nCostC1031CC1

PPNumberoffirms,nC,P2CC2

n2

n1

P2

P1

EffectsofalargermarketSACCC1CC2PPline?1CC1PPNumberoffirms,nC,P2104Effectsofalargermarket★Ariseinnindicatesthatthere’remoredifferentproductsproducedandconsumershavemorechoices.★Thedecreaseinpprovidesmoreconsumer’ssurplus,aswellasthewelfare.Effectsofalargermarket★Ar105ⅱ.MonopolisticCompetitionandTradeMonopolisticcompetitioninternaleconomieslowercosts,moredifferentproductslowerprices,morechoicesofconsumptionTrade1.thebaseoftradeintegratedmarketCCandPPoftheindustryⅱ.MonopolisticCompetitionan1062.thepatternoftrade---interindustrytrade&intraindustrytradeInterindustrytrade:

Tradeinwhichtheproductsofoneindustryareexchangedforproductsofanother.Intraindustrytrade:

Two-waytradeindifferentiatedproductswithinanindustry.IncreasedMarketSizemayberesultedfromintraindustrytade.2.thepatternoftradeInterin107Home（capital-abundant）Foreign（labor-abundant）manufacturesfoodHome（capital-abundant）Foreign（labor-abundant）manufacturesfoodInter-industryIntra-industryHomeForeignmanufacturesfoodH108ClassificationofIntraindustryTradeHorizontalintraindustrytradeVerticalintraindustrytradeClassificationofIntraindustr109MeasuringIntraindustryTrade(1)Intra-industrytradeindex(T)

T=1--

—————│X-M││X+M│T∈[0,1]T=0Nointra-industrytradeT=1Intra-industrytradeismaximumMeasuringIntraindustryTrade110IndexesofintraindustrytradeforU.S.industries,1993Inorganicchemicals0.99Power-generatingindustry0.97Electricalmachinery0.96Organicchemicals0.91Medicalandpharmaceutical0.86Officemachinery0.81Telecommunicationsequipment0.69Roadandsteel0.65Ironandsteel0.43Clothingandapparel0.27Footwear0.00Indexesofintraindustrytrade111MeasuringIntraindustryTrade(2)GLIITIndexIIT∈[0,100]=0Nointra-industrytrade=100Nointer-industrytradeMeasuringIntraindustryTrade112(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories113各國(guó)和地區(qū)總產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的變化各國(guó)和地區(qū)總產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的變化114我國(guó)與主要貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)近12來(lái)平均產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易指數(shù)我國(guó)與主要貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)115(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課件)chapter06New-Trade-Theories1163.ThegainsfromtradeProducers:

largermarket,largerproductionscale,lowerACConsumers:

morechoices,lowerpricesmutualbenefit3.ThegainsfromtradeProducer117Casestudy☆BeforeIntegrationCasestudy☆BeforeIntegration118☆A(yù)fterIntegration☆A(yù)fterIntegration119LowerpricesFewerproducersHigherproductivitiesLowerpricesHigherproductivit1204.TheIncomeDistributionEffects

Inthecasethatintraindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtradewhencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies,andwhenscaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationareimportant，

Incomedistributioneffectsoftradewillbesmallandtherewillbesubstantialextragainsfromintraindustrytrade.4.TheIncomeDistributionEffe1215.ThedifferencesBetweenInterindustry

TradeandIntraindustryTrade5.ThedifferencesBetweenInte122InterindustryTradeIntraindustryTradeDefinitionTradebetweenclothandfoodTradebetweencarsandcarsComparativeadvantageReflectsDoesnotreflectPatternoftradepredictableUnpredictableRelativeimportanceDifferentinthecapital-laborratioSimilarint