閱讀理解常考同義、近義詞表達詞匯j講義 高考英語復習

高考英語閱讀理解常考同義/近義詞表達詞匯精編在閱讀理解的某些細節(jié)題中，正確選項與原文的大意相同但表達方式不同，即進行了同義轉換。如2020年浙江卷第28題，正確選項中用measure代替了原文中的assess(評估）；第30題正確選項中用tough替代了原文中的challenging。事實上，同義結構放在一起記，有助于擴大詞匯量，掌握這些同義表達，對閱讀和寫作，以及解答其他題，都是非常有益的。例題講解【例1】（2018.浙江)Themainreasonforthisisthedrivers,whoarecalled“cabbies.”ManyofthemaretrueCockneys.ThismeanstheywerebornintheheartofLondonandspeaktheirownspecialdialect(方言)ofEnglish.21.FromwhatcanwetellthatsomeoneisaCockney?A.Theirinterest.B.Theirmanners.C.Theirspeech. D.Theirappearance.【例2】BeforetheCivilWar,schoolsoperatedononeoftwocalendars(日歷),neitherofwhichincludedasummervacation.Rural(農(nóng)村的)schoolingwasdividedintosummerandwinterterms,leavingkidsfreetohelpwiththefarmworkinthespringplantingandfallharvestseasons.24.WhatdidtheruralschoolcalendarbeforetheCivilWarallowchildrentodo?A.Enjoyasummervacation.B.Takeabreakeachquarter.C.Have48weeksofstudyayear.D.Assisttheirparentswithfarmwork.【例3】Howappealingtosimplyfallbackonafavorite—oncemoreinto“TheWaves”or“Justine,”whichfeelsalmostlikecheating,tooexcitingandtoomuchfuntoproperlybelonginseriousliterature.29.Whydoestheauthorsayreadinghisfavoritebooksfeelslikecheating?A.Hefinishesthemquickly.B.Heshouldreadsomethingserious.C.Hebarelyunderstandsthem. D.Hehasreadthemmanytimesbefore.【例4】ZachariahFikehasanunusualhobby.Hefindsoldmilitary（軍隊的）medalsforsaleinantiquestoresandontheInternet.Butunlikemostcollectors,Zactracksdownthemedals’rightfulowners,andreturnsthem.HisefforttoreunitefamilieswithlostmedalsbeganwithaChristmasgiftfromhismother,aPurpleHeartwiththenameCorradoA.G.Piccoli,foundinanantiqueshop.ZacknowsthemeaningofaPurpleHeart-heearnedonehimselfinawarasasoldier.Sowhenhismothergavehimthemedal,heknewrightawaywhathehadtodo.21.WheredidZacgetaPurpleHeartmedalforhimself？A.Inthearmy.B.Inanantiqueshop.C.Fromhismother.D.FromAdelineRockko.【例5】ThroughtheInternet,ZactrackeddownCorrado’ssisterAdelineRockko.Butwhenhefinallyreachedher,thewomanfloodedhimwithquestions:"Whoareyou？Whatantiqueshop？"However,whenshehungup,sheregrettedthewayshehadhandledthecall.SoshecalledZacbackandapologized.SoonshedrovetomeetZacinWatertown,N.Y."Atthatpoint,Iknewshemeantbusiness,"Zacsays."Todriveeighthourstocometoseeme."22.WhatdidZacrealizewhenAdelinedrovetomeethim？A.Shewasveryimpolite. B.Shewasseriousaboutthemedal.C.Shesuspectedhishonesty. D.Shecamefromawealthyfamily.【練習】AIn1812,theyearCharlesDickenswasborn,therewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury——mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719,butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam-poweredprintingpresswasstillinitsearlystages;theliteracy（識字）rateinEnglandwasunder50%.Manyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthors,oftenwithsomethinglike

“Byalady.”

Novels,forthemostpart,werelookeduponassilly,immoralorjustplainbad.21.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesBritishnovelsinthe18thcentury?A.Theyweredifficulttounderstand.

B.TheywerepopularamongtherichC.Theywereseenasnearlyworthless

D.TheywerewrittenmostlybywomenBStevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein’sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbag.24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.

B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks

D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.CAmericansusemorethan100billionfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupinthreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatgrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（收銀臺）.Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”

inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags

B.EffectsofcitydevelopmentC.Headachescausedbygarbage

D.Plasticbagshungintrees.DTheindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive B.ReplacingthemcanbedifficultC.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags D.ProducingthemrequiresmoreenergyEThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.

Theproblemsofexcessive(過度的）energyconsumption,climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.29.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy

B.EnvironmentalproblemsC.Ashortageofoilsupply D.Afarm-basedsocietyFWhiletheclipmightlooklikepartofanewadcampaign,Bridgessaidtheonlygoalwastoshowgenerosityandsympathy.HeaddedthathehopespeopleinothercitiesmighttrysimilarprojectsandposttheirownvideosontheInternet.26.

Why

did

Bridges

carry

out

the

project?A.

To

do

a

test

on

people’s

morals.

B.

To

raise

money

for

his

company.C.

To

earn

himself

a

good

reputation.

D.

To

promote

kindness

and

sympathy.GManyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（資源）.28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests. B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment. D.Firecontrolmeasures.HSincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.I.Fromtheminutereachedourhouse,Istartedtoread.knewthiswasextremehappiness,knewitatthetime.Mymothersharedthisfeelingofmine.NowIthinkofherasreadingsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse.22.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“thisfeeling”refertointhelastparagraph?A.Desiretoread. B.LoveforMrs.Calloway.C.Interestingames. D.Fearofthelibraryrules.JNormally,townsuserocksalttode-icestreets.Thesaltlowerswater’sfreezingpoint,causingicetomelt（融化）.Butusingcheesebrinecouldhelpbothcheeseproducersandcitiessavemoney,whilekeepingroadssafeCheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater’sfreezingpoint.24.Whycancheesebrinehelpkeepwinterroadsice-free?A.Itissoft. B.Itcontainssalt.C.Itiswarm. D.Ithasmilkinit.KInadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreeco-friendlyoption.Manypeoplesuspectthatalltherocksaltusedeverywinterisharmingtheenvironment.Rocksaltismadeofsodiumchloride,thesamecompound（化合物）inordinarytablesalt.Soundsharmless,right?Butwhileyouprobablyaddonlyasmallamountofsalttoyourfood,roadcrewsspreadabout20milliontonsofsaltonU.S.roadseveryyear！Thechemicalwashesoffroadsandgoesintotheground.Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants,andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.25.Whatisbenefitofusingcheesebrineonroads?A.Improvingairquality. B.Increasingsalesofrocksalt.C.Reducingwaterpollution. D.Savingthecheeseindustry.LToday’sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence（毅力）,characteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ThreeCharacteristicsofAuthoritativeFathersB.KeySkillsforYoungAdultstoSucceedinFutureC.ChildrenTendtoLearnDeterminationfromFatherD.FamilyRelationshipInfluencesSchoolPerformance模擬題練習（2017.寧波高三模擬）AHere'sanotherreasontogetoffthecouchandstartworkingupasweat.Timetheexerciserightandyoucouldimproveyourabilitytoremembersomethingnew.That'sthefindingofanewstudy.Butitallcomesdowntotiming.Tolockupthenewinformation,startburningthosecaloriesroughlyfourhoursafteryoutookinthenewinformation.That'saccordingtoresearchersataninstituteonbrain,cognition（認知）andbehavior.It'satRadboudUniversity'sMedicalCenter,inNijmegen,theNetherlands.EelcovanDongenandhiscolleaguessharedtheirnewfindingsintheJune16CurrentBiology.21.Thebestwaytolockupthenewinformationis.A.togetoffthecouchsoonaftertheirlearning B.todosportsforfourhoursandworkupasweatC.toseesomenaturevideosonacomputerscreen D.todosportsfourhoursaftertakinginnewinformationBThatisunfairthough,andfinallyIcometoappreciateSwisspunctualityforwhatitis:adeepexpressionofrespectforotherpeople.Apunctualpersonisaconsiderateone.Byshowingupontimeforeverything,aSwisspersonissaying,ineffect,"Ivalueyourtimeand,byextension,Ivalueyou."25.WhatdotheSwisspeoplewanttoshowbyarrivingontime?A.Toshowtheirrespectforotherpeople. B.Toshowthattheyhavethebestwatches.C.Toshowthattheyareconsideratepersons. D.Toshowthattheyarethebestwatchmakersintheworld.CTheunusualeventwillbehostedbyafreediver,photographer,andsharkenthusiastFredBuyle,andabiologistwillprovidethewinnerswithaspecialcourseonsharks-theirmysteriouslivesandtheirroleintheocean'secosystem,withwhichthewinnerscanbetterunderstandthesharksandthusavoiddisturbingtheirlifeintheaquariumwhentheystaythere.28.What'sthepurposeofthespecialcourseinParagraph3?A.Tohelpthewinnersdevelopaninterestinsharks.B.Toguidethewinnershowtoliveintheaquarium.C.Totellthewinnersabouttheecosystemintheocean. D.Tohelpthewinnerslearnhownottodisturbthesharks.DIfselected,thewinnerswillbeforbiddenfromdivingorswimmingintheaquarium,andwillberequiredtokeeptheirhandsandfeetindoorsatalltimes.Photographingisnotallowedbecausesharksaresensitivetolight.Besides,theorganisersadviseagainstwatchingmovieslikeJawsbeforecheckingin.30.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthewinners?A.Theycandiveintheaquarium. B.Theycantakephotosofthesharks.C.Theymuststayindoorsatalltimes.D.Theymustwatchmoviesaboutsharksbeforecheckingin.（2020“超級全能生”3月聯(lián)考）Foryears,JohnForsterandhispolicecolleagueswonderedwhylargeamountsofcashkeptmysteriouslybeingleftinandaroundtheirsmallEnglishvillage.Since2014,residentsofthecoastaltownhaveoccasionallybeenturningintopolicecarefullywrappedpackagesof￡20notesthatalwaystotaled￡2000—andeverytime,thehonestcitizenwouldbedelightedtokeepthemoneyafterseveralweekswouldpasswithoutanyoneclaimingit.Whatdidtheresidentsdowiththemoneytheyfound?KeepingthemoneytothemselvesB.AdvertisinglostandfoundC.PlacingitwheretheyfounditD.GivingittothelocalpoliceESincetheheavily-pollutedMexicanCityislocatedinavalleywherethereisverylittlespaceforthreesorgreenery,thebillboardsareconsideredarevolutionarynewtoolforurbanhealth.“Itwasgreattoworkwiththeuniversitystudentsandtakeaproblemandchangeitintoapotential,”saysRoosegaard.“Iamreallyproudtoseethemgofromacademicresearchtoarealproject.Idonotbelieveinutopia—aperfectsolution—butprotopia:step-by-stepimprovingreality.”1.MexicanCityhaslittlegreeneryspacebecauseofits__________.A.heavypollutionB.largepopulationC.geographicalpositionD.ecologicalcondition2.WhywasRoosegaardproudoftheuniversitystudents?A.BecausetheyworktogethersmoothlyB.BecausetheyworkoutaperfectsolutionC.BecausetheyhaverichacademicbackgroundD.BecausetheyapplytheirknowledgetopracticeFNotonlycanideasgoextinct,entirecivilizationiswipedoffthemapwhenlanguagesgoextinct.SouthAsiaisrichinlanguagediversity,however,manylanguagesintheareahavegoneextinct.WhatproblemsdomanylanguagesfacetodayinSouthAsia?A.Theyhavediedout B.TheyareaffectedbymanyfactorsC.Theyhavebeenspokenbylesspeople D.TheyareusedlesstoexpressthoughtsG“Asanengineerandthenasalesmanager,Iwasonphonealotandthushadpoorposture.IneededtogetbackintosomehealthytypeoflifestyleafterIretired,andIfoundTaiChi,”saidFrankMandarino,whois81yearsoldandhaspracticedTaiChifor11yearsatSitanTaiChiandMartialArts.WhyisFrankMandarinopracticingTaiChi?A.ItcanhelphimregainahealthylifestyleB.HeisinterestedinChinesecultureC.ItiseasyfortheoldpeopletolearnD.Themovementsareslowandgraceful語篇練習ThelatestdiettrendinAmericaisalsoanancienthumanactivity.Theactivityisfasting,ornoteatingfoodforasetamountoftime.SocialmediaappsandFacebookgroupsareappearingforpeoplewhodo“intermittentfasting,”orfastingonapart-timebasis.Likeotherdiets,intermittentfastinghelpsyouloseweightbysettinglimitsoneating.Butinsteadoflimitingwhatyoueat,itlimitswhenyoueat.MelissaBreauxBankstonisaCrossfitinstructorinNewOrleans,Louisiana.Shetriedintermittentfastingasawaytoreducehersnacking.“IwantedtolimittheamountoftimethatIwaseating,”shesaid.However,fornow,limitedresearchsuggestsitmaynotbeanybetterforweightlossthanreducingcalorieintakeoverthelongterm.“It’sreallyanotherwayoffoolingyourbodyintoeatinglesscalories,”saidKristaVarady,whostudiesintermittentfastingattheUniversityofIllinoisatChicago.CourtneyPeterson,oftheUniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham,alsostudiesintermittentfasting.Shesuggestedthebenefitsofintermittentfastingarenotasgreatassomemightsuggest.“Unfortunately,intermittentfastinggetsalittlehyped,”shesaid.Somehealthexpertssayintermittentfastingmightbetoodifficultformanypeople.Theypointtoastudyof100peoplewherethoseplacedinafastinggrouplostaboutthesameamountofweightasthoseondietsthatrestrictedcalories.Thefastinggrouphadadropoutrateof38percent,comparedwith29percentforthecaloric-restrictiondietgroup.Butintermittentfastingmaybeeasierforpeoplewhoalreadyskipmealswhentheyaretoobusy,saidVarady.Peopleinterestedinintermittentfastingshouldtalktotheirdoctorbeforetryingit.Healthexpertsdonotrecommendintermittentfastingforchildren,peopleonsomemedicationsandpeoplewithahistoryofeatingdisorders.24.Whatdointermittentfastingandotherdietshaveincommon?A.Theylimitwhatyoueat. B.Theylimitwhenyoueat.C.Theyhelppeopleloseweight. D.Theyareonapart-timebasis.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hyped”inparagraph6mean?A.Ignored. B.Overstated. C.Welcomed. D.Rejected.26.Whichstatementisrightaccordingtothepassage?A.Intermittentfastingisveryeffective.B.Intermittentfastingisdifficultforallpeople.C.Peoplecantryintermittentfastingastheylike.D.Allpeoplearenotadvisedtodointermittentfasting.課后必背充滿befullof,befilledwith,befloodedwith,becrowdedwith區(qū)分distinguish,tellAfromB親自personally,inperson少數(shù)aminorityof,asmallnumberof打擾causetroubleto,bother,disturb描述describe,giveadescriptionof只有only,nobody/nothing