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英文時態(tài)(三):完成時態(tài)

英文時態(tài)(三):完成時態(tài)完成動作:

1、現(xiàn)在完成(have∕hasdone)

2、過去完成(haddone)

3、將來完成(willhavedone)

完成時態(tài)概述:

形式:havedone

意義:完成時態(tài)表示的是在某一特定時刻(現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)恚┲伴_始發(fā)生的并持續(xù)到這一特定時刻或?qū)@一特定時刻有影響的一個活動。

完成動作:

1、現(xiàn)在完成(have∕hasdone)

2、⑴現(xiàn)在完成時:

在現(xiàn)在之前(即過去)開始發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在有影響的動作。

Ihavelearned2000wordssofar.

⑵過去完成時:

在過去之前(即過去的過去)開始發(fā)生的并持續(xù)到過去或?qū)^去有影響的動作。

Ihadlearned1000wordsbytheendoflastyear.

⑶將來完成時:

在將來之前(可能是過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚╅_始發(fā)生的并持續(xù)的將來或?qū)碛杏绊懙膭幼鳌?/p>

Iwillhavelearned3000wordsbytheendofnextyear.

⑴現(xiàn)在完成時:

在現(xiàn)在之前(即過去)開始發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)σ?、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(have∕hasdone)

用法:1)動作發(fā)生在過去,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,對目前有影響。(延續(xù)性動詞的“已完成”或“未完成”用法)

2)動作發(fā)生在過去,點(diǎn)已經(jīng)完成,并與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系。(瞬間性動詞的“已完成”用法)說明:“已完成”用法表示動作已結(jié)束,而“未完成”用法則表示動作有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。一、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(have∕hasdone)用法:1)動1)我曾經(jīng)在某個地方見過她。2)到目前為止,該橋?qū)纯⒐ぁ?)她剛剛買了一部新自行車。4)我們已經(jīng)在這里生活了十年。5)我學(xué)習(xí)英語的時間長達(dá)25年了。6)自1997年以來,我就沒見過她了。Ihaveeverseenhersomewhere.→2

Sofar,thebridgehasn'tbeencompleted.→2

Shehasjustboughtanewbike.→2Wehave

alreadylivedherefortenyears.→1

I'vestudiedEnglishfortwenty-fiveyears.→1

Ihaven'tseenhersincetheyearof1997.→21)我曾經(jīng)在某個地方見過她。Ihaveeverseen1、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(一):延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)

開始于過去的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。謂語動詞一般為延續(xù)性動詞。①Anoldwomanwalkedoutintothemiddleofthestreet.Thepolicemanyelledtoher,“Don’tyouknowwhatitmeanswhenIholdupmyhand?”Theladysaid,“SureIdo.Ihavebeenaschoolteacherfor28yearsnow.”②Ihavelivedherefor3years.③TheteacherhastaughtinthisschoolsinceIcamehere.④I’veworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.⑤Sincetimebegan,manhaslivedinfearoffire.1、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(一):延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)或者,由上下文明確告知,開始于過去的動作只持續(xù)到說話時刻為止即已結(jié)束。例如:

①A:Haveyouwaitedlong?

B:I’vewaitedforthreehours.

②I’vewaitedforhimallday;Idon’twanttowaitanylonger.

這種現(xiàn)在完成時的特點(diǎn):

1)謂語動詞一般為延續(xù)性動詞。

2)動作發(fā)生的時間是過去,但這一動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。

3)與這種用法的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用的時間狀語通常是表示“一段時間”的時間狀語,以說明某個動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。

或者,由上下文明確告知,開始于過去的動作只持續(xù)到說話時刻為止※與此種用法的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)搭配的時間狀語:

⑴since+時間點(diǎn)

①I’veworkedinthiscompanysince1980.

②I’veworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.

注意不能說:sincethreeyears,而要說sincethreeyearsago。

⑵for+時間段

①I’veworkedinthiscompanyforthreeyears.

②GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinBeijingforthepastfewyears.※與此種用法的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)搭配的時間狀語:

⑴since+since的四種用法

1)since+過去一個時間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。

Ihavebeenheresince1989.

2)since+一段時間+ago

Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.

3)since+從句

Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.

Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.

4)Itis+一段時間+since從句

ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.since的四種用法⑶“到目前為止……”:untilnow,upuntilnow,uptonow,uptillnow,sofar等。例如:

Wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyactiontodecideonacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.

“在最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來……”:inthepastfewyears,overthepastfewyears,duringthelastthreemonths,forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies,throughouthistory等。例如:

①Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatalllivingthingsmustdie,fortheverynatureoflifeincludesdeath.

②Throughcenturiesthebizarreanticsofsleepwalkershavepuzzledpolice,perplexedscientistsandfascinatedwriters.⑶“到目前為止……”:untilnow,upuntil2、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(二):過去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系的動作或狀態(tài)

表示在不確定的過去發(fā)生的某一動作與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系。謂語動詞一般為短暫性動詞。

①Hehasbrokenhisleg.②Hebrokehisleg.

③Amoderngirlwenttothetheatrewithavestandapairofslippers.Theticket-examinerturnedherawayverypolitely:“Miss,NOADMISSIONWITHSLIPPERS.”“Really?”thegirltookofftheslippersandcarriedtheminherhands,“ThenIwillgoinbarefootedly.”“Oh,mygod!”theticket-examinercriedout,“Fortunately,IhavenottoldherNOADMISSIONWITHAVEST.”

④A:WhathashappenedtoJane?Sheiscrying.

B:Shebrokethedining-roomwindow.Shehastofacethemusicwhenherfathergetshome.2、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(二):過去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系的動作或⑤Mr.Oddsworksinabankandlivesonhisown.Theonlyfamilyhehasisinthenexttown:hissisterlivestherewithherhusband,andherson,Mark.LastweekMr.Oddshadasurprise.Hedrovehomefromthebankattheusualtime,drivingneithertooslowlynortoofast;heparkedhiscarwherehealwaysparkedit,outofthewayofothercars,andhewentinsidetomakehiseveningmeal.Straightaway,therewasaknockatthedoor.Mr.Oddsopenedthedoor,tofindapolicemanstandingonthedoorstep.

“WhathaveIdonewrong?”Mr.Oddsaskedhimself.“HaveIdrivenonthewrongsideoftheroad?Hastherebeensometroubleatthebank?HaveIforgottentopayanimportantbill?”

“Hello,Uncle,”saidthepoliceman,“Myname’sMark.”

⑥Youshouldhaveputthemilkintoicebox;Iexpectit

undrinkablebynow.

A.becameB.hadbecomeC.hasbecomeD.becomes

⑤Mr.Oddsworksinabankand※第二種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)使用技巧

1)、這種完成時態(tài)的肯定句不與“一段時間”的時間狀語連用

常見的這類動詞有:come,go,leave,kill,die,lose,buy,start,give,marry,join,bring,hear,etc.),因此與它連用的時間狀語不能是指“一段時間”。

①IhaveheardfrommygirlfriendsinceIcametoAmerica.(×)

②Ihaveboughtthispairofshoesforayear.(×)

③Hehaslefthishometownfor3years.(×)※第二種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)使用技巧

1)、這種完成時態(tài)的肯定句不與這種錯誤句子的改正有多種方式:

①Helefthishometown3yearsago.

②It’s3yearssincehelefthishometown.

③Hehasn’tcomebacksincehelefthishometown3yearsago.

④Hehasbeenawayfromhishometownfor3years.

不過,瞬間動詞的完成時態(tài)若用否定式,表示尚未發(fā)生的事情,則可作為一種狀態(tài),從而可以表示延續(xù)。

①Beggar:Madam,Ihaven’tseenapieceofmeatforweeks.

Lady:Mary,pleaseshowthispoormanthehamweboughtjustnow.

②Ihaven’tseenafilmforweeks.

③Ihaven’theardfrommygirlfriendsinceIcametoAmerica.

④Ihaven’tboughtapairofshoesforayear.

這種錯誤句子的改正有多種方式:

①Helefthish2).與不確定時間的時間狀語連用

這種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)可以不與任何時間狀語連用,也可以同一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用,如:already(已經(jīng)),yet(只用在疑問句或否定句中),lately(最近),often,just(剛剛,方才),never(從不,從未發(fā)生過)等。例如:

①A:Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat?

B:No,thanks.I’vejusthaddinner.

②TheleadingexpertonsleepinAmericaclaimsthathehasneverseenasleepwalker.

③Hasitstoppedrainingyet?

④Hehasn’tarrivedyet.

⑤Hehasalreadyarrived.

⑥Ihaveoftenthoughtthatitwouldbeperfectifwecouldflywithoutanyaid.2).與不確定時間的時間狀語連用

這種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)3).具有“新聞”性質(zhì)

①ThePresidenthasbeenassassinated.

②Hecan’tgoonholidaybecausehehasbrokenhisleg.

請認(rèn)真體會下面對話:

①A:Haveyouseenthefilm“ForrestGump”?

B:Yes,Ihave.

A:Whendidyouseeit?

B:Isawitlastspring.

A:Didyouseeitalone?

B:No,Isawitwithmyboyfriend.3).具有“新聞”性質(zhì)

①ThePresidentha②A:ThePresidenthasbeenassassinated.

B:Really?Whendidthathappen?

A:Hewaskilledlastnightwhenhespokeincrowd.

③A:IhearthatfamousChinesecomedianhasdied.

B:Really?Whendidshedie?

A:Shewasdeadlatelastnight.

④A:Hasthebosscomeyet?

B:Yes,hehas.Heisinhisofficenow.

A:Whendidhecome?

B:Hecameat9o’clock.Heaskedaboutyou.②A:ThePresidenthasbeenassa3、其他使用現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)

⑴This/That/Itis+序數(shù)詞+名詞+that+現(xiàn)在完成時

①ItisthethirdtimethatI’vecometoBeijing.

②Itisthefifthtimethatsomeonehasknockedatmydoor.

③—ThisisthetenthcupofcoffeethatI’vedrunkthisevening.

—Howareyougoingtobeabletofallasleeplaterifyoukeeponlikethis?

⑵This/That/Itis+最高級或only修飾名詞+現(xiàn)在完成時

①ThisisthemostinterestingmoviethatI’veeverseen.

②ThisisthebestwineIhaveeverdrunk.

③ItistheworstbookIhaveeverread.

④ThisisthehardestjobIhaveeverhad.

⑤Thisistheonlybookhehaswritten.

3、其他使用現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)

⑴This/That/Iti4、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時比較

⑴現(xiàn)在完成時的第二種用法。此時完成時表示的也是過去的動作或情況,只是當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在仍有意義或仍有重要影響時才用現(xiàn)在完成時。

①Hecan’tgoonholidaybecausehehasbrokenhisleg.②Hebrokehisleg.

③Oneofyourfriendsisdrivingasportscarbutheseemstobeverynervousandnotsurewhattodo.

Youmayask:Haveyoudrivenasportscarbefore?

Hemayreply:No,thisisthefirsttimethatI’vedrivenasportscar.

④Didyoudrivetotheparty?

4、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時比較

⑴現(xiàn)在完成時的第二種用法。

Isawthisfilmyesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。)

Ihaveseenthisfilm.(強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)

Whydidyougetupsoearly?(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。)

Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?

(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子,可能為不公平競爭。)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.

(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))

HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.

(三年前入團(tuán),joined為短暫行為。)Isawthisfilmyesterday.比較:

①Ihaven’tseenhimthismorning.

②Ididn’tseehimthismorning.

③Ihavecalledhimthreetimesthismorning.

④Icalledhimthreetimesthismorning.

⑵在用于延續(xù)性動詞時兩種時態(tài)的區(qū)別,請比較:

①HelivesinBeijing.Hehaslivedherefor3years.

②HelivedinBeijingfor3yearsandthenemigratedtoAmerica.

③Hehasbeeninthearmyfor6years.

④Hewasinthearmyfor6years.

⑤Ihavesmokedfor2years.

⑥Ismokedfor2years.比較:

①Ihaven’tseenhimthism一、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行用法:動作發(fā)生在過去,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。謂語:have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞一、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行用法:動作發(fā)生在過去,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,1)他們整個上午在看電視。2)我一直在考慮換工作。3)我已經(jīng)等了她6個小時。4)天整整下了一個月的雨。5)我一直坐在花園里,剛剛才進(jìn)來。TheyhavebeenwatchingTVallmorning.

Ihavebeenthinkingaboutchangingmyjob.Ihavebeenwaitingforherforsixhours.

Ithasbeenrainingforawholemonthsofar.I’vebeensittinginthegarden,andhavejustcomeindoors.1)他們整個上午在看電視。Theyhavebeenwa現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時比較1.現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作已經(jīng)完成,而完成進(jìn)行時卻不一定如此。

I’vemadeacake.(已經(jīng)做好)I’vebeenmakingacake.(不一定做好了)He’swrittenanovel.(已經(jīng)完成)He’sbeenwritinganovel.(可能未完成)

現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時比較1.現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作已經(jīng)完2.現(xiàn)在完成時與forthreeyears、sincethreeyearsago等這樣的表示一段時間的時間狀語連用時,能和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時互換,意義差別不大。沒有這樣的時間狀語,用現(xiàn)在完成時指的是一個完成了的動作。①Ihaveworked∕havebeenworkinginthiscompanyfor3years。

②Ihaveworkedinthiscompany.

③Ihavebeenworkinginthiscompany.④Hehasbeensleeping∕hassleptforthreehours.

⑤Hehasslept.

⑥Hehasbeensleeping.

2.現(xiàn)在完成時與forthreeyears、since3、完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作過程,完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果。

①M(fèi)yhandsareverydirty.I’vebeenpaintingthehouse.

②Ihavepaintedthehousegreen.Thehousewaswhite,butnowit’sgreen.

③Sorryaboutthemess—I’vebeenpaintingthehouse.

④I’vepaintedtworoomssincelunchtime.

⑤Ihavebeenreadingyourgrammarbook.AfterIfinishit,I’lldiscusssomeproblemswithyou.3、完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作過程,完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果。

①M(fèi)y二、過去完成時態(tài)1、用法:某個時間之前,某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生。即過去的過去,用過去完成時。2、謂語:haddone二、過去完成時態(tài)1、用法:某個時間之前,某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生。即過1)我到達(dá)時他已經(jīng)離開了。2)我一直等到他做完作業(yè)。3)她說她已經(jīng)把這件事忘了。4)當(dāng)我看見她時,她己經(jīng)結(jié)婚了。Hehadalreadyleft

bythetimeIarrived.

Iwaiteduntilhehadfinishedhishomework.Shesaidthatshehadforgottenthismatter.WhenIsawher,shehadalreadygotmarried.1)我到達(dá)時他已經(jīng)離開了。Hehadalreadyle過去完成時的其他用法

1)intend,mean,hope,want,plan,suppose,expect,think,propose,wish等動詞的過去完成時可表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、設(shè)想、意圖或希望等。

①IhadplannedtogoshoppingwithyoubutmymothercametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttogo.

②Shehadhopedthathewouldcometodateher,buthedidn’tshowup.

③Ihadintendedtoseeyou,butIwasbusy.

④Theyhadhopedtoseeyouoffattheairport,buttheygottheretoolate.

過去完成時的其他用法

1)intend,mean,hop2)用在“Itwasthe+序數(shù)詞(first,second…)或最高級…that…”句型中。

例如:

LastweekIattendedaninternationalconferenceandsawMr.Machine.ItwasthethirdtimethatIhadmethim.

2)用在“Itwasthe+序數(shù)詞(first,sec過去完成進(jìn)行時用法:動作發(fā)生在過去,一直延續(xù)到過去,并可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。過去完成進(jìn)行時與過去完成時之間的關(guān)系,同現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時之間的關(guān)系一樣。它的用法與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時基本相同,只是將“坐標(biāo)時問”移到過去。同樣是強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性,表示開始于過去某個時刻之前的動作持續(xù)到過去這一時刻,并繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。過去完成進(jìn)行時用法:動作發(fā)生在過去,一直延續(xù)到過去,1)她說她一直在等待你的好消息。2)他給我打電話時,我已經(jīng)工作了一段時間。3)當(dāng)我到達(dá)那里時,我哥哥已經(jīng)寫了一個月論文。Shesaidthatshehadbeenexpectingyourgoodnews.Ihadbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalledme.MyelderbrotherhadbeenwritinghisessayforonemonthbythetimeIarrivedthere.1)她說她一直在等待你的好消息。Shesaidthat過去完成時和過去完成進(jìn)行時過去完成時表示動作已完成,過去完成進(jìn)行時表示動作可能在繼續(xù)。Hehadcleanedthekitchen.Hehadbeencleaningthekitchen.Theyhadrepairedtheengine.Theyhadbeenrepairingtheengine.過去完成時和過去完成進(jìn)行時過去完成時表示動作已完成,過去完成三、將來完成時態(tài)(willhavedone)用法:在現(xiàn)在的將來某一時刻之前完成的動作。謂語:shall/will+have+done(過去分詞)三、將來完成時態(tài)(willhavedone)用法:在現(xiàn)在1)我會在你回來之前去美國。2)她會在她母親回來之前做完作業(yè)。3)他會在今天下午3點(diǎn)前到達(dá)北京。4)我會在下個月底之前寫完論文。IshallhaveleftforAmericabeforeyoucomeback.

(從句做時間狀語)Shewillhavefinishedherhomeworkbythetimeher

mothercomesback.HewillhavearrivedinBeijingbythreethisafternoon.

Bytheendofnextmonth,Ishallhavecompletedmyessay.1)我會在你回來之前去美國。Ishallhavelef

說明:1)每句劃線部份均有“在未來某一時刻之前”的意思。

2)在90%的情況下,現(xiàn)在將來完成時都離不開介詞“by”(在---之前)。以下是現(xiàn)在將來完成時和過去完成時在“by”用法上的區(qū)別:

byteno’clocktomorrow(用現(xiàn)在將來完成時)

bytheendofnextmonth(用現(xiàn)在將來完成時)

bythetimehearrivesnextweek(用現(xiàn)在將來完成時)

byteno’clockyesterday(用過去完成時)

bytheendoflastmonth(用過去完成時)

bythetimehearrivedyesterday(用過去完成時)總之,“by”后面是將來的時間,就一定要用現(xiàn)在將來完成時;“by”后面是過去的時間,就一定要用過去完成時。說明:1)每句劃線部份均有“在未來某一時刻之前”的意思。將來完成進(jìn)行時

用法:動作在現(xiàn)在的將來某一時刻之前發(fā)生,但該動作很可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。謂語:shall/will+have+been+doing(現(xiàn)在分詞)將來完成進(jìn)行時的用法與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時基本相同,只是將“坐標(biāo)時間”移到將來。同樣是強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性,表示開始于將來某個時刻之前的動作持續(xù)到將來這一時刻,并可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。將來完成進(jìn)行時用法:動作在現(xiàn)在的將來某一時刻之前發(fā)生,但該1)等她到達(dá)時,我可能等了她五個小時啦。2)到下個月底,她在這里生活了整整十年。3)如果明天再下雨的話,那么雨整整下了一個月。Bythetimeshearrives,Ishallhavebeenwaitingforherforfivehours.Bytheendofnextmonth,shewillhavebeenlivingherefortenyearsexactly.

Ifitrainsagaintomorrow,itwillhavebeenrainingforawholemonth.1)等她到達(dá)時,我可能等了她五個小時啦。Bythetim溫故知新:InBrief

對于完成時態(tài),首先應(yīng)該真正理解現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的三種思維用法:1.延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài);2.過去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系的動作或狀態(tài);3.到目前為止的一個時間段內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。其他兩種完成時態(tài)在思維上與現(xiàn)在完成時本質(zhì)上是一樣的,區(qū)別只是人們說話的立足時間不同。另外要注意比較不同用法的完成時態(tài)和不同的時間狀語的搭配。溫故知新:InBrief對于完完成時與完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)的練習(xí)

1、用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài)填空1)IbegantoteachinNewOrientalSchoolin1997.Thisyearis2001.SofarI(teach)herefor4years.By2000,I(teach)for3years.By2002,I(teach)for5years.2)Don’tspendyourmoneylikewater.Ifyoukeeponlikethis,you(spend)allyourmoneybeforetheendofthetrip.3)“WasClintatthepartywhenyouarrived?”“No,he(already,go)home.”4)“WasClintatthepartywhenyouarrived?”“Yes,buthe(go)homesoonafterwards.”5)IfeltverytiredwhenIgothome,soI(go)straighttobed.6)ThehousewasveryquietwhenIgothome.Everybody(go)tobed.7)SorryI’mlate.Thecar(break)downonmywayhere.完成時與完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)的練習(xí)1、用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài)填空8)We(drive)alongtheroadwhenwesawacarthat(break)down,sowestoppedtoseeifwecouldhelp.

9)YesterdayIhadaphonecallfromClint.Iwasverysurprised.I(write)tohimmanytimesbuthe(never,reply)tomyletters.

10)ImetClintafewdaysago.He(just,come)backfromholiday.Helookedverywell.

11)Themansittingnexttomeontheplanewasverynervous.Itwashisfirstflight.He(never,fly)before.

12)Thistrafficisterrible.We’regoingtobelate.Bythetimewe(get)totheairport,Bob’splane(arrive,already),andhe’llbewonderingwhereweare.

13)LastspringIwenttoFrance.ItwasthefirsttimethatI(be)there.

14)Thisistheonlynovelthathe(write).8)We(drive)alongtheroadw15)ThisisthefirsttimethatI(take)theflight.

16)ThisisthemostdifficultjobthatI(ever,do).

17)Clintisphoninghisgirlfriendagain.Thisisthefourthtimethathe(phone)herthisevening.

18)A:Look!Somebody(spill)milkonthecarpet.

B:Well,it(be,not)me.I(do,not)it.

A:Iwonderwhoit(be)then.

19)A:Clint(break)hisleg.

B:Really?Howthat(happen)?

A:He(fall)offaladder.

20)I(lose)mykey.Ican’tgetintomyhouse.

21)I(lose)mykey,soIcouldn’tgetintomyhouse.ButnowI(find)it.

15)Thisisthefirsttimetha2、改錯:

22)Ihaveenteredtheuniversityfortwoyears.

23)Hehascomehereforthreehours.

24)Theoldladyhasdiedfortenyears.

25)Hehaslefthisnativeplaceforthreeyears.

26)Ihavemarriedforoneyear.

27)Hehasjoinedinthearmyforfiveyears.

28)IhavecometoBeijingforsevenyears.2、改錯:

22)Ihaveenteredtheu3、用正確時態(tài)填空,在合適的地方填人just,already,yet,before等。

29)Amansittingnexttoyouonaflightseemsverynervousbutfeelsveryexcited.Youcanask:

?(takeaflight)

30)Jackisskiingfromthetopofthemountain.Hedoesn’tlookveryconfident.Youcanask:

?(skifromthetopofthemountain)

31)Afterlunchyougotoseeafriendatherhouse.Shesays“Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat?”yousay:No,thankyou.(havelunch).

32)Youknowthatafriendofyoursislookingforajob.Perhapshehasbeensuccessful.Askhim:

?(findajob)3、用正確時態(tài)填空,在合適的地方填人just,alread33)Youareeatinginarestaurant.Thewaiterthinksyouhavefinishedandstartstotakeyourplateaway.Yousay:Waitaminute!

.(not/finish)

34)Johngoesout.Fiveminuteslater,thephoneringsandthecallersays“CanIspeaktoJohn?”Yousay:Iamafraid

.(goout)

4、討論下列完成時態(tài)是什么思維和用法。

35)Mary:Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried?

Lisa:Thistime—oraltogether?

36)APerfectRecord

Teacher:Youngman,youhaven’thandedinonehomeworkassignmentsincewestartedthisclass.Won’tyoupleasedotonight’sassignment?

George:What?Andruinaperfectrecord?33)Youareeatinginarestau37)IDon’tKnow

Lucy:Doyoubelievekissingisunhealthy?

Lily:Icouldn’tsay—I’venever…

Lucy:Youhaveneverbeenkissed?

Lily:I’veneverbeensick.

38)WillHeLoseHisJob?

FirstClerk:PooroldWatkinshascompletelylosthishearing.I’mafraidhe’lllosehisjob.

SecondClerk:Nonsense.He’stobetransferredtotheComplaintDepartment.

39)Atotalof36832firsinChinahavekilled971peopleduringthefirstquarteroftheyear,injuring1228andcausing310millionyuanindirecteconomiclosses,asourcewiththestatisticssaid.37)IDon’tKnow

Lucy:Doyo40)FormerJapanesePrimeMinisterKeizoObuchi,whohadbeeninacoma(昏迷)forsixweeks,diedofacerebral(大腦的)infarction(梗塞)ataTokyohospital.(日本前首相小淵惠三,在長達(dá)六星期的昏迷后,因鬧梗塞死于東京一家醫(yī)院。)

41)It’sreportedthatbytheendofthismonththeoutputofcementinthefactorywillhaverisenbyabout10%.

42)—MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Williamsateighttonight?

—Iamsorry.Mr.Williamswillhavegonetoaconferencelongbeforethen.40)FormerJapanesePrimeMini

英文時態(tài)(三):完成時態(tài)

英文時態(tài)(三):完成時態(tài)完成動作:

1、現(xiàn)在完成(have∕hasdone)

2、過去完成(haddone)

3、將來完成(willhavedone)

完成時態(tài)概述:

形式:havedone

意義:完成時態(tài)表示的是在某一特定時刻(現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)恚┲伴_始發(fā)生的并持續(xù)到這一特定時刻或?qū)@一特定時刻有影響的一個活動。

完成動作:

1、現(xiàn)在完成(have∕hasdone)

2、⑴現(xiàn)在完成時:

在現(xiàn)在之前(即過去)開始發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在有影響的動作。

Ihavelearned2000wordssofar.

⑵過去完成時:

在過去之前(即過去的過去)開始發(fā)生的并持續(xù)到過去或?qū)^去有影響的動作。

Ihadlearned1000wordsbytheendoflastyear.

⑶將來完成時:

在將來之前(可能是過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚╅_始發(fā)生的并持續(xù)的將來或?qū)碛杏绊懙膭幼鳌?/p>

Iwillhavelearned3000wordsbytheendofnextyear.

⑴現(xiàn)在完成時:

在現(xiàn)在之前(即過去)開始發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)σ弧F(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(have∕hasdone)

用法:1)動作發(fā)生在過去,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,對目前有影響。(延續(xù)性動詞的“已完成”或“未完成”用法)

2)動作發(fā)生在過去,點(diǎn)已經(jīng)完成,并與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系。(瞬間性動詞的“已完成”用法)說明:“已完成”用法表示動作已結(jié)束,而“未完成”用法則表示動作有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。一、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(have∕hasdone)用法:1)動1)我曾經(jīng)在某個地方見過她。2)到目前為止,該橋?qū)纯⒐ぁ?)她剛剛買了一部新自行車。4)我們已經(jīng)在這里生活了十年。5)我學(xué)習(xí)英語的時間長達(dá)25年了。6)自1997年以來,我就沒見過她了。Ihaveeverseenhersomewhere.→2

Sofar,thebridgehasn'tbeencompleted.→2

Shehasjustboughtanewbike.→2Wehave

alreadylivedherefortenyears.→1

I'vestudiedEnglishfortwenty-fiveyears.→1

Ihaven'tseenhersincetheyearof1997.→21)我曾經(jīng)在某個地方見過她。Ihaveeverseen1、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(一):延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)

開始于過去的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。謂語動詞一般為延續(xù)性動詞。①Anoldwomanwalkedoutintothemiddleofthestreet.Thepolicemanyelledtoher,“Don’tyouknowwhatitmeanswhenIholdupmyhand?”Theladysaid,“SureIdo.Ihavebeenaschoolteacherfor28yearsnow.”②Ihavelivedherefor3years.③TheteacherhastaughtinthisschoolsinceIcamehere.④I’veworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.⑤Sincetimebegan,manhaslivedinfearoffire.1、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(一):延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)或者,由上下文明確告知,開始于過去的動作只持續(xù)到說話時刻為止即已結(jié)束。例如:

①A:Haveyouwaitedlong?

B:I’vewaitedforthreehours.

②I’vewaitedforhimallday;Idon’twanttowaitanylonger.

這種現(xiàn)在完成時的特點(diǎn):

1)謂語動詞一般為延續(xù)性動詞。

2)動作發(fā)生的時間是過去,但這一動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。

3)與這種用法的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用的時間狀語通常是表示“一段時間”的時間狀語,以說明某個動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。

或者,由上下文明確告知,開始于過去的動作只持續(xù)到說話時刻為止※與此種用法的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)搭配的時間狀語:

⑴since+時間點(diǎn)

①I’veworkedinthiscompanysince1980.

②I’veworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.

注意不能說:sincethreeyears,而要說sincethreeyearsago。

⑵for+時間段

①I’veworkedinthiscompanyforthreeyears.

②GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinBeijingforthepastfewyears.※與此種用法的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)搭配的時間狀語:

⑴since+since的四種用法

1)since+過去一個時間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。

Ihavebeenheresince1989.

2)since+一段時間+ago

Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.

3)since+從句

Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.

Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.

4)Itis+一段時間+since從句

ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.since的四種用法⑶“到目前為止……”:untilnow,upuntilnow,uptonow,uptillnow,sofar等。例如:

Wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyactiontodecideonacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.

“在最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來……”:inthepastfewyears,overthepastfewyears,duringthelastthreemonths,forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies,throughouthistory等。例如:

①Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatalllivingthingsmustdie,fortheverynatureoflifeincludesdeath.

②Throughcenturiesthebizarreanticsofsleepwalkershavepuzzledpolice,perplexedscientistsandfascinatedwriters.⑶“到目前為止……”:untilnow,upuntil2、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(二):過去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系的動作或狀態(tài)

表示在不確定的過去發(fā)生的某一動作與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系。謂語動詞一般為短暫性動詞。

①Hehasbrokenhisleg.②Hebrokehisleg.

③Amoderngirlwenttothetheatrewithavestandapairofslippers.Theticket-examinerturnedherawayverypolitely:“Miss,NOADMISSIONWITHSLIPPERS.”“Really?”thegirltookofftheslippersandcarriedtheminherhands,“ThenIwillgoinbarefootedly.”“Oh,mygod!”theticket-examinercriedout,“Fortunately,IhavenottoldherNOADMISSIONWITHAVEST.”

④A:WhathashappenedtoJane?Sheiscrying.

B:Shebrokethedining-roomwindow.Shehastofacethemusicwhenherfathergetshome.2、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用法(二):過去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系的動作或⑤Mr.Oddsworksinabankandlivesonhisown.Theonlyfamilyhehasisinthenexttown:hissisterlivestherewithherhusband,andherson,Mark.LastweekMr.Oddshadasurprise.Hedrovehomefromthebankattheusualtime,drivingneithertooslowlynortoofast;heparkedhiscarwherehealwaysparkedit,outofthewayofothercars,andhewentinsidetomakehiseveningmeal.Straightaway,therewasaknockatthedoor.Mr.Oddsopenedthedoor,tofindapolicemanstandingonthedoorstep.

“WhathaveIdonewrong?”Mr.Oddsaskedhimself.“HaveIdrivenonthewrongsideoftheroad?Hastherebeensometroubleatthebank?HaveIforgottentopayanimportantbill?”

“Hello,Uncle,”saidthepoliceman,“Myname’sMark.”

⑥Youshouldhaveputthemilkintoicebox;Iexpectit

undrinkablebynow.

A.becameB.hadbecomeC.hasbecomeD.becomes

⑤Mr.Oddsworksinabankand※第二種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)使用技巧

1)、這種完成時態(tài)的肯定句不與“一段時間”的時間狀語連用

常見的這類動詞有:come,go,leave,kill,die,lose,buy,start,give,marry,join,bring,hear,etc.),因此與它連用的時間狀語不能是指“一段時間”。

①IhaveheardfrommygirlfriendsinceIcametoAmerica.(×)

②Ihaveboughtthispairofshoesforayear.(×)

③Hehaslefthishometownfor3years.(×)※第二種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)使用技巧

1)、這種完成時態(tài)的肯定句不與這種錯誤句子的改正有多種方式:

①Helefthishometown3yearsago.

②It’s3yearssincehelefthishometown.

③Hehasn’tcomebacksincehelefthishometown3yearsago.

④Hehasbeenawayfromhishometownfor3years.

不過,瞬間動詞的完成時態(tài)若用否定式,表示尚未發(fā)生的事情,則可作為一種狀態(tài),從而可以表示延續(xù)。

①Beggar:Madam,Ihaven’tseenapieceofmeatforweeks.

Lady:Mary,pleaseshowthispoormanthehamweboughtjustnow.

②Ihaven’tseenafilmforweeks.

③Ihaven’theardfrommygirlfriendsinceIcametoAmerica.

④Ihaven’tboughtapairofshoesforayear.

這種錯誤句子的改正有多種方式:

①Helefthish2).與不確定時間的時間狀語連用

這種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)可以不與任何時間狀語連用,也可以同一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用,如:already(已經(jīng)),yet(只用在疑問句或否定句中),lately(最近),often,just(剛剛,方才),never(從不,從未發(fā)生過)等。例如:

①A:Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat?

B:No,thanks.I’vejusthaddinner.

②TheleadingexpertonsleepinAmericaclaimsthathehasneverseenasleepwalker.

③Hasitstoppedrainingyet?

④Hehasn’tarrivedyet.

⑤Hehasalreadyarrived.

⑥Ihaveoftenthoughtthatitwouldbeperfectifwecouldflywithoutanyaid.2).與不確定時間的時間狀語連用

這種現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)3).具有“新聞”性質(zhì)

①ThePresidenthasbeenassassinated.

②Hecan’tgoonholidaybecausehehasbrokenhisleg.

請認(rèn)真體會下面對話:

①A:Haveyouseenthefilm“ForrestGump”?

B:Yes,Ihave.

A:Whendidyouseeit?

B:Isawitlastspring.

A:Didyouseeitalone?

B:No,Isawitwithmyboyfriend.3).具有“新聞”性質(zhì)

①ThePresidentha②A:ThePresidenthasbeenassassinated.

B:Really?Whendidthathappen?

A:Hewaskilledlastnightwhenhespokeincrowd.

③A:IhearthatfamousChinesecomedianhasdied.

B:Really?Whendidshedie?

A:Shewasdeadlatelastnight.

④A:Hasthebosscomeyet?

B:Yes,hehas.Heisinhisofficenow.

A:Whendidhecome?

B:Hecameat9o’clock.Heaskedaboutyou.②A:ThePresidenthasbeenassa3、其他使用現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)

⑴This/That/Itis+序數(shù)詞+名詞+that+現(xiàn)在完成時

①ItisthethirdtimethatI’vecometoBeijing.

②Itisthefifthtimethatsomeonehasknockedatmydoor.

③—ThisisthetenthcupofcoffeethatI’vedrunkthisevening.

—Howareyougoingtobeabletofallasleeplaterifyoukeeponlikethis?

⑵This/That/

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