新編跨文化交際英語教程期末翻譯題Unit2.4.5.6中英對(duì)照

新編跨文化交際英語教程期末翻譯題Unit2.4.5.6中英對(duì)照新編跨文化交際英語教程期末翻譯題Unit2.4.5.6中英對(duì)照新編跨文化交際英語教程期末翻譯題Unit2.4.5.6中英對(duì)照資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月新編跨文化交際英語教程期末翻譯題Unit2.4.5.6中英對(duì)照版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：UNIT2文化有時(shí)候被稱為我們的心智程序，我們“頭腦的軟件”。Culture

is

sometimes

referred

to

as

our

mental

programming,our

“software

of

the

mind.

”但是，我們可以進(jìn)一步引申這個(gè)用電腦所做的類比，把文化看作是支持運(yùn)行的操作環(huán)境。But

we

can

take

that

computer

analogy

further

and

say

that

culture

is

the

operating

environment

that

enables

software

programs

to

run.

文化就像電腦使用的DOS或者Unix或者“視窗”（Windows）等操作系統(tǒng)一樣，使我們能在各種各樣的實(shí)際應(yīng)用中處理信息。Culture

is

like

DOS

or

Unix

or

Windows:it

is

what

enables

us

to

process

information

in

various

specific

application.

用“視窗”這個(gè)比喻來描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。The

metaphor

of

windows

seems

to

be

very

appealing

to

describe

culture:文化就是我們心靈的視窗，透過它我們審視生活的方方面面。culture

is

a

mental

set

of

windows

through

which

all

of

life

is

viewed.

一個(gè)社會(huì)中不同個(gè)體的視窗是不大一樣的，但都有著一些重要的共同特征。

It

varies

from

individual

to

individual

within

a

society,

but

it

shares

important

characteristics

with

menbers

of

a

society.

文化就好像是魚暢游于其中的水一般，人們想當(dāng)然地把文化看成是客觀存在的事實(shí)，因而很少去研究它。Culture

is

like

the

water

fish

swim

in---a

reality

that

is

taken

for

granted

and

rarely

examined.

文化存在于我們所呼吸的空氣之中，文化對(duì)于我們了解我們自身之為何物是必不可少的，就正如生命離不開空氣一樣。It

is

in

the

air

we

breathe

and

is

as

necessary

to

our

understanding

of

who

we

are

as

air

is

to

our

physical

life.

文化是特定群體的共有財(cái)產(chǎn)，而不單是個(gè)體的特征。Culture

is

the

property

of

a

community

of

people,

not

simply

a

characteristic

of

individuals.

社會(huì)按照文化設(shè)定的程序運(yùn)作，這種程序來自于相似的生活體驗(yàn)以及對(duì)這種生活體驗(yàn)之含義的相似闡釋。Societies

are

programmed

by

culture,

and

that

programming

comes

from

similar

life

experiences

and

similar

interpretations

of

what

those

experiences

mean.

UNIT4我們說語言總是模糊的，指的是我們所說所寫的東西總不能完全表達(dá)我們的意圖。When

we

say

that

language

is

always

ambiguous,

what

we

mean

is

that

we

can

never

fully

control

the

meanings

of

the

things

we

say

and

write.我們通過說話和寫作所傳達(dá)的意思不僅僅由詞語和句子本身決定，聽眾和讀者的理解也起到了一定的作用。

The

meanings

we

exchange

by

speaking

and

by

writing

are

not

given

in

the

words

and

sentences

alone

but

are

also

constructed

partly

out

of

what

our

listeners

and

our

readers

interpret

them

to

mean.

換言之，是交際雙方共同創(chuàng)造了語言所表達(dá)的意思。To

put

this

quite

another

way,

meaning

in

language

is

jointly

constructed

by

the

participants

in

communication.

語言的模糊性是與生俱來的。Language

is

inherently

ambiguous.

為了溝通，我們必須自己推斷出對(duì)方的意思，除此之外別無他法。It

means

that

in

order

to

communicate

we

must

always

jump

to

conclusions

about

what

other

people

mean.

There

is

no

way

around

this.

在理解別人說話時(shí)，我們必須推測(cè)這些話的意思。這些推測(cè)主要基于以下兩個(gè)來源：When

someone

says

something,

we

must

jump

to

some

conclusion

about

what

he

or

she

means.

We

draw

inferences

based

on

two

main

sources:

（1）他們所使用的語言；（2）我們的世界知識(shí)。這種知識(shí)包括能夠預(yù)知在某種特定語境下人們通常會(huì)說些什么。(1)

the

language

they

have

used,

and

(2)

our

knowledge

about

the

world.

The

knowledge

includes

expectations

about

what

people

would

normally

say

in

such

circumstances.UNIT5由于在性別、年齡、種族或文化群體、教育、國家或城市的地域、收入或職業(yè)群體、個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等各方面的差異，人們分屬不同的語言群體，這些差異使我們很難完全領(lǐng)會(huì)另一個(gè)群體成員所表達(dá)的意思。Where

any

two

people

differ

in

group

membership

because

they

are

of

different

genders,

different

age,

different

ethnic

and

different

cultural

groups,

different

educations,

different

parts

of

the

same

country

or

even

city,

different

income

or

occupational

groups,

or

with

very

different

personal

histories,

each

will

find

it

mire

difficult

to

draw

inferences

about

what

the

other

person

means.

在當(dāng)今世界的跨文化交際中，人們之間的差異是相當(dāng)大的。In

the

contemporary

world

of

international

and

intercultural

communication,

the

differences

between

people

are

considerable.人們每天要與來自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群體的人交往，成功交際的關(guān)鍵在于盡可能地共享對(duì)話語意義的推定。People

are

in

daily

contact

with

members

of

cultures

and

other

groups

from

all

around

the

world.

Successful

communication

is

based

on

sharing

as

much

as

possible

the

assumptions

we

make

about

what

other

mean.當(dāng)我們與迥然不同的人打交道時(shí)，我們往往不知道該怎樣推導(dǎo)出他們的語句意義。因此，在交際過程中，就很難依靠共享的知識(shí)和背景來有把握地詮釋他人表達(dá)的意義。When

we

are

communicating

about

what

they

mean,

and

so

it

is

impossible

to

depend

on

shared

knowledge

and

background

for

confidence

in

our

interpretations.UNIT6非言語交際被認(rèn)為是不直接依靠語言使用的任何交際方式。Non-verbal

communication

might

be

thought

of

as

any

form

of

communication

which

is

not

directly

dependent

on

the

use

of

language.

然而，一般來說，很難知道言語交際方式與非言語交際方式的區(qū)分到底在哪兒。Generally

speaking,

however,

it’s

a

little

difficult

to

know

where

to

separate

verbal

and

non-verbal

forms

of

communication.

有些非言語交際方式，例如點(diǎn)頭，總是伴隨著言語，而且是語言使用時(shí)言語系統(tǒng)的一部分。Such

non-verbal

aspects

of

communications

as

nodding

the

head

most

often

accompany

speech

and

are

part

and

parcel

of

the

verbal

system

of

language

use.另一方面，像舞蹈和音樂等交際形式常常是沒有任何言語成分的。On

the

other

hand

such

forms

of

communication

as

dance

and

music

often

have

no

verbal

component

at

all.我們?cè)谶@里想做的只是要引起大家對(duì)一個(gè)事實(shí)的注意，即人類交往的許多方面都依賴于那些不能輕易轉(zhuǎn)換為言語、但卻對(duì)我們相互理解至關(guān)