新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ) 綜合教程4 課文翻譯

Naturenurturesmankindunselfishlywithitsrichresources.Yet,manissocarriedawayinhistransformationofnaturethatheisunawarethatitalsohaslimitationsandneedsconstantcare.Nowwornbytheexcessivedemandsofmankind,natureisunabletomaintaintheecologicalbalanceneeded.Humanityisfacedwiththeproblemofhowtostop,oratleasttomoderate,thedestructionofMotherNature.TManintheRealmofNatureAlexanderSpirkinclose1RTHumanbeingsliveintherealmofnature.Theyareconstantlysurroundedbyitandinteractwithit.Manisconstantlyawareoftheinfluenceofnatureintheformoftheairhebreathes,thewaterhedrinks,andthefoodheeats.Weareconnectedwithnatureby"blood"tiesandwecannotliveoutsidenature.人在自然界

亞歷山大·斯伯金

人類(lèi)生活在大自然的王國(guó)里。他們時(shí)刻被大自然所包圍并與之相互影響。人類(lèi)呼吸的空氣、喝下的水和攝入的食物，無(wú)一不令人類(lèi)時(shí)刻感知到大自然的影響。我們與大自然血肉相連，離開(kāi)大自然，我們將無(wú)法生存。close2RTManisnotonlyadwellerinnature,healsotransformsit.Humanityconvertsnature'swealthintothemeansofthecultural,historicallifeofsociety.Manhassubduedanddisciplinedelectricityandcompelledittoservetheinterestsofsociety.Notonlyhasmantransferredvariousspeciesofplantsandanimalstodifferentclimaticconditions,hehasalsochangedtheshapeandclimateofhisenvironmentandtransformedplantsandanimals.人類(lèi)不僅生活在大自然之中，同時(shí)也在改變著大自然。人類(lèi)把自然資源轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦鞣N文化，社會(huì)歷史的財(cái)富。人類(lèi)降服并控制了電，迫使它為人類(lèi)社會(huì)的利益服務(wù)。人類(lèi)不僅把各種各樣的動(dòng)植物轉(zhuǎn)移到不同的氣候環(huán)境，也改變了他生活環(huán)境的地貌和氣候并使動(dòng)植物因之而發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。close3RTAssocietydevelops,mantendstobecomelessdependentonnaturedirectly,whileindirectlyhisdependencegrows.Ourdistantancestorslivedinfearofnature'sdestructiveforces.Veryoftentheywereunabletoobtainthemerestdailynecessities.However,despitetheirimperfecttools,theyworkedtogetherstubbornly,collectively,andwereabletoattainresults.Naturewasalsochangedthroughinteractionwithman.Forestsweredestroyedandtheareaoffarmlandincreased.Naturewithitselementalforceswasregardedassomethinghostiletoman.Theforest,forexample,wassomethingwildandfrighteningandpeopletriedtoforceittoretreat.Thiswasalldoneinthenameofcivilisation,whichmeanttheplaceswheremanhadmadehishome,wheretheearthwascultivated,wheretheforesthadbeencutdown.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人類(lèi)對(duì)大自然的直接依賴(lài)越來(lái)越少，而間接的依賴(lài)卻越來(lái)越多。我們遠(yuǎn)古的祖先生活在大自然的威脅及破壞力的恐懼之中，他們常常連基本的生活物資都無(wú)法獲取。然而，盡管工具不甚完備，他們卻能同心協(xié)力，頑強(qiáng)工作，并總是有所收獲。在與人類(lèi)的相互作用中，大自然也發(fā)生了改變。森林被破壞了，耕地面積增加了。大自然及其威力被看成是和人類(lèi)敵對(duì)的東西。譬如，森林被認(rèn)為是野性的和令人恐懼的，因此人類(lèi)便想方設(shè)法使其面積縮小。這一切都是打著“文明”的旗號(hào)進(jìn)行的，所謂“文明”，就是人類(lèi)在哪里建立家園，耕耘土地，哪里的森林就被砍伐。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人類(lèi)對(duì)大自然的直接依賴(lài)越來(lái)越少，而間接的依賴(lài)卻越來(lái)越多。我們遠(yuǎn)古的祖先生活在大自然的威脅及破壞力的恐懼之中，他們常常連基本的生活物資都無(wú)法獲取。然而，盡管工具不甚完備，他們卻能同心協(xié)力，頑強(qiáng)工作，并總是有所收獲。在與人類(lèi)的相互作用中，大自然也發(fā)生了改變。森林被破壞了，耕地面積增加了。大自然及其威力被看成是和人類(lèi)敵對(duì)的東西。譬如，森林被認(rèn)為是野性的和令人恐懼的，因此人類(lèi)便想方設(shè)法使其面積縮小。這一切都是打著“文明”的旗號(hào)進(jìn)行的，所謂“文明”，就是人類(lèi)在哪里建立家園，耕耘土地，哪里的森林就被砍伐。close4RTButastimegoesonmankindbecomesincreasinglyconcernedwiththequestionofwhereandhowtoobtainirreplaceablenaturalresourcesfortheneedsofproduction.Scienceandman'spracticaltransformingactivitieshavemadehumanityawareoftheenormousgeologicalroleplayedbytheindustrialtransformationoftheearth.然而，隨著歲月的流逝，人類(lèi)越來(lái)越關(guān)注的是在何處得到和如何得到生產(chǎn)所需的不可替代的自然資源的問(wèn)題?？茖W(xué)與人類(lèi)改變大自然的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)已經(jīng)使人類(lèi)意識(shí)到了工業(yè)在改變地球的進(jìn)程中對(duì)地質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的重大影響。close5RTAtpresentthepreviousdynamicbalancebetweenmanandnatureandbetweennatureandsocietyasawhole,hasshownominoussignsofbreakingdown.Theproblemoftheso-calledreplaceableresourcesofthebiospherehasbecomeparticularlyacute.Itisgettingmoreandmoredifficulttosatisfytheneedsofhumanbeingsandsocietyevenforsuchasubstance,forexample,asfreshwater.Theproblemofeliminatingindustrialwasteisalsobecomingincreasinglycomplex.目前，人與自然以及自然與社會(huì)整體之間過(guò)去存在的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡，已呈現(xiàn)崩潰的跡象。生物圈中所謂可替代資源的問(wèn)題變得極為尖銳。人類(lèi)和社會(huì)的需求，即便是簡(jiǎn)單得像淡水一樣的物質(zhì)，也變得越來(lái)越難以滿足。清除工業(yè)廢物的問(wèn)題也變得日益復(fù)雜。close6RTModerntechnologyisdistinguishedbyaneverincreasingabundanceofproducedandusedsyntheticgoods.Hundredsofthousandsofsyntheticmaterialsarebeingmade.Peopleincreasinglycovertheirbodiesfromheadtofootinnylonandothersynthetic,glitteringfabricsthatareobviouslynotgoodforthem.Youngpeoplemayhardlyfeelthis,andtheypaymoreattentiontoappearancethantohealth.Buttheybecomemoreawareofthisharmfulinfluenceastheygrowolder.現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的特征是生產(chǎn)和使用日益豐富的人工合成產(chǎn)品。人們生產(chǎn)成千上萬(wàn)的人工合成材料。人們?cè)絹?lái)越多地用尼龍和其他人造纖維把自己從頭到腳地包裹起來(lái)，這些絢麗的織物顯然對(duì)他們無(wú)益。年輕人或許很少注意到這一點(diǎn)，他們更關(guān)注的是外表，而不是健康。但是上了年歲之后，他們就會(huì)感受到這種有害的影響。close7RTAstimegoesonthesyntheticoutputofproductionturnsintowaste,andthensubstancesthatintheiroriginalformwerenotverytoxicaretransformedinthecycleofnaturalprocessesintoaggressiveagents.Todaybothnaturalscientistsandphilosophersareaskingthemselvesthequestion:Isman'sdestructionofthebiosphereinevitable?久而久之，這些合成物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變成廢棄物，那些原本毒性不大的物質(zhì)在自然循環(huán)中變?yōu)闃O其有害的物質(zhì)。自然科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家如今都在問(wèn)自己這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：人類(lèi)對(duì)生物圈的破壞難道是無(wú)法避免的嗎？close8RTTheman-naturerelation?thecrisisoftheecologicalsituation?isaglobalproblem.ItssolutionliesinrationalandwiseorganizationofbothproductionitselfandcareforMotherNature,notjustbyindividuals,enterprisesorcountries,butbyallhumanity.Oneofthewaystodealwiththecrisissituationinthe"man-nature"systemistousesuchresourcesassolarenergy,thepowerofwinds,therichesoftheseasandoceansandother,asyetunknownnaturalforcesoftheuniverse.人與大自然的關(guān)系——生態(tài)環(huán)境的危機(jī)——已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)全球性問(wèn)題。這一問(wèn)題的解決之道在于理性而明智地協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)和對(duì)大自然的關(guān)愛(ài)之間的關(guān)系，這不僅要依靠個(gè)人、企業(yè)或者某些國(guó)家的力量，而且要依靠全人類(lèi)的力量。解決人與大自然關(guān)系危機(jī)的方法之一，就是使用太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、海洋能等資源，以及其他尚不為人所知的宇宙中的自然能。close9RTButtoreturntoourtheme,thebittertruthisthatthosehumanactionswhichviolatethelawsofnature,theharmonyofthebiosphere,threatentobringdisasterandthisdisastermayturnouttobeuniversal.HowaptthenarethewordsofancientOrientalwisdom:liveclosertonature,myfriends,anditseternallawswillprotectyou!但是，回到我們?cè)鹊闹黝}上，令人難以接受的事實(shí)是那些違背了自然規(guī)律、破壞了生物圈和諧的人類(lèi)行為將會(huì)帶來(lái)災(zāi)難，而這種災(zāi)難也許是全球性的。古代東方智者的話講得真是恰如其分：朋友們，你要是親近大自然，大自然就會(huì)用那永恒不變的規(guī)律永遠(yuǎn)呵護(hù)你！closeTheacquisitionofknowledgeisself-contradictorybynature.Themoreoneknows,themoreheknowshowlittleheknows.Readingoftenleadstomorequestionsthananswers.Writingopensthingsupratherthanclosesthemoff.Theauthorofthefollowingessayregardstruthasarainbowthatcannotbereallygrasped.Heurgesustobehumbleaboutwhatwedon'tknowasweprideourselvesonwhatweknow.TTheRainbowofKnowledgeCraigRussellThistextisdownloadedfromthewebsite.TheauthorCraigRussellisawriterandmusicianinupstateNewYork,USA.close1RTFormorethan3/4ofmylife?39ofmy50years?I'veeitherstudiedortaughtinaschooloracollegeinNewYork.知識(shí)彩虹

克雷格·拉塞爾

我這輩子四分之三以上的時(shí)間（50年中有39年）是在紐約的中小學(xué)或大學(xué)里度過(guò)的，不是在上學(xué)，就是在教學(xué)。close2RTYoumightthink,then,thatafterallthistimeI'dhavesomegraspofthesituation,thatI'dactuallyknowthings?thatI'dhavesomepositivesenseofassurance,ofcertainty,aboutknowledgeandaboutlife.ButIdon't.Infact,themoreIknow,themoreIknowIdon'tknow.于是，你或許會(huì)認(rèn)為，經(jīng)過(guò)這么長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，我應(yīng)該了解一些情況，確實(shí)知道一些東西，對(duì)知識(shí)和對(duì)生活該會(huì)積極地予以把握和肯定了?？墒牵覅s沒(méi)有做到這一點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，我知道的東西越多，反倒越覺(jué)得自己無(wú)知。close3RTTosaythatthemoreIknow,themoreIknowIdon'tknowis,ofcourse,contradictory.Butthen,modernphysicstellsusthatrealityitselfiscontradictory.Themorescientistslookintoourphysicalreality,themoreitslipsawayfromthem.Inaway,themoretheylearn,thelesstheyknow.當(dāng)然，說(shuō)自己知道的東西越多，反倒越覺(jué)得自己無(wú)知，這種說(shuō)法是矛盾的。然而，現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)告訴我們，現(xiàn)實(shí)世界本身就是矛盾的?？茖W(xué)家們對(duì)物質(zhì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界研究得越多，就越無(wú)法對(duì)它進(jìn)行把握。在某種意義上，他們了解的越多，知道的就越少。close4RTKnowledgeitselfiscontradictory.Forexample,pictureyourknowledgeasadot,asperhapstheperiodattheendofthissentence.Noticethetinycircumferenceofthatperiod,andletthatrepresenttheinterfaceoftheknownwiththeunknown?inotherwords,yourawarenessofwhatyoudon'tknow.知識(shí)本身就是矛盾的。打個(gè)比方，假設(shè)你的知識(shí)是一個(gè)點(diǎn)，就像這個(gè)句子末尾的句號(hào)一樣。請(qǐng)注意這個(gè)句號(hào)微小的圓周，假設(shè)它代表我們已知和未知的分界——換句話說(shuō)，就是你對(duì)自己不知道的東西的認(rèn)知。close5RTButnowimaginethatlittleperiodgrowing,itsblacknessconsumingmoreandmoreofthepage.Asitgrows,sodoesitscircumference.Andifthatgrowingblacknessrepresentsknowledge,thenasitgrows,sodoestheawarenessofwhatremainsunknown.Inotherwords,themoreyouknow,themoreyouknowyoudon'tknow.但現(xiàn)在想象一下那個(gè)小小的句號(hào)在漸漸擴(kuò)大，它的黑色部分占據(jù)頁(yè)面越來(lái)越多的地方。隨著它的擴(kuò)大，它的周緣也跟著擴(kuò)大。如果那個(gè)正在增大的黑色部分代表你的知識(shí)的話，在知識(shí)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)，你會(huì)意識(shí)到自己有許多不知道的東西。也就是說(shuō)，你知道的越多，就越覺(jué)得自己無(wú)知。close6RTNodoubtyouhaveexperiencedthisyourselfinyourownpersonalquestsforknowledge.Atfirst,youdon'tevenknowafieldoflearningexists.It'sbeenthereallalong,ofcourse;youjusthaven'tnoticeditbefore.WhenIgotmyfirstcomputerin1988,Iwalkeddowntothemagazinestore,hopingtofindsomethingaboutcomputingandwasamazedatthenumberofchoices.Likewise,whenIluckedintoanopportunitytoteachfilmanalysis,Ifoundmyselfdazzledatthesheernumberofbooksdevotedtothesubject.你在求知過(guò)程中肯定有過(guò)類(lèi)似的經(jīng)歷。起初，你甚至并不知道還有某個(gè)學(xué)科的存在。當(dāng)然，這個(gè)學(xué)科是早就存在的，只是你以前沒(méi)有注意到而已。1988年有了第一臺(tái)電腦以后，我去雜志店，想找一些關(guān)于電腦操作方面的書(shū)，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)這類(lèi)書(shū)琳瑯滿目，讓我吃驚。同樣，當(dāng)我有幸獲得講授電影分析這門(mén)課的機(jī)會(huì)時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)著也多得令我眼花繚亂。close7RTLet'ssayyoudecidetolearnaboutthistopic.Youbuyoneofthesebooks,thebestandmostcompleteoneyoucanfind(orsoyouthink,orperhapsyouborrowitfromthelibrary.Butyouquicklyfindthatyourreading,ratherthanansweringquestions,onlycreatesmoreofthem.假設(shè)你決定研究這一課題。你買(mǎi)了一本有關(guān)這一課題的書(shū)，一本你能找到的最好也是最全面的（或是你認(rèn)為是這樣的）書(shū)，或許你是從圖書(shū)館借來(lái)了這本書(shū)。但你很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀這本書(shū)只會(huì)給你帶來(lái)更多的問(wèn)題，而不是要解答你的疑問(wèn)。close8RTEarlierthisyear,forexample,InotonlyhadnoideathatIhadanyinterestatallintherelationshipoftechnologytofreedom;Ididn'tevenrealizethataconnectionbetweenthemmightexist.SoIstartedreadingbooksandbecamemoreandmoreawareoftherelationshipbetweentechnologyandfreedom.Then,ontheonehand,InowknowmuchmoreaboutthistopicthanIdidafewshortmonthsago.Butontheotherhand,allthisreadinghasmademeseehowlittleIreallyknowandhowmuchmoreIneedtoreadandthinkandwrite.OnceI'vefinishedreadingabook,IalwaysfeelthatIneedtoreadthreemoretogainabettergraspofthetopic.AndIthinkandwriteatthesametime.Infact,itismywritingthathasledmeintoit.Wethinkoftenthatonlypeoplewhoknowandwhoaresureofthemselveswrite.Forme,however,it'sjusttheopposite.Writingdoesn'tclosethingsoff?itopensthingsup.譬如，今年早些時(shí)候，我非但不知道自己對(duì)技術(shù)和自由之間的關(guān)系有興趣，甚至沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這兩者之間有可能存在著某種聯(lián)系。于是，我開(kāi)始閱讀這方面的書(shū)籍，越讀越意識(shí)到技術(shù)與自由之間的關(guān)系。一方面，比起短短的幾個(gè)月之前，現(xiàn)在我對(duì)這個(gè)課題的了解是多了。但另一方面，所有這些閱讀讓我看到了自己真正懂得的東西是多么的少，而需要閱讀、思考和寫(xiě)作的東西又是多么的多。每讀完一本書(shū)，我總是覺(jué)得需要再讀三本書(shū)，才能更好地把握這個(gè)課題。我的思考和寫(xiě)作也在同時(shí)進(jìn)行。事實(shí)上，正是寫(xiě)作讓我接觸了這一課題。我們通常認(rèn)為只有那些知識(shí)淵博、充滿自信的人才會(huì)從事寫(xiě)作。然而，在我看來(lái)卻恰恰相反。寫(xiě)作并不是總結(jié)，而是拓展。close9RTForalongtime,I,asawriter,wasparalyzedbythisparadox?themoreIknow,themoreIknowIdon'tknow.IwasveryawareoftheteachingfromTaoismthatsaid"thosewhoknowdon'tspeak;thosewhospeakdon'tknow."Iwasn'tsureIshouldwriteatall,and,evenifIdid,Ididn'tbelievethatIwasqualifiedtodoit.IalwaysfeltIhadtoknowmorefirst.Ittookmealongtimenottoletthisparadoxfreezemeandtobelievethatitwasmywritingthatwouldqualifymyknowledge,andnottheotherwayaround.Ithinkofmyworknotasarticlesorascolumnsbutasessays?awordfromFrench,meaning"totry".Idonotknowtruth.Ionlytrytofindit.身為作家，很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間我都被這個(gè)矛盾所困惑——知道的越多，越感到自己無(wú)知。我深深領(lǐng)悟了道家的教誨：“知者不言，言者不知?！蔽覍?duì)自己該不該寫(xiě)作毫無(wú)把握，即使寫(xiě)了，也覺(jué)得自己沒(méi)有資格寫(xiě)。我總覺(jué)得自己應(yīng)該先獲得更多的知識(shí)。我花了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，才解除了這種矛盾對(duì)我的禁錮，最終才確信正是寫(xiě)作讓我增長(zhǎng)了知識(shí)，而不是知識(shí)讓我有資格從事寫(xiě)作。我覺(jué)得自己的作品不是文章或者專(zhuān)欄，而是essays，即“隨筆”，essays是一個(gè)法語(yǔ)詞，意思是“嘗試”。我不懂得真理，只是努力要找到它。close10RTIdon'tmean,ofcourse,tosuggestthatweshouldnotlearn,orthatweshouldnotreadandwriteandthinkandtalk.Idonotmeantosuggestthatweshouldnottry.Aninfinitequestisnotahopelessone.Ionlysuggestthatanunderstandingwillinevitablyanddoubtlesslyleadusawayfromtheforceandrigidityofdogmatismandtowardtheflexibilityandfreedomoftheindividual.AsTaoismteaches,"thestiffandunbendingisthediscipleofdeath.Thegentleandyieldingisthediscipleoflife."當(dāng)然，我不是說(shuō)我們不應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)，或者不應(yīng)該閱讀、寫(xiě)作、思考和交談。我也不是說(shuō)我們不應(yīng)該去嘗試。永無(wú)止境的探索并非毫無(wú)希望。我只是認(rèn)為，對(duì)知識(shí)中矛盾的理解，必然會(huì)把我們從教條主義的壓迫和僵化中引導(dǎo)出來(lái)，邁向個(gè)人的靈活和自由。這正如道家所說(shuō)：“堅(jiān)強(qiáng)者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒?！眂lose11RTWemusttemperourprideinknowingwiththehumilityofnotknowing.Thetruth,astheysay,isoutthere,but,maybe,liketherainbow,wecanneverreallygraspit,neverholditinourhandsandtrulyknowit.Wecanonly,asWilliamJamessaid,"livetodaybywhattruthwecangettodayandbereadytocallitfalsehoodtomorrow."我們必須將因知識(shí)而生出的自豪感和因無(wú)知而生出的謙卑感加以揉和。他們說(shuō)得好，真理就在那里，但或許就像彩虹一樣，我們卻永遠(yuǎn)不能真正地抓住它，也不能把它握在手里并真正地掌握它。正如威廉·詹姆斯所說(shuō)的那樣，我們只能“按照今天得到的真理而生活，并準(zhǔn)備明天把它叫做謬論?！眂loseTWork,Labor,andPlayWystanH.AudenThistextistakenfromTheLittle,BrownReader(ThirdEdition,editedbyMarciaStubbsandSylvanBarnet.Little,BrownandCompany.1983.close1RTSofarasIknow,MissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappy,amanmustfeel,firstly,freeand,secondly,important.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing,orifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,whetherwhatamandoeshassocialvaluedependsonwhetherheispaidmoneytodoit,butalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.工作、勞動(dòng)和玩耍

威斯坦·H·奧登

就我所知，漢娜·阿倫特小姐是界定工作和勞動(dòng)之間本質(zhì)區(qū)別的第一人。一個(gè)人要想快樂(lè)，第一要有自由感，第二要確信自己有價(jià)值。如果社會(huì)迫使一個(gè)人去做他自己不喜歡的事，或者說(shuō)，他所喜歡做的事被社會(huì)忽視，看作沒(méi)有價(jià)值或不重要，那他就不會(huì)真正快樂(lè)。在一個(gè)嚴(yán)格意義上已廢除奴隸制的社會(huì)里，一個(gè)人做的事情是否具有社會(huì)價(jià)值取決于他是否為完成此項(xiàng)工作得到了報(bào)酬。然而，今天的勞動(dòng)者可以被稱(chēng)為名副其實(shí)的工資奴隸。如果社會(huì)給一個(gè)人提供一份他本人不感興趣的工作，他出于養(yǎng)家糊口的需要不得已才從事這項(xiàng)工作，那這個(gè)人就是一個(gè)勞動(dòng)者。close2RTTheoppositetolaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,otherwiseweshouldnotplayit,butitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot.與勞動(dòng)相對(duì)的是玩耍。玩游戲時(shí)，我們能從中得到樂(lè)趣，否則就不會(huì)玩這個(gè)游戲。但這完全是一種私人的活動(dòng)，我們玩不玩這個(gè)游戲社會(huì)是不會(huì)關(guān)注的。close3RTBetweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardeneroracobblermaybeaworker,abankclerkalaborer.Whichamaniscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworker,leisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofheartattacksandforgettheirwives'birthdays.Tothelaborer,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsion,sothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboring,andthemorehoursheisfreetoplay,thebetter.處在勞動(dòng)和玩耍之間的是工作。如果一個(gè)人對(duì)社會(huì)為他支付報(bào)酬的工作感興趣，他就是一個(gè)工作者。從社會(huì)角度看是必需的勞動(dòng)在他自己看來(lái)卻是自愿的玩耍。一個(gè)職位是勞動(dòng)還是工作，并不取決于這個(gè)職位本身，而是取決于占據(jù)這個(gè)職位的個(gè)人自己的情趣。這種差異與體力勞動(dòng)和腦力勞動(dòng)之間的差異并不吻合。譬如，一個(gè)園丁或者鞋匠也許就是一個(gè)工作者，而一個(gè)銀行職員則可能是一個(gè)勞動(dòng)者。一個(gè)人是工作者還是勞動(dòng)者可以從他對(duì)閑暇的態(tài)度上看出來(lái)。對(duì)于一個(gè)工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，閑暇不過(guò)是他需要放松、休息從而進(jìn)行有效工作的幾個(gè)小時(shí)，所以，他可能只有少量的閑暇，而不會(huì)有大量的空閑。工作者可能會(huì)死于心臟病，并會(huì)忘記自己妻子的生日。而對(duì)于勞動(dòng)者來(lái)說(shuō)，閑暇就意味著擺脫強(qiáng)制，所以，他自然會(huì)想象：他不得不花費(fèi)在勞動(dòng)上的時(shí)間越少，而自由自在地玩耍的時(shí)間越多，那才越好。close4RTWhatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.在一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的技術(shù)社會(huì)里，總?cè)丝谥杏卸啻蟊壤娜四軌蛳裎乙粯佑行页蔀楣ぷ髡吣?？我估?jì)大概有16％，而且，我認(rèn)為這個(gè)數(shù)字將來(lái)也不會(huì)增加。close5RTTechnologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichchangesasoftenaspossibleintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeople.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone'steethintoaproblem".技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)的分工成就了兩件事：通過(guò)在許多領(lǐng)域取消了特別才能和技術(shù)的需要，把過(guò)去本來(lái)令人愉快的大量受雇職業(yè)的工作變成了令人厭倦的勞動(dòng)；通過(guò)提高生產(chǎn)力，縮短了勞動(dòng)所需的時(shí)間。已經(jīng)可以想象出這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)：其人口的大多數(shù)，也就是其中的勞動(dòng)者們，將會(huì)享受到早期貴族們才能享受到的幾乎同樣多的休閑。當(dāng)人們回想起過(guò)去貴族們的舉止行為時(shí)，前景并非樂(lè)觀。的確，在未來(lái)這樣一個(gè)大眾社會(huì)里，人們要解決“無(wú)聊”這個(gè)問(wèn)題，也許比過(guò)去的貴族們要困難得多。后者（貴族們）把他們的時(shí)間都儀式化了，譬如，有打松雞的季節(jié)，有在城鎮(zhèn)消磨的季節(jié)等等。廣大民眾更有可能以時(shí)尚來(lái)取代一成不變的儀式，而時(shí)尚將會(huì)為了某些人的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益頻繁地變化。再者，廣大民眾也不會(huì)再去狩獵，因?yàn)?，要不了多久可供獵取的動(dòng)物就沒(méi)有了。至于貴族們其他的消遣項(xiàng)目，比如賭博、決斗和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，人們可以輕而易舉地從危險(xiǎn)駕駛、吸食毒品和毫無(wú)理性的暴力行為中找到同樣的樂(lè)趣。工作者很少?gòu)氖卤┝顒?dòng)，他們可以把自己的“敵對(duì)心理”用在工作上，不管是工匠的體力活，還是科學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家的腦力活?！皵硨?duì)心理”在腦力勞動(dòng)中的作用可以在“緊緊咬住問(wèn)題”這個(gè)短語(yǔ)里得到恰如其分的表達(dá)。closePlaytheAudioTTwoTruthstoLiveByAlexanderM.SchindlerThetextistakenfromReader'sDigest.close1RTTheartoflivingistoknowwhentoholdfastandwhentoletgo.Anancientmansaidlongago:"Amancomestothisworldwithhisfistclenched,butwhenhedies,hishandisopen."人生的兩條真理

亞歷山大·M·辛德勒

人生的藝術(shù)就是要懂得收與放。正如古人所言：“一個(gè)人出生時(shí)拳頭緊握，過(guò)世時(shí)卻松手而去。”close2RTSurelyweoughttoholdfasttolife,foritiswonderful,andfullofabeauty.Weknowthatthisisso,butalltoooftenwerecognizethistruthonlyinourbackwardglancewhenwerememberwhatitwasandthensuddenlyrealizethatitisnomore.當(dāng)然，我們應(yīng)該緊緊把握人生，因?yàn)樗壬衿?，又美麗。我們都懂得這個(gè)道理?？墒俏覀儏s常常在回首往事時(shí)才突然覺(jué)醒，意識(shí)到其中之美，可為時(shí)已晚，一切都時(shí)過(guò)境遷。close3RTWerememberabeautythatfaded,alovethatwithered.Butwerememberwithfargreaterpainthatwedidnotseethatbeautywhenitflowered,thatwefailedtorespondwithlovewhenitwastendered.我們記起的是褪色的美、消逝的愛(ài)。但是這種記憶中卻飽含了苦澀，我們痛惜沒(méi)有在美麗綻放的時(shí)候注意到它，沒(méi)有在愛(ài)情到來(lái)的時(shí)候做出回應(yīng)。close4RTArecentexperiencere-taughtmethistruth.Iwashospitalizedfollowingasevereheartattackandhadbeeninintensivecareforseveraldays.Itwasnotapleasantplace.我自己最近的一個(gè)經(jīng)歷又令我悟出了這其中的道理。劇烈的心臟病發(fā)作以后我被送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院的重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房。那地方可不是好呆的。close5RTOnemorning,Ihadtohavesomeadditionaltests.Therequiredmachineswerelocatedinabuildingattheoppositeendofthehospital,soIhadtobewheeledacrossthecourtyardinachair.Asweemergedfromourunit,thesunlighthitme.That'salltherewastomyexperience.Justthelightofthesun.Andyethowbeautifulitwas—howwarming;howsparkling;howbrilliant!一天上午，我要接受幾項(xiàng)輔助檢查。因?yàn)闄z查的器械在醫(yī)院另一側(cè)的一座樓內(nèi)，所以我只能坐在輪椅上讓人推著穿過(guò)庭院才能到達(dá)那里。就在從病房里出來(lái)的那一刻，陽(yáng)光正照在我身上。我所感覺(jué)到的就只有這陽(yáng)光，它如此美麗，如此溫暖，如此璀璨和輝煌！close6RTIlookedtoseewhetheranyoneelserelishedthesun'sgoldenglow,buteveryonewashurryingtoandfro,mostwitheyesfixedontheground.ThenIrememberedhowoftenI,too,hadbeenindifferenttothegrandeurofeachday,toopreoccupiedwithpettyandsometimesevenmeanconcernstorespondtothegreatbeautyofitall.我看看周?chē)欠裼腥艘渤磷碓谶@金色的陽(yáng)光中，然而，人人卻來(lái)去匆匆，大都目不斜視，雙眼只盯著地面。這時(shí)我想到自己平常又何嘗不是往往對(duì)身邊的美景視而不見(jiàn)而沉湎于日常細(xì)小的、有時(shí)甚至是低俗的瑣事之中呢！close7RTTheinsightgleanedfromthatexperienceisreallyascommonplaceaswastheexperienceitself:life'sgiftsareprecious—butwearetoocarelessofthem.從這次經(jīng)歷中所獲得的頓悟就像這個(gè)經(jīng)歷本身一樣，并無(wú)什么奇特之處：生活的恩賜是寶貴的，只是我們對(duì)此太掉以輕心罷了。close8RTHerethenisthefirstpoleoflife'sparadoxicaldemandsonus:Nevertoobusyforthewonderandtheaweoflife.Berespectfulbeforeeachdawningday.Embraceeachhour.Seizeeachgoldenminute.那么人生給我們的第一個(gè)矛盾的真理就是：不要因?yàn)樘^(guò)忙碌而錯(cuò)過(guò)了人生的美好和壯麗。虔誠(chéng)地迎接每一個(gè)黎明的到來(lái)。把握每一個(gè)小時(shí)，抓住寶貴的每一分每一秒。close9RTHoldfasttolife,butnotsofastthatyoucannotletgo.Thisisthesecondsideoflife'scoin,theoppositepoleofitsparadox:wemustacceptourlosses,andlearnhowtoletgo.緊緊把握住人生，但不要緊得放不開(kāi)。這是生活的另一面，是矛盾體的另一極：我們必須接受損失，學(xué)會(huì)放手。close10RTThisisnotaneasylessontolearn,especiallywhenweareyoungandthinkthattheworldisourstocommand,thatwhateverwedesirewiththefullforceofourpassioncan,andwillbeours.Butthenlifemovesalongtoconfrontuswithrealities,andslowlybutsurelythissecondtruthdawnsuponus.做到這一點(diǎn)并不容易，尤其是當(dāng)我們還年輕，自以為世界在我們的掌握之中，只要滿腔熱情、全力以赴地去渴求，我們就能得到我們想要的東西，而且一定能得到！但是，生活在繼續(xù)，它要我們?nèi)ッ鎸?duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，慢慢地也是實(shí)實(shí)在在地，生活讓我們懂得了第二個(gè)真理。close11RTAteverystageoflifewesustainlosses—andgrowintheprocess.Webeginourindependentlivesonlywhenwecometothisworld.Weenterschools,thenweleaveourmothersandfathersandourchildhoodhomes.Wegetmarriedandhavechildrenandthenhavetoletthemgo.Weconfrontthedeathof